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2018年高考化学方程式大全 .doc

1、高中化学方程式总结第一部分 金属一、碱金属1.钠Na4Na+O22Na2O2Na+O2Na2O2Cl2+2Na2NaCl2Na+SNa2S(爆炸)2Na+2H2O2NaOH+H22Na+H22NaH2Na+2NH32NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4(熔融)4NaCl+TiNa2ONa2O+H2O2NaOH2Na2O+O22Na2O2Na2O+SO3Na2SO4Na2O+CO2Na2CO3Na2O+2HCl2NaCl+H2ONa2O2+2Na2Na2O(此反应用于制备Na2O)2Na2O2+2H2O4NaOH+O2(此反应分两步Na2O2+2H2O2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O22H2O+O2

2、。H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应)2Na2O2+2CO22Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀)Na2SO4+H2O2NaHNaH+H2ONaOH+H2NaOH2NaOH+Si+H2ONa2SiO3+2H26NaOH+3S2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O2NaOH+2Al+2H2O2NaAlO2+3H22NaOH(过量)+CO2Na2CO3+H2ONaOH+CO2(过量)NaHCO32NaOH+SiO2Na2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)2NaOH+Al2O32NaAlO2+H2O2NaOH+Cl2NaCl+NaClO+H2ONaOH+HClNaCl+H2ONaOH+

3、H2S(足量)NaHS+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量)Na2S+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3Al(OH)3+3NaClNaOH+Al(OH)3NaAlO2+2H2ONaOH+NH4ClNaCl+NH3+H2O2NaOH+P2O52NaPO3+H2O6NaOH+P2O52Na3PO3+3H2ONaAlO22NaAlO2+CO2+3H2O2Al(OH)3+Na2CO33NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O4Al(OH)3NaCl、NaClO、NaBr、NaINaCl+H2SO4(浓)NaHSO4+HClH2SO4(浓)+2NaClNa2SO4+2HCl2NaI+Cl22NaCl+I2NaBr+H

4、3PO4(浓)NaH2PO4+HBrNaI+H3PO4(浓)NaH2PO4+HINa2CO3、NaHCO3Na2CO3+SiO2Na2SiO3+CO2Na2CO3+HClNaHCO3+NaClNaHCO3+HClNaCl+H2O+CO23Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O2Al(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl3NaHCO3+AlCl3Al(OH)3+3CO23NaHCO3+FeCl3Fe(OH)3+3CO2NaHCO3+HClNaCl+CO2+H2O2NaHCO3Na2CO3+CO2+H2O3Na2CO3+2Br2+

5、H2O2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2NaHCO3+Br2NaBr+HBrO+CO2NaNO3、NaNO22NaNO32NaNO2+O2H2SO4(浓)+NaNO3NaHSO4+HNO3KClO3+6HCl=KCl+3Cl2+3H2ONaNO2+NH4ClNaCl+N2+2H2ONa3PO4、NaH2PO4、Na2HPO4Na3PO4+HClNa2HPO4+NaClNa2HPO4+HClNaH2PO4+NaClNaH2PO4+HClH3PO4+NaClNa2S、NaHSNa2S+Cl22NaCl+S3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2S+Al

6、2(SO4)3+6H2O2Al(OH)3+3H2SNa2SO4、Na2SO3、Na2S2O33Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O2Na2SO3+O22Na2SO4Na2S2O3+H2SO4Na2SO4+S+SO2+H2ONa2SO3+SO2+H2O2NaHSO32NaHSO3Na2SO3+SO2+H2ONa2SiO3Na2SiO3+2HClH2SiO3+2NaClC6H5ONaC6H5ONa+CO2+H2OC6H5OH+NaHCO32.钾KK+O2KO22K+2H2O2KOH+H2K2O、K2O2K2O+H2O2KOHK2O+CO2K2CO32K2O2+2CO2K2C

7、O3+O22K2O2+2H2O4KOH+O2KOH2KOH+CO2K2CO3+H2OKOH+CO2KHCO3K2CO3K2CO3+2HCl2KCl+CO2+H2OK2CO3+CaCl2CaCO3+2KCK2CO3+2AgNO3Ag2CO3+2KNO3KHCO3KHCO3+HClKCl+CO2+H2O2KHCO3K2CO3+CO2+H2OKClO32KClO32KCl+3O2KClO3+6HClKCl+3Cl2+3H2OKClO3+5KCl+3H2SO43Cl2+3K2SO4+3H2OKI2KI+Cl22KCl+I2KI+AgNO3AgI+KNO3KAl(SO4)22KAl(SO4)2+6NaO

8、HK2SO4+3Na2SO4+2Al(OH)32KAl(SO4)2+3Ba(OH)2K2SO4+3BaSO4+2Al(OH)3KAl(SO4)2+2Ba(OH)2KAlO2+2BaSO4KSCN3KSCN+FeCl3Fe(SCN)3+3KClKHKH+H2OKOH+H23.锂LiLi+O2Li2O2Li+2H2O2LiOH+H2Li2OLi2O+CO2Li2CO3Li2O+H2O2LiOHLiOH2LiOH+CO2Li2CO3+H2OLiOH+CO2LiHCO3Li2CO3Li2CO3+2HCl2LiCl+CO2+H2OLiHCO3LiHCO3+HClLiCl+CO2+H2O2LiHCO3Li

9、2CO3+CO2+H2O二、常见金属1.镁Mg2Mg+O22MgOMg+2H2O2Mg(OH)2+H2Mg+Cl2MgCl22Mg+CO22MgO+CMg+SMgSMg+Br2MgBr23Mg+N2Mg3N2Mg+2HClMgCl2+H2Mg+H2SO4MgSO4+H22Mg+TiCl4(熔融)Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbCl(熔融)MgCl2+2RbMgOMgO+2HClMgCl2+H2OMgO+H2OMg(OH)2Mg(OH)2Mg(OH)2+2HClMgCl2+2H2OMgCO3MgCO3+2HCl2MgCl2+CO2+H2OMgCO3+2H2OMg(OH)2+CO2MgCO3CO2+

