1、第7讲情态动词和虚拟语气单句语法填空单句写作1.(2018天津高考)I cant find my purse. I have left it in the supermarket yesterday, but Im not sure.答案：might/could此处表示对过去情况的推测，表示“可能已经”。2.(2018江苏高考)There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I (have) a second chance to become more involved.答案：had根据语境可知，wish在此表达现在的一个愿望，其后
2、的宾语从句应用虚拟语气，谓语动词要用过去式。3.(2018天津高考)If we (catch) the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now.答案：had caught根据if条件句中的yesterday可知，此处表示对过去的虚拟假设，故从句中的时态应用过去完成时。4.(2018北京高考)In todays information age, the loss of data cause serious problems for a company.答案：can情态动词can此处表示理论上的“可能性
3、”。5.(2017北京高考)If the new safety system (put) to use, the accident would never have happened.答案：had been put根据语意及句中的“would never have happened”可知，if从句表示对过去情况的假设，故应用过去完成时。1.(2019全国卷)作为第二语言学习英语可能会是一个痛苦的经历。Learning English as a second language a painful experience.答案：can be2.(2018江苏高考)未经主人的允许他竟然拿了那些书，这太
4、不可思议了。It was strange that he the books without the owners permission.答案：should have taken3.(2016全国卷)一些同学建议我们去附近的名胜。Some classmates suggest we to places of interest nearby.答案：(should) go4.(2016全国卷)下周放学后我应该会随时有空。I available any time after school next week.答案：should be5.(2015四川高考)如果你是我，你会和他们说话吗？ ， woul
5、d you talk to them？答案：If you were me考点 1 情态动词的基本用法情态动词的基本用法也是历年考查的热点之一。除了掌握它们的基本含义外，一些特殊含义也要引起我们的注意。如：must表示“非得，偏要”；shall用于第二、三人称表示警告、命令、威胁、允诺、规定等；should意为“竟然”。1can和could的用法(1)表示“能力”。The boy can recite the long poem very easily.这个男孩能很容易地背诵这首长诗。注意be able to亦是表“能力”，但更侧重于表示克服种种困难后，所能达到的能力。We were able
6、to finish it ahead of time， though it was such a tough task.尽管任务艰巨，我们仍能提前完成。(2)表示惊讶，常用在否定句和疑问句中。How could you do such a silly thing?你怎么能做这样的蠢事呢？(3)could用于疑问句。表示礼貌地请求别人做某事，意为“能，可以”。This dish is really delicious.Could you please say it in Chinese?Sure, we call it “doufu”这道菜真的很好吃，你能不能用汉语说出菜名是什么？当然可以，我们
7、称之为“豆腐”。(4)表示允许或许可(口语中常用)。What should I wear to the party?Well, it isnt very formal.You can wear whatever you like.我应该穿什么参加晚会？晚会不太正式，你可以穿自己喜欢的任何衣服。(5)“cannot . tooadj./cannot . adj.enough”表示“无论也不过分；越越好”。You cant be too careful while crossing the road.过马路时你越小心越好。2may和might的用法(用于倒装句中)(1)may和might表示“许可
8、”，“可能性”和“祝愿”(用于倒装句中)等意义。May you succeed!祝你成功！注意当may用于疑问句时，其否定回答是“No, . mustnt.”。May I take this book out of the reading room?No, you mustnt.You must read it here.我可以把书拿出阅览室吗？不，绝不可以，你必须在这儿读。(2)“may/might as well动词原形”意为“最好；倒不如”。If you think the price of beef is too high, you may as well buy some pork.