10、MgOMg(HCO3)2Mg(HCO3)2+2HClMgCl2+2CO2+2H2O2Mg(HCO3)2Mg(OH)2+CO2+H2OMgSO4MgSO4+Ba(OH)2Mg(OH)2+BaSO4MgSO4+2NaOHMg(OH)2+Na2SO4Mg3N2Mg3N2+8H2O3Mg(OH)2+2NH3H2O2.铝AlAl+3O22Al2O32Al+3SAl2S32Al+3Cl22AlCl34Al+3MnO22Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3Al2O3+2Fe(铝热反应)2Al+3FeOAl2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl2AlCl3+3H22Al+3H2SO

11、4Al2(SO4)3+3H22Al+6H2SO4(浓)Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2OAl+4HNO3(稀)Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O(Al、Fe在冷、浓的H2SO4、HNO3中钝化)2Al+2NaOH+2H2O2NaAlO2+3H2Al2O3、Al(OH)3Al2O3+3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+3H2O(Al2O3是两性氧化物)Al2O3+2NaOH2NaAlO2+H2O2Al(OH)3Al2O3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3HClAlCl3+3H2O2Al(OH)3+3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+6H2OAl(OH)3+NaOHNaAlO2+2H2O铝盐AlCl3+3Na

12、OHAl(OH)3+3NaClAlCl3+3NH3H2OAl(OH)3+3NH4Cl2AlCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O2Al(OH)3+3CO2+6NaClAlCl3+3NaHCO3Al(OH)3+3CO2AlCl3+3NaAlO2+6H2O4Al(OH)3Al2(SO4)3+3Na2S+6H2O2Al(OH)3+3H2SAl4C3+12H2O4Al(OH)3+3CH43.铁Fe2Fe+3Cl22FeCl33Fe+2O2Fe3O4Fe+SFeS2Fe+3Br22FeBr3Fe+I2FeI2Fe+SFeS3Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HClFeCl2+H2Fe+CuCl2F

13、eCl2+CuFe+SnCl4FeCl2+SnCl2Fe+H2SFeS+H22Fe+6H2SO4(浓)Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2OFe+H2SO4(稀)FeSO4+H2Fe+6HNO3Fe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2OFe+4HNO3Fe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O8Fe+30HNO38Fe(NO3)3+3N2O+15H2O10Fe+36HNO310Fe(NO3)3+3N2+18H2O8Fe+30HNO38Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2OFe+(CH3COO)2CuCu+(CH3COO)2FeFeO3FeO+2AlAl2O3+3Fe6FeO+O22Fe3O4FeO+4HN

14、O3Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2OFe2O3Fe2O3+2AlAl2O3+2FeFe2O3+3CO2Fe+3CO2Fe2O3+3H22Fe+3H2O(制还原铁粉)Fe2O3+6HCl2FeCl3+3H2OFe3O4Fe3O4+4H23Fe+4H2OFe3O4+8HCl(浓)FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFe(OH)2、Fe(OH)34Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O4Fe(OH)32Fe(OH)3Fe2O3+3H2OFeCl22FeCl2+Cl22FeCl3FeCl2+MgFe+MgCl2FeCl32FeCl3+Fe3FeCl22FeCl3+Cu2FeCl2+CuCl2(用于雕刻印刷电路

15、板)2FeCl3+H2SO3+H2OH2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl2FeCl3+Zn2FeCl2+ZnCl22FeCl3+H2S2FeCl2+2HCl+S2FeCl3+2KI2FeCl2+2KCl+I2FeCl3+3NH3H2OFe(OH)3+3NH4Cl2FeCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3+3CO2+6NaClFeCl3+3NaHCO3Fe(OH)3+3CO22FeCl3+SO2+2H2O2FeCl2+H2SO4+2HClBaCl2+H2SO4BaSO4+2HClFeCl3+3KSCNFe(SCN)3+3KClFeSFeS+2HClFeCl2+H2SFeS+H2SO4F

16、eSO4+H2S4FeS2+11O22Fe2O2+8SO2H2FeO44H2FeO4+2H2O4Fe(OH)3+3O24Na2FeO4+10H2O4Fe(OH)3+3O2+8NaOH2Fe(OH)3+3NaClO+4NaOH2Na2FeO4+3NaCl+5H2OFe2O3+3Na2O22Na2FeO4+Na2O其它Fe化合物Fe2(SO4)3+2AgFeSO4+Ag2SO4(较难反应)Fe3C+22HNO33Fe(NO3)3+CO2+13NO2+11H2O三、其他金属1.锰KMnO42KMnO4K2MnO4+MnO2+O22KMnO4+16HCl2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O2KM

17、nO4+5H2O2+6HCl2KCl+2MnCl2+5O2+8H2O2KMnO4+5KNO3+3H2SO42MnSO4+K2SO4+5KNO3+2H2PMnO2MnO2+4HCl(浓)MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O2.铜Cu2Cu+O22CuO2Cu+SCu2SCu+Cl2CuCl2CH4+4CuO4Cu+CO2+2H2O3CuO+2NH33Cu+N2+3H2OCuO+2HClCuCl2+H2OCuO+H2SO4CuSO4+H2OCu(OH)2+2HClCuCl2+2H2OCu(OH)2+H2SO4CuSO4+2H2OCu(OH)2CuO+H2OCuCl2+H2SCuS+2HClCuCl2+2N

18、aOHCu(OH)2+2NaClCuSO4+H2SCuS+H2SO4CuSO4+2NaOHCu(OH)2+Na2SO4CuSO4+Ba(OH)2Cu(OH)2+BaSO43.钙CaCaO+H2OCa(OH)2CaO+SiO2CaSiO32Ca(OH)2+2Cl2CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2OCa(OH)2+SO3CaSO4+H2OCaCO3+2HNO3Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2(用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S、HI、HBr、SO2等还原性气体)CaCO3+SiO2CaSiO3+CO2CaF2+H2SO4(浓)CaSO4+2HFCa3(PO4)2+3H2SO4(浓)3CaS

19、O4+2H3PO4Ca3(PO4)2+2H2SO4(浓)2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2Ca3(PO4)2+4H3PO43Ca(H2PO4)2(重钙)CaH2+2H2OCa(OH)2+2H24.钡BaBa(OH)2+CO2BaCO3+H2OBa(OH)2+2CO2(过量)Ba(HCO3)2Ba(OH)2+H2SO4BaSO4+2H2O3Ba(OH)2+2H3PO3Ba3(PO4)2+6H2OBaCl2+H2SO4BaSO4+2HClBaCl2+Na2SO4BaSO4+2NaClBaCO3+2HClBaCl2+CO2+H2OBaCO3+2HNO3Ba(NO3)2+CO2+H2OBaO2+H2S

20、O4(稀)BaSO4+H2O2)5.铅Pb、PbO2Pb+2HClPbCl2+H2PbO2+4HCl(浓)PbCl2+Cl2+2H2O铅盐Pb(NO3)2+H2SPbS+2HNO3(CH3COO)2Pb+H2S=PbS+CH3COOH6.锌ZnZn+SZnSZn+2HClZnCl2+H2Zn+H2SO4ZnSO4+H2Zn+2NaOHNa2ZnO2+H2Zn+2FeCl32FeCl2+ZnCl2As2O3+6Zn+12HCl2AsH3+6ZnCl2+3H2OZnOZnO+2HClZnCl2+H2OZnO+2NaOHNa2ZnO2+H2OZn(OH)2Zn(OH)2+2HClZnCl2+2H2O

21、Zn(OH)2+2NaOHNa2ZnO2+2H2OZn(OH)2+4NH3H2OZn(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OZn(OH)2ZnO+H2O7.铍BeBe+2HClBaCl2+H2Be+2NaOHNa2BO2+H2BeCl2+2NaOHBe(OH)2+2H2OBe(OH)2+2HClBeCl2+2H2OBe(OH)2+2NaOHNa2BO2+2H2O8.汞Hg3Hg+8HNO3(稀)3Hg(NO3)2+2NO2+4H2OHg+4HNO3(浓)Hg(NO3)2+2NO2+2H2第二部分 卤族元素、氮族元素一、卤族元素1.氟F2F2+H22HF2F2+2H2O4HF+O2HF4HF+SiO2S

22、iF4+2H2O2.氯Cl2Cl2+H22HCl(光照或点燃)Cl2+2Na2NaCl3Cl2+2P2PCl3Cl2+PCl3PCl53Cl2+2Fe2FeCl3Cl2+CuCuCl2Cl2+2FeCl22FeCl32Cl2+2NaBr2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2KI2KCl+I25Cl2+I2+6H2O2HIO3+10HClCl2+Na2S2NaCl+SCl2+H2S2HCl+SCl2+SO2+2H2OH2SO4+2HClCl2+H2SO3+H2OH2SO4+2HClCl2+H2OHCl+HClOCl2+H2O22HCl+O2Cl2+2NaOHNaCl+NaClO+H2O2Cl2+2Ca(O

23、H)2CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O3Cl2+6KOH(热、浓)5KCl+KClO3+3H2OHCl6HCl+2Al2AlCl3+3H22HCl+FeFeCl2+H24HCl(浓)+MnO2MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(g)+O22Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO42KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O72KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2OHCl+NH3NH4Cl(白烟)2HCl+FeOFeCl2+3H2O6HCl+Fe2O32FeCl3+3H2O8HCl(浓)+Fe3O4FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OHCl+Na3PO4Na2HPO

24、4+NaClHCl+Na2HPO4NaH2PO4+NaClHCl+NaH2PO4H3PO4+NaClHCl+Na2CO3NaHCO3+NaClHCl+NaHCO3NaCl+H2O+CO2HClOHClO=HCl+O23.溴Br2Br2+H22HBrBr2+FeFeBr3Br2+2FeBr22FeBr3Br2+NaINaBr+I2Br2+HIHBr+I2Br2+H2OHBr+HBrOBr2+NaOHNaBr+NaBrO+H2OBr2+SO2+2H2OH2SO4+2HBrBr2+H2SS+2HBr2Br2+3Na2CO3+H2O2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2HBrHBr+NaOH

25、NaBr+H2O2HBr+Cl22HCl+Br24.碘I2I2+H22HII2+Fe FeI2I2+2NaOHNaI+NaIO+H2OHI2HIH2+I22HI+Cl22HCl+I2HI+NaOHNaI+H2O二、氮族元素1.氮催化剂高温、高压N2N2+3H2 2NH3N2+O22NON2+3MgMg3N2N2+6Na2Na3NNO、NO2、N2O52NO+O22NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH2NaNO2(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO2)6NO+4NH35N2+6H2ONO2+2KI+H2ONO+I2+2KOH(不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO2)4NO2+H2S4NO+SO3+H

26、2ONO2+SO2SO3+NO3NO2+H2O2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O2HNO3HNO33HNO3+Ag3PO4H3PO4+3AgNO3Al+4HNO3(稀)Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O3As2S3+28HNO3+4H2O6H3AsO4+9H2SO4+28NO4HNO3(浓)+CCO2+4NO2+2H2O2HNO3+CaCO3Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO26HNO3+FeFe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2O4HNO3+FeFe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe10Fe(NO3)3+3N2+18H2O30H

27、NO3+8Fe8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2OFeO+4HNO3Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3(稀) 3S+2NO+4H2O4HNO34NO2+O2+2H2O(见光或受热分解)NH3+HNO3NH4NO3(白烟)(用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S、HI、HBr、SO2)3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O3Cu2S+22HNO36Cu(NO3)2+10NO+3H2SO4+8H2O5HNO3(浓)+PH3PO4+5NO2+H2OP4+20HNO3(浓)4H3PO4+

28、20NO2+4H2OS+6HNO3(浓)H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4HNO3(稀)3SO2+4NO+2H2OS+6HNO3(浓)H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3As2S3+28HNO3(稀)+4H2O6H3AsO4+9H2SO4+28NOAs2S3+28HNO3(浓)2H3AsO4+3H2SO4+28NO2+8H2ONH32NH3+3CuO3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2N2+6NH4Cl4NH3+3O2(纯氧)2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O24NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO5N2+6HO(用氨清除NO)NH3+HClNH4Cl(白烟)NH3+