9、 It depends on you.如果你认为牛肉太贵的话，你不妨买些猪肉。你自己决定。3must的用法(1)表示禁止(用于否定句)。You mustnt park here！Its an emergency exit.你不可以在这儿停车！这是紧急出口。(2)表必要性，意为“必须”，强调主观方面的必须，其否定形式是neednt/dont have to。Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now?I am afraid you must，in case he comes late for the meeting.我现在
10、通知他日程表的变动吗？恐怕你必须通知他，以免他开会迟到。注意have to表示“不得不，必须”，强调客观因素所迫而必须去做的事情。I have to hand in my term paper before 5：00 pm today.今天下午五点之前我不得不交上我的学期论文。(3)表示偏执，固执，意为“非得，偏要”。用于疑问句或条件从句中。Where did you get this book?I picked it up from a secondhand bookshop if you must know.你在哪里弄到的这本书？如果你偏要知道，我是在一家二手书店买到的。4shall和sh
11、ould的用法(1)shall的用法a用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见和向对方请示。Shall I go out for a walk after supper?晚饭后我可以散散步吗？b用于第二、第三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁，或用于正式法律、条规中。Will you read me a story, mummy?OK. You shall have one if you go to bed as soon as possible.妈妈，给我讲个故事好吗？好的，如果你尽快上床睡觉我就给你讲一个。(2)should的用法a表示一种“义务，职责”或表
12、示劝告、建议、命令，通常理解为“应该”。You should take the medicine with a full glass of water.你应该用满满一杯水来服这种药。You should learn to respect your elders.你应该学会尊敬长者。b表示惊奇、赞叹、不满等情绪，意为“竟然”。It never occurred to me that she should lie to me again.我从来没有想到她竟然又骗我。5will和would的用法(1)表示意志、意愿和决心。I have told him again and again to stop
13、 smoking, but he will not listen.我已再三告诉他戒烟，但是他就是不听。(2)will可以表习惯或反复发生的动作，有“总是”或“总要”之意。Every morning he will have a walk along this river.每天早晨，他总是沿着这条小河散步。(3)would可以表示过去的习惯性动作，比used to正式，但没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。He would go to bed strictly at 9, and on Sundays would not have lunch anywhere except in that restau
14、rant.他总是严格地9点上床睡觉。星期日总在那家饭店吃午饭。6need/dareneed和dare既可用作情态动词，也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时，主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时，可用于各种时态。(1)用作情态动词They dare not ask for any more money.他们不敢再要钱了。Its quite warm here; we neednt turn the heating on yet.这里很温暖。我们还不必开暖气。(2)用作实义动词You dont need to do it yourself.你不必亲自做这件事。Most people hate Har
15、ry but they dont dare to say so.大多数人都对哈利敢怒不敢言。考点 2 情态动词表推测1情态动词表对现在情况的推测(1)can用于肯定句中表示客观的可能性，意为“有时会”；用于疑问句中可以表示推测，意为“可能”，有时表示一种惊讶的语气；用于否定句中也可以表示推测，cant意为“不可能”，语气很强烈。It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it can be rather cold sometimes.我的家乡在三月份通常很暖和，但有时候也会相当冷。Mr Bush is on time for everythi
16、ng. How can it be that he was late for the meeting?布什先生做什么事情都很准时，他怎么可能开会迟到呢？Lets visit Tom together, Stephen.Theres no need to do so.He cant be at home, because I saw him board the flight to Beijing this morning.史蒂芬，咱们一起去拜访汤姆吧。没必要这样做。他不可能在家，因为今天早晨我看见他登上了飞往北京的航班。(2)may/might用于肯定句中可以用来表示不十分肯定的推测，意为“有可
17、能”；用于否定句中也可以表示推测，may not意为“可能不”，表示一种不太确定的语气。What are you doing this Saturday?Im not sure, but I might go to the Rolling Stones concert.本周六你打算做什么？说不准，不过或许我会去滚石演唱会。(3)must表示推测时只能用于肯定句中，意为“一定，必定”，表示十分肯定的语气(在疑问句中或否定句中要用can/could)。Its the office! So you must know eating is not allowed here.Oh，sorry.这是办公室
18、！所以你一定知道这里不许吃东西。噢，对不起。(4)should用来表示推测时意为“应该”，即含有“按道理来说应当如此”的意思。There shouldnt be any difficulty in passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school.因为你在驾校训练了那么多，通过路考应该没什么困难。2情态动词对过去情况的推测基本构成：“情态动词have done”，具体用法如下：(1)must have done 想必/准是/一定做了；否定式为：cant/couldnthave doneIt mu
19、st have rained last night, for the road is quite muddy.昨晚一定下雨了，因为路很泥泞。(2)can/could have done 一是表示本来能够做；二是表示过去可能会做Can he have gone to his aunts?他有可能去他姨妈家了吗？(3)cannot/could not have done 一是表示过去不可能做；二是表示过去没能够做He cannot have forgotten it.他不可能忘了那件事。(4)may/might have done 也许/或许已经做了，一般只用于肯定句或否定句中(在否定句中表示“可