29、HNO3NH4NO3(白烟)2NH3+H2SO4(NH4)2SO4NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2NaHCO3+NH4Cl(侯氏制碱法)2NH3+SO2+H2O(NH4)2SO3NH3H2ONH3+H2ONH3+H2ONH3H2ONH4+OH-NH4HCO3、(NH4)2CO3NH4HCO3NH3+H2O+CO2(NH4)2CO32NH3+H2O+CO2NH4ClNH4ClNH3+HCl2NH4Cl+Ca(OH)2CaCl2+NH3+H2ONH4Cl+NaOHNaCl+NH3+H2ONH4Cl+NaOHNaCl+NH3H2ONH4NO3NH4NO3+NaOH=NaNO3+NH3H2ONH4NO

30、3+NaOHNaNO3+NH3+H2O5NH4NO32HNO3+4N2+9H2O(NH4)2SO3、(NH4)2SO4(NH4)2SO3+SO2+H2O2NH4HSO3(NH4)2SO4+2NaOHNa2SO4+2NH3H2O(NH4)2SO4+2NaOHNa2SO4+2NH3+2H2O2.磷P2P+3Cl22PCl3PCl3+Cl2PCl5P4+6H24PH34P+5O2P4O10(常写成P2O5)P4+20HNO3(浓)4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O11P+15CuSO4+24H2O5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4PH3+2O2H3PO4P2O3、P2O5、P4S3P2O5+H

31、2O(冷)2HPO3P2O5+3H2O(热)2H3PO4(P2O5极易吸水、可作气体干燥剂)P2O5+3H2SO4(浓)2H3PO4+3SO3P2O5+2NaOH2NaPO3+H2OP2O5+6NaOH2Na3PO3+3H2OP4S3+38HNO3+8H2O9H2SO4+12H3PO4+38NOH3PO44H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)23Ca(H2PO4)2H3PO4(浓)+NaBrNaH2PO4+HBrH3PO4(浓)+NaINaH2PO4+HI第三部分 碳族元素、氧族元素一、碳族元素1.碳CC+2F2CF4C+2Cl2CCl42C+O2(少量)2COC+O2(足量)CO2C+CO22COC

32、+H2OCO+H2(生成水煤气)2C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅)C+SiSiC(金刚砂)C+2SCS23C+CaOCaC2+CO3C+SiO2SiC+2COC+2H2SO4(浓)CO2+2SO2+2H2OC+4HNO3(浓)CO2+4NO2+2H2OCO2CO+O22CO2CO+CuOCu+CO23CO+Fe2O32Fe+3CO2CO+H2OCO2+H2CO2CO2+2Mg2MgO+CCO2+H2OH2CO3CO2+2NaOH(过量)Na2CO3+H2OCO2(过量)+NaOHNaHCO3CO2+Ca(OH)2(过量)CaCO3+H2O2CO2(过量)+Ca(OH)2Ca(HCO3)2C

33、O2+2NaAlO2+3H2O2Al(OH)3+Na2CO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2OC6H5OH+NaHCO3CO2+Na2ONa2CO32CO2+2Na2O22Na2CO3+O2CO2+NH3+NaCl+H2ONaHCO3+NH4Cl(侯氏制碱法)H2CO3H2CO3CO2+H2O2.硅SiSi(粗)+2Cl2SiCl4SiCl4+2H2Si(纯)+4HClSi(粉)+O2SiO2Si+CSiC(金刚砂)Si+2NaOH+H2ONa2SiO3+2H2SiO22C+SiO2Si+2CO3C+SiO2SiC+2CO2Mg+SiO22MgO+Si4HF+SiO2SiF4+2H2OSiO2+2

34、H2Si+2H2OSiO2+2Mg2MgO+SiSiO2+CaOCaSiO3SiO2+2NaOHNa2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)SiO2+Na2CO3Na2SiO3+CO2SiO2+CaCO3CaSiO3+CO22NaOH+SiO2Na2SiO3+H2O二、氧族元素1.氧O2O2+2H22H2OO2+KKO22O2+3FeFe3O4O2+SSO2O2+N22NO3O22O34P+5O22P2O5C+O2(足量)CO2Si+O2SiO24Na+O22Na2O2Na2O+O22Na2O22Na+O2Na2O22Mg+O22MgO4Al+3O22Al2O34NH3+5O24NO+6H

35、2O2SO2+O22SO32CO+O22CO26FeO+O22Fe3O42H2SO3+O22H2SO44Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O4Fe(OH)32Na2SO3+O22Na2SO4O32O33O2O3+2HII2+O2+H2OH2O2F2+2H2O4HF+O2Cl2+H2OHCl+HClO2Na+2H2O2NaOH+H2Mg+2H2OMg(OH)2+H23Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H22H2O2H2+O2SO2+H2OH2SO3SO3+H2OH2SO43NO2+H2O2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O2HNO3P2O5+H2O(冷)2HPO3P2O5+3H2O(热)2H3PO4CO2

36、+H2OH2CO3H2O22H2O22H2O+O2H2O2+Cl22HCl+O25H2O2+2KMnO4+6HCl2MnCl2+2KCl+5O2+8H2O2.硫SS+H2H2S2S+CCS2S+FeFeSS+2CuCu2S3S+2AlAl2S3S+ZnZnSS+O2SO2S+6HNO3(浓)H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4HNO3(稀)3SO2+4NO+2H2O3S+6NaOH2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2OS+2NaNa2S(爆炸)S+MgMgSS+FeFeSS+2H2SO4(浓)3SO2+2H2OSO2SO2+2H2S3S+2H2O2SO2+O22SO32SO2+O2+2H2O2H

37、2SO4SO2+Cl2+2H2OH2SO4+2HClSO2+Br2+2H2OH2SO4+2HBrSO2+I2+2H2OH2SO4+2HISO2+NO2SO3+NOSO2+2H2S3S+2H2OSO2+H2OH2SO3SO2+2NH3+H2O(NH4)2SO3SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O2NH4HSO3SO2+Ca(OH)2CaSO3+H2O(不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO2和CO2.可用品红鉴别)2NaOH+SO2(少量)Na2SO3+H2ONaOH+SO2(足量)NaHSO3Cl2+SO2+2H2OH2SO4+2HClSO3SO3+H2OH2SO4SO3+MgOMgSO4SO3+Ca(OH)

38、2CaSO4+H2OSO3+Na2ONa2SO4SO3+2KIK2SO3+I2H2SH2S+Cl22HCl+SH2S+MgMgS+H22H2S+3O2(足量)2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O2(少量)2S+2H2O2H2S+SO23S+2H2OH2S+H2SO4(浓)S+SO2+2H2OH2SH2+S3H2S+2HNO3(稀)3S+2NO+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO42MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2ONa2SO4+6NaOHH2S+FeFeS+H2H2S+CuC

39、l2CuS+2HClH2S+2AgNO3Ag2S+2HNO3H2S+HgCl2HgS+2HClH2S+Pb(NO3)2PbS+2HNO3H2S+4NO24NO+SO3+H2OH2SO3H2SO3+X2+H2OH2SO4+2HX(X表示Cl2、Br2、I2)2H2SO3+O22H2SO4H2SO3+H2O2H2SO4+H2O5H2SO3+2KMnO42MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2OH2SO4+2FeCl2+2HClH2SO3H2O+SO22H2SO3+2H2S3S+2H2OH2SO4Zn+H2SO4ZnSO4+H2Fe+H2SO4FeSO4+H2M

40、g+H2SO4MgSO4+H22Al+3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+3H22Al+6H2SO4(浓)Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O2NH3+H2SO4(NH4)2SO42Al+6H2SO4(浓)Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2OH2S+H2SO4(浓)S+SO2+2H2OP2O5+3H2SO4(浓)2H3PO4+3SO3BaO2+H2SO4(稀)BaSO4+H2O2)Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀)Na2SO4+H2O2MgO+H2SO4MgSO4+H2OAl2O3+3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+3H2O2H2SO4(浓)+CCO2+2SO2+2H2O2H2SO4(浓)+S3S

41、O2+2H2O6H2SO4(浓)+2FeFe2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O2H2SO4(浓)+CuCuSO4+SO2+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+2HBrSO2+Br2+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+2HISO2+I2+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+CaF2CaSO4+2HFH2SO4(浓)+NaClNaHSO4+HClH2SO4(浓)+2NaClNa2SO4+2HClH2SO4(浓)+NaNO3NaHSO4+HNO33H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)23CaSO4+2H3PO42H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)22CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2图1 乙烯的制取第四部分 有机反应一、烃CaO1

42、.甲烷甲烷的制取:CH3COONa+NaOH Na2CO3+CH4烷烃通式:CnH2n-2点燃(1)氧化反应甲烷的燃烧:CH4+2O2 CO2+2H2O甲烷不可使酸性高锰酸钾溶液及溴水褪色。光(2)取代反应光一氯甲烷:CH4+Cl2 CH3Cl+HCl光二氯甲烷:CH3Cl+Cl2 CH2Cl2+HCl光三氯甲烷:CH2Cl2+Cl2 CHCl3+HCl(CHCl3又叫氯仿)四氯化碳:CHCl3+Cl2 CCl4+HCl高温(3)分解反应甲烷分解:CH4 C+2H2浓硫酸1702.乙烯乙烯的制取:CH3CH2OH H2C=CH2+H2O烯烃通式:CnH2n 高温(1)氧化反应乙烯的燃烧:H2C

43、=CH2+3O2 2CO2+2H2O乙烯可以使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色,发生氧化反应。(2)加成反应催化剂与溴水加成:H2C=CH2+Br2 CH2BrCH2Br与氢气加成:H2C=CH2+H2 CH3CH3与氯化氢加成:H2C=CH2+HCl CH3CH2Cl与水加成:H2C=CH2+H2O CH3CH2OH CH2CH2 一定条件(3)聚合反应乙烯加聚,生成聚乙烯:n H2C=CH2 n3.乙炔图2 乙炔的制取乙炔的制取:CaC2+2H2O HCCH+Ca(OH)2炔烃的通式:CnH2n-2点燃(1)氧化反应乙炔的燃烧:HCCH+5O2 4CO2+2H2O乙炔可以使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色,发生氧

44、化反应。(2)加成反应Br与溴水加成:HCCH+Br2 HC=CH Br CHBr=CHBr+Br2 CHBr2CHBr2与氢气加成:HCCH+H2 H2C=CH2催化剂Cl与氯化氢加成:HCCH+HCl CH2=CHCl CH2CH一定条件(3)聚合反应一定条件注意:制取乙烯、乙炔均用排水法收集;乙烯、乙炔的加成反应一般都需要催化剂(溴除外)。氯乙烯加聚,得到聚氯乙烯:nCH2=CHCl nCH=CH乙炔加聚,得到聚乙炔:n HCCH n 4.苯苯的同系物通式:CnH2n-6点燃(1)氧化反应苯的燃烧:2C6H6+15O2 12CO2+6H2O苯不能使溴水和酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色。(2)取代反

45、应FeBr苯与溴反应+Br2 +HBr (溴苯)硝化反应NO2浓H2SO460 +HONO2 +H2O (硝基苯)苯硝化反应生成硝基苯,它是一种带有苦杏仁味、无色油状液体,有毒。磺化反应SO3H7080 +HOSO3H +H2O (苯磺酸)+3H2 催化剂(3)加成反应 (环己烷)苯还可以和氯气在紫外光照射下发生加成反应,生成C6H6Cl6(剧毒农药)。5.甲苯点燃(1)氧化反应甲苯的燃烧:C7H8+9O2 7CO2+4H2O甲苯不能使溴水褪色,但可以使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色。CH3|+3HNO3 浓硫酸O2NCH3|NO2|NO2+3H2O(2)取代反应甲苯硝化反应生成2,4,6-三硝基甲苯,

46、简称三硝基甲苯,又叫梯恩梯(TNT),是一种淡黄色晶体,不溶于水。它是一种烈性炸药,广泛用于国防、开矿等。CH3|SO3HCH3|+3H2SO4 HO3SSO3H+3H2O注意:甲苯在光照条件下发生侧链的取代,而在催化剂条件下发生苯环上的取代。(3)加成反应+3H2 催化剂CH3|CH3注意:甲醇、乙醇为可再生能源,甲醇有毒;乙二醇和丙三醇无色、粘稠、有甜味、与水和酒精以任意比互溶,丙三醇(甘油)还有护肤作用。 (甲基环己烷)二、烃的衍生物6.溴乙烷 纯净的溴乙烷是无色液体,沸点38.4,密度比水大。NaOH(1)取代反应溴乙烷的水解:C2H5Br+H2O C2H5OH+HBr醇(2)消去反应