20、能不”)，不用于疑问句。用might则表示语气更加弱。Its too late. I think he may have gone to bed.太晚了，我想他或许已经睡了。He may not have finished the work.他也许还没完成那项工作。(5)should/ought to have done 本该做而实际未做You ought to have done this exercise more carefully.你本应该更仔细地做这个练习。(6)should not/ought not to have done 本不该做而做了You shouldnt have to
21、ld her the truth.你本不该告诉她真相。(7)neednt have done 本不必做而做了You neednt have taken a taxi here, for it was just one kilometre from my home.你本来不该在这里乘坐出租车的，因为这里离我家才一公里远。考点 3 虚拟语气在条件句中的用法1虚拟语气在非真实性条件句中的基本形式虚拟条件从句主句与现在事实相反的假设if主语动词的过去式(be动词用were)主语should/would/could/might动词原形与过去事实相反的假设if主语had过去分词主语should/would
22、/could/mighthave过去分词与将来事实相反的假设1.if主语动词的过去式2.if主语were to动词原形3.if主语should动词原形主语should/would/could/might动词原形2当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应调整Maybe if I had studied science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help.也许如果当时我学习的是理科而不是文科的话，那么我现在就可以给你更多的
23、帮助了。3if省略句在虚拟条件状语从句中可省略if，把were, had, should提到句首，变为倒装句式。Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy would have been saved.如果那时我了解这个电脑程序的话，那么我会省下大量的时间和精力。4含蓄条件句有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件从句，而是通过其他手段来代替条件从句。其主要表现形式如下：由without, but for, under, or, otherwise等构成的结构暗含了非真实虚拟
24、条件。Without your help, we couldnt have made such rapid progress.But for your help, . If it had not been for your help, . Had it not been for your help, . 若没有你的帮助，我们不可能取得如此快速的进步。He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it.(连词)他打电话告诉了我你的生日，否则，我对此一点都不知道。But for th
25、eir help, we could not have finished the program in time.如果没有他们的帮助，我们不可能按时完成那个项目。注意该考点中注意逆向考查方式，即：常规考查时，一般考查虚拟语气的结构；而逆向考查时，虚拟语气是情景，考查真实的情况。考点 4 虚拟语气的其他情况1虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法(1)wish后面的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。从句谓语动词构成形式为：I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.我希望我现在是一只小鸟，能在天空自由飞翔。How m
26、uch of the foreign experts speech have you understood?Next to nothing. I wish I had worked harder at English.那位外国专家的演讲你懂多少？几乎什么也不懂，要是我过去更刻苦学习英语就好了。(2)某些表示坚持、建议、命令和要求的动词后的宾语从句中，谓语形式常采用“(should)动词原形”。这类动词包括advise, insist, order, suggest, command, demand, propose, require等。注意(1)动词insist如果表示“坚持说，坚持认为”，宾
27、语从句不用虚拟语气。同样，当suggest作“表明，暗示”讲时，其后的宾语从句也不用虚拟语气。Her pale face suggested that she was ill.她苍白的脸色表明她病了。He insisted that he was innocent.,他坚持说他是无辜的。(2)表“建议，要求，命令”类的词后跟名词性从句，从句中的谓语用“(should)动词原形”。The suggestion is that our school (should) provide more books about popular science.建议我们学校提供更多关于大众科学的书籍。Teach
28、ers recommend parents not allow their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.老师们建议，为了安全起见父母不要让他们12岁以下的孩子骑车上学。(3)would rather后面的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示愿望，意为“宁愿，但愿”。从句谓语动词构成形式为：George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but Id rather he focused more on its culture.乔治将要谈论关于他的国家
29、的地理情况，但是我宁愿他更多地谈它的文化(方面的情况)。2虚拟语气在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的用法(1)在“It is necessary/important/strange/suggested/demanded/ordered/requestedthat从句”中，谓语动词用“should动词原形”，should可以省略。It is strange that he (should) react in this way.很奇怪，他竟然作出这样的反应。It is required that middle school students (should) take at least oneh
30、our exercise every day.中学生被要求每天至少进行一个小时的锻炼。(2)当表示建议、提议、命令、要求等的名词作主语时，其表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词用“(should)动词原形”。常见的这类名词有：advice 建议 decision 决定 demand 要求desire 渴望 idea 想法 motion 动议；提议order 命令 plan 计划 proposal 提议request 要求 recommendation 建议suggestion 建议His suggestion is that we (should) persuade her to stay her