47、溴乙烷与NaOH溶液反应:CH3CH2Br+NaOH CH2=CH2+NaBr+H2O注意:检验卤代烃中的卤原子时,需取水解液滴入HNO3酸化,再滴加AgNO3溶液。一是中和多余的NaOH,二则检验沉淀是否溶于稀硝酸。7.乙醇(1)与钠反应乙醇与钠反应:2CH3CH2OH+2Na 2CH3CH2ONa+H2(乙醇钠)(2)氧化反应催化剂乙醇的燃烧:CH3CH2OH+3O2 2CO2+3H2O乙醇的催化氧化:2CH3CH2OH+O2 2CH3CHO+2H2O (乙醛)OH|O注意:当2-丙醇发生催化氧化时,会生成丙酮,而非丙醛。|催化剂2CH3CHCH3+O2 2CH3CCH3+2H2O(丙酮)

48、(3)消去反应乙醇在浓硫酸作催化剂的条件下,加热到170生成乙烯。注意:该反应加热到140时,乙醇进行另一种脱水方式,生成乙醚。浓硫酸1402C2H5OH C2H5OC2H5+H2O (乙醚)H+(4)取代反应乙醇与卤化氢取代:CH3CH2OH+HBr CH3CH2Br+H2O注意:乙醇不可以和卤素单质发生取代反应。8.苯酚苯酚是无色晶体,露置在空气中会因氧化显粉红色。苯酚具有特殊的气味,熔点43,水中溶解度不大,易溶于有机溶剂。苯酚有毒,是一种重要的化工原料。OH+NaOH +H2OONa(1)苯酚的酸性 (苯酚钠)苯酚(俗称石炭酸)的电离:-OOH +H2O +H3O+注意:凡是含有羟基的

49、有机物,一般均可与钠反应。 溴水与酚类易取代,不易加成,且易在苯环邻、对位上取代。苯酚钠与CO2反应:OHONa +CO2+H2O +NaHCO3OHBrBrOH|Br|注意:该反应只能生成NaHCO3,因为酸性弱于苯酚。(2)取代反应 +3Br2 +3HBr (三溴苯酚)(3)显色反应苯酚能和FeCl3溶液反应,使溶液呈紫色。9.乙醛乙醛是无色,具有刺激性气味的液体,沸点20.8,密度比水小,易挥发。O|(1)加成反应催化剂乙醛与氢气反应:CH3CH+H2 CH3CH2OH点燃(2)氧化反应O|乙醛的燃烧:2CH3CHO+5O2 4CO2+4H2O催化剂乙醛的催化氧化:2CH3CH+O2 2

50、CH3COOH (乙酸)乙醛的银镜反应:CH3CHO +2Ag(NH3)2OH CH3COONH4+2Ag+3NH3+H2O (乙酸铵)注意:硝酸银与氨水配制而成的银氨溶液中含有Ag(NH3)2OH(氢氧化二氨合银),这是一种弱氧化剂,可以氧化乙醛,生成Ag。有关制备的方程式:Ag+NH3H2O=AgOH+AgOH+2NH3H2O=Ag(NH3)2+OH-+2H2O乙醛还原氢氧化铜:CH3CHO+2Cu(OH)2 CH3COOH+Cu2O+2H2O 一定条件(3)|n乙醛自身加聚:nCH3CHO CHO (聚乙醛)CH3OH催化剂OHCH2|n 甲醛与苯酚反应:nHCHO + n + 2nH2

51、O (酚醛树脂)10.乙酸(1)乙酸的酸性乙酸的电离:CH3COOHCH3COO-+H+O|O|(2)酯化反应浓硫酸CH3COH+C2H5OH CH3COC2H5+H2O (乙酸乙酯)注意:酸和醇起作用,生成酯和水的反应叫做酯化反应。附加:酯化反应简介(1)反应条件:一般需加热,用浓硫酸作催化剂和吸水剂。(2)反应物:醇是任意的醇,酸既可以是有机酸,也可以是无机含氧酸。如:CH2ONO2CHONO2 |CH2ONO2CH2OHCHOH |CH2OH催化剂3HONO3+ +3H2OO=COH|O=COH+HOC2H5HOC2H5浓硫酸O=COC2H5O=COC2H5|(3)反应机理:一般是羧酸脱

52、羟基醇脱氢,且羧基与醇羟基数目比为1:1。如:+2H2O (乙二醇二乙酯)(4)反应方式一元醇与一元羧酸按通式反应;RCOOH+HORRCOOR+H2OO|O|二元羧酸与二元醇,可以酯化成链,并形成高分子化合物。如:COCH2CH2O浓硫酸COOHnnHOCH2CH2OH+nHOOC C +2nH2O 也可酯化成环状小分子酯。O|O|浓硫酸|OH|OH|OH|OHCC + CH2CH2 |CH2O浓硫酸O|OH羟基羧酸可自身酯化成环状内酯。如:CH2CH2COOH CH2C + H2O也可分子间酯化形成环状小分子酯或链状高分子化合物(酯),如:浓硫酸|OH2CH3CHCOOH O|CH3|CH

53、3|nnHOCHCOOHOCHC+nH2O11.乙酸乙酯乙酸乙酯是一种带有香味的无色油状液体。无机酸(1)水解反应CH3COOC2H5+H2O CH3COOH+C2H5OH(2)中和反应CH3COOC2H5+NaOH CH3COONa+C2H5OH卤代烃RX醇ROH醛RCHO羧酸RCOOH酯RCOOR水解水解酯化氧化还原氧化酯化水解不饱和烃加成消去消去加成附加:烃的衍生物的转化三、糖类、油脂、蛋白质12.葡萄糖结构:CH2OHCHOHCHOHCHOHCHOHCHO物理性质:白色晶体,易溶于水,有甜味。化学性质:具有还原性:能发生银镜反应,能与新制的氢氧化铜反应;加成反应:与H2反应;酯化反应:

54、与羧酸反应;分解反应:在酒化酶作用下,分解为乙醇和CO2;燃烧生成CO2和H2O。葡萄糖的燃烧:C6H12O6+6O26CO2+6H2O葡萄糖的氧化:CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO+2Ag(NH3)2OHCH2OH(CHOH)4COONH4+2Ag + 3NH3+ H2OCH2OH(CHOH)4CHO+2Cu(OH)2CH2OH(CHOH)4COOH + Cu2O+ 2H2O葡萄糖的还原:CH2OH(CHOH)4 + H2CH2OH(CHOH)4CH2OH葡萄糖的分解:C6H12O6 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2催化剂13.蔗糖、麦芽糖蔗糖的水解:C12H22O11+H2OC6H12O6+

55、C6H12O6催化剂 蔗糖 葡萄糖 果糖麦芽糖的水解:C12H22O11+H2O2C6H12O6 麦芽糖 葡萄糖注意:蔗糖不含醛基,不可以发生银镜反应;麦芽糖可以发生银镜反应。14.淀粉、纤维素催化剂淀粉的水解:(C6H10O5)n+nH2OnC6H12O6催化剂淀粉 葡萄糖葡萄糖分解:C6H12O62C2H5OH+2CO2催化剂 葡萄糖 乙醇纤维素的水解:(C6H10O5)n+nH2OnC6H12O6 纤维素 葡萄糖淀粉的酯化反应:15.油脂C17H35COOCH2C17H35COOCH |C17H35COOCH2C17H33COOCH2C17H33COOCH |C17H33COOCH2(1

56、)氢化反应催化剂加热、加压+3H2 油酸甘油酯(油) 硬脂酸甘油酯(脂肪)(2)水解反应CH2OHCHOH |CH2OHC17H35COOCH2C17H35COOCH + 3H2O 3C17H35COOH + |C17H35COOCH2浓硫酸硬脂酸甘油酯 硬脂酸 甘油C17H35COOCH2C17H35COOCH + 3NaOH 3C17H35COONa + |C17H35COOCH2浓硫酸CH2OHCHOH |CH2OH皂化反应:硬脂酸甘油酯 硬脂酸钠16.氨基酸氨基酸中的NH2和COOH发生脱水缩合,生成多肽。+ + H2O 甘氨酸 + + H2O 丙氨酸+ + H2O + + H2O (

57、两种不同的氨基酸进行缩合,可产生4种不同的多肽)第五部分 离子反应(按字母顺序排列)Al2Al+6H+2Al3+3H22Al+2OH-+2H2O2+3H2Al3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3H+Al3+3OH-Al(OH)3Al3+4OH-+2H2O3Al3+10OH-2Al(OH)3+2H2O(当n(AlCl3)/n(NaOH)=3:10时)Al3+3NH3H2OAl(OH)3+32Al3+3+3H2O2Al(OH)3+3CO2Al3+3Al(OH)3+3CO2Al3+3HS-+3H2OAl(OH)3+3H2S2Al3+3S2-+6H2O2Al(OH)3+3H2SAl3+3+6H2O4Al(O

58、H)32Al3+3Al2(SiO3)2+2H2OAl(OH)3+OH-+H+H2OAl(OH)3+4H+Al3+2H2O9+30H+2Al(OH)3+7Al3+12H2O(当n(NaAlO2)/n(HCl)=3:10时)3+Fe3+6H2OFe(OH)3+3Al(OH)3+H2OAl(OH)3+NH3+H2OAl(OH)3+2+CO2+3H2O2Al(OH)3+CO2+2H2OAl(OH)3+Al2O3+6H+2Al3+3H2OAl2O3+2OH-2+H2OAl(OH)3+3H+Al3+2H2OAl(OH)3+2OH-+2H2OAgAg+H2OAgOH+H+Ag+NH3H2OAgOH+Ag+2

59、NH3H2O+H2OAg+Cl-AgClAg+Br-AgBrAg+I-AgI3Ag+Ag3PO42Ag+Ag2CO3Ag2CO3+2H+2Ag+CO2+H2OAg3PO4+3H+3Ag+H3PO42Ag(NH3)2+2OH-+CH3CHOCH3COO-+2Ag+3NH3+H2O2Ag(NH3)2+2OH-+CH2OH(CHOH)4CHOCH2OH(CHOH)4COO-+2Ag+3NH3+H2OBaBa2+=BaSO4Ba2+=BaCO33Ba2+2Ba3(PO4)2Ba2+2OH-+CO2BaCO3+H2OBa2+2OH-+2H+BaSO4+2H2O(NaHSO4溶液中加Ba(OH)2,使溶液

60、呈中性)Ba2+OH-+H+BaSO4+H2O(NaHSO4溶液中加Ba(OH)2,使Ba2+全部沉淀)BaCO3+2H+Ca2+CO2+H2OBr2Br-+Cl22Cl-+Br2Br2+SO2+2H2O2Br-+2H+4Br-+2Fe2+3Cl22Fe3+2Br2+6Cl-(足量Cl2)2Br-+2Fe2+2Cl22Fe3+Br2+4Cl-(当n(FeBr2)/n(Cl2)=1:1时)10Br-+6Fe2+8Cl26Fe3+5Br2+16Cl-(当n(FeBr2)/n(Cl2)=3:4时)C+2Ag+Ag2CO3+Ba2+BaCO3+Ca2+CaCO3+2H+CO2+H2O+H2O+OH-3

61、+2Al3+3H2O2Al(OH)3+3CO23+2Fe3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3+3CO2CO2+3H2O2Al(OH)3+CO2+2H2OAl(OH)3+CO2+OH-CO2+Ba2+2OH-BaCO3+H2OCO2+2OH-+H2O3CO2+5OH-2+2H2O(当n(CO2)/n(NaOH)=3:5时)CO2+2H2OH4SiO4+CaCa2+2OH-+CO2CaCO3+H2OCa2+2OH-+SO2CaSO3+H2OCa2+2ClO-+SO2+H2OCaSO4+HClO+H+Cl-(少量SO2)Ca2+2ClO-+2SO2+4H2OCaSO4+2Cl-+4H+(足量SO2)Ca2+