31、e first.(表语从句)他的建议是我们首先说服她待在这儿。We agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.(同位语从句)我们同意他提出的去北京观光的建议。3虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法It is (high/about) time (that) . 句型中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，或用“should动词原形(其中should不能省略)”。此句型意为“(现在)该”，用来表示提议。It is (high) time (that) you went/should go to school.你该
32、去上学了。4as if/as though引导的表语从句和方式状语从句中常用虚拟语气He stood up and offered her his seat, as if he had read her mind.他站起来给她让座，好像他读懂了她的心思。注意如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去似乎要下雨。5if only后面的谓语动词常用一般过去时(对现在虚拟)、过去完成时(对过去虚拟)与过去将来时(对将来虚拟)，表示强烈的愿望Look at the trouble were in. If on
33、ly we had taken our teachers advice!看看我们所处的困境，要是我们接受老师的建议就好了！误区情态动词基本用法的误用(1)【误】I wont thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.【正】I cant thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.分析固定句型“cant/couldnt . too .”意为“再都不为过”。(2)Need I tel
34、l him everything that has happened to his father?【误】Yes, you need.【正】Yes, you must.分析must意为“必须”，强调责任或义务。(3)Must I work out the problem tonight?【误】No, you mustnt.【正】No, you neednt.分析neednt意为“不必”，而mustnt表示禁止，意为“不得，一定不要，不允许”。误区情态动词表示“推测”语气的误用【误】I didnt see Mary at the meeting yesterday. She must have b
35、een ill, I guess.【正】I didnt see Mary at the meeting yesterday. She might have been ill, I guess.分析根据“I guess”可知，这是一种不太有把握的推测，而且又是肯定句，因此must改为might。must表示推测意义时，语气较强，较肯定；can/could多用于否定或疑问句中。误区“情态动词have done”表示“虚拟”语气的误用【误】The plant is dead. Maybe I should give it more water.【正】The plant is dead. Maybe
36、I should have given it more water.分析根据第一句可知，植物已经死亡，所以应该是自责，故用should have done表示“本应该做而未做”。误区虚拟语气的误用(1)【误】Sorry, I am too busy now. If I have time, I would certainly go for an outing with you.【正】Sorry, I am too busy now. If I had time, I would certainly go for an outing with you.分析分析语境可知，从句是对现在情况的假设，应
37、用虚拟语气，故谓语动词用过去式。(2)【误】Id rather I have a room of my own, however small it is.【正】Id rather I had a room of my own, however small it is.分析would rather后接宾语从句时，从句要用虚拟语气。根据语境可知，此句是对现在情况的假设，故谓语动词用过去式。(3)【误】Its time (that) they go home.【正】Its time (that) they went home.【正】Its time (that) they should go hom
38、e.分析在Its time . 句型中，that从句谓语动词应用过去式或用“should动词原形(其中should不能省略)”表虚拟。(4)【误】Without your help, we didnt make so much progress.【正】Without your help, we wouldnt have made so much progress.分析此为含蓄条件句，根据题意可知，表达的是对“过去”的虚拟，因此主句谓语动词应用wouldnt have done的形式。(5)【误】If his television set had not been stolen yesterda
39、y, he would have watched TV now.【正】If his television set had not been stolen yesterday, he would watch TV now.分析此为错综时间条件句，从句是对过去情况的假设，而主句是对现在情况的假设，需分别对待。1.单句语法填空It is required by law that a driving test (take) before a man gets a license.I couldnt (go) through the hard times but for my teachers gene
40、rous and timely help.The nationwide smog serves as a constant reminder, indicating that its high time we (reflect) on ourselves.It has been accepted that all the students put on masks before going to school in case they are infected with flu virus. it rain tomorrow, we would have to cancel the footb
41、all match.答案：(should) be takenhave gonereflectedshallShould2单句写作你昨晚为什么没去西蒙的派对？ 我想去，但我妈妈就是不让我那么晚出去。Why didnt you come to Simons party last night?I wanted to, but my mom simply so late at night.约翰想来看我，但我现在手头有如此多的工作，我宁愿他明天来而不是今天。John wants to see me now, but I have so much work on hand that I would rat
42、her instead of today.我答应雪莱在她生日的时候会得到一个新的iPod。那对她来说会很吃惊吧？I promise Shirley a new iPod on her birthday.Will it be a big surprise to her?太糟糕了，我数学考试没及格，早点努力学学它就好了。Its too bad that I failed in the math exam. If only hard at it!那天我病了，否则我就去参加运动会了。I was ill that day. Otherwise, I part in the sports meeting.答案：would not let me go outhe came tomorrowshall getI had worked/studiedwould have taken