62、2ClO-+CO2+H2OCaCO3+2HClOCaCO3+2H+Ca2+CO2+H2OClCl2+H2OCl-+H+HClOCl2+2OH-Cl-+ClO-+H2OCl2+2OH-Cl-+ClO-+H2OCl2+2I-2Cl-+I2Cl2+H2SO3+H2O2Cl-+4H+Cl2+H2S2Cl-+2H+SCl2+2Fe2+2Fe3+2Cl-(向FeBr2溶液中少量Cl2)3Cl2+2Fe2+4Br-2Fe3+2Br2+6Cl-(足量Cl2)2Cl2+2Fe2+2Br-2Fe3+Br2+4Cl-(当n(FeBr2)/n(Cl2)=1:1时)8Cl2+6Fe2+10Br-6Fe3+5Br2+16

63、Cl-(当n(FeBr2)/n(Cl2)=3:4时)Cl2+2I-2Cl-+I2Cl2+2I-I2+2Cl-(向FeI2溶液中通入少量Cl2)3Cl2+2Fe2+4I-2Fe3+2I2+6Cl-(足量Cl2)4Cl2+2Fe2+6I-2Fe3+3I2+8Cl-(当n(FeI2)/n(Cl2)=3:4时)2Cl-+4H+MnO2Mn2+Cl2+2H2OCl-+Ag+AgClClO-+H+HClOClO-+SO2+H2O2H+Cl-+ClO-+H2OHClO+OH-Cr+6Fe2+14H+6Fe3+2Cr3+7H2OCuCu+2Fe3+2Fe2+Cu2+3Cu+2+8H+3Cu2+2NO+4H2O

64、Cu2+2H2OCu(OH)2+2H+Cu2+2NH3H2OCu(OH)2+2NH4+Cu2+2Na+2H2O2Na+Cu(OH)2+H2Cu2+H2S2H+CuSCu2+FeCu+Fe2+Cu2+2OH-Cu(OH)2CuO+2H+Cu2+H2OCxHyOzC6H5O-+H2OC6H5OH+OH-C6H5O-+CO2C6H5OH+CH3CHO+2Ag(NH3)2+2OH-CH3COO-+2Ag+3NH3+H2OCH3CHO+2Cu(OH)2CH3COOH+Cu2O+2H2O2CH3COOH+CaCO32CH3COO-+Ca2+CO2+H2OCH2OH(CHOH)4CHO+2Ag(NH3)2+

65、2OH-CH2OH(CHOH)4COO-+2Ag+3NH3+H2OCH2OH(CHOH)4CHO+2Cu(OH)2CH2OH(CHOH)4COOH+Cu2O+2H2O5C2H4+12+36H+12Mn2+10CO2+28H2O5+2+16H+2Mn2+10CO2+8H2OFeFe+2H+=Fe2+H2Fe+Cu2+=Fe2+CuFe+2Fe3+3Fe2+Fe2+2OH-Fe(OH)22Fe2+Cl22Fe3+2Cl-2Fe2+Br22Fe3+2Br-4Fe2+O2+4H+Fe3+2H2O12Fe2+3O2+6H2O8Fe3+4Fe(OH)32Fe2+H2O2+2H+2Fe3+2H2O6Fe2+

66、14H+6Fe3+2Cr3+7H2O5Fe2+8H+5Fe3+Mn2+4H2O3Fe2+4H+3Fe3+NO+2H2OFe2+S2-FeS2Fe2+Cl22Fe3+2Cl-(向FeBr2溶液中通入少量Cl2)2Fe2+4Br-+3Cl22Fe3+2Br2+6Cl-(足量Cl2)2Fe2+2Br-+2Cl22Fe3+Br2+4Cl-(当n(FeBr2)/n(Cl2)=1:1时)6Fe2+10Br-+8Cl26Fe3+5Br2+16Cl-(当n(FeBr2)/n(Cl2)=3:4时)2Fe2+4I-+3Cl22Fe3+2I2+6Cl-(向FeI2溶液中足量Cl2)2Fe2+6I-+4Cl22Fe3

67、+3I2+8Cl-(当n(FeI2)/n(Cl2)=3:4时)Fe3+3OH-Fe(OH)32Fe3+Cu2Fe2+Cu2+2Fe3+Fe3Fe2+2Fe3+Zn2Fe2+Zn2+2Fe3+3Zn2Fe+3Zn2+Fe3+3Fe(OH)3+3CO2Fe3+3+6H2OFe(OH)3+3Al(OH)32Fe3+3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3+3CO22Fe3+H2S2Fe2+S+2H+2Fe3+S2-2Fe2+S2Fe3+2I-2Fe2+I22Fe3+SO2+2H2O2Fe2+4H+Fe3+3SCN-(红色溶液)Fe3+3H2O(胶体)+3H+FeO+2H+Fe2+H2OFe2O3+6H+Fe3+

68、3H2OFe3O4+8H+Fe2+2Fe3+4H2OFeS+2H+Fe2+H2SH2OH+OH-H2O2H2O+2Na2Na+2OH-+H22H2O+2Na2O2=4Na+4OH-+O2H2O+Na2O2Na+2OH-H2O+Cl2Cl-+H+HClOH2O2H2O2+2I-+2H+I2+2H2OH2O2+2Fe2+2H+2Fe3+2H2O5H2O2+2+6H+=2Mn2+5O2+8H2OH2O2+Cl22H+2Cl-+O2H2O2+SO22H+H2CO3系列H2CO3H+H+H2O+H2OH2CO3+H2O+H+CO2+H2O3+Al3+Al(OH)3+3CO23+Fe3+Fe(OH)3+3

69、CO22+Ca2+2CaCO3+2H2O+(向NaHCO3溶液中加入少量澄清石灰水)+Ca2+CaCO3+H2O(足量澄清石灰水)+Ca2+CaCO3+H2O(向Ca(HCO3)2溶液中加入少量NaOH溶液)2+Ca2+2CaCO3+2H2O+(Ca(HCO3)2溶液中加入足量NaOH溶液)+H2O(向NH4HCO3溶液中加入少量NaOH溶液)+2+H2O+NH3H2O(向NH4HCO3溶液中加入足量NaOH溶液)2+SO2+CO2+H2O+H2OAl(OH)3+H3PO4系列H3PO4H+H+H+H3PO4+H2O+=+H2O+=+H2O+H2O+H2O+H2OH3PO4+H+H+H+H3P

70、O4H2S系列H2SH+HS-HS-H+S2-H+S2-=HS-H+HS-=H2SH2O+S2-HS-+HS-+H2OH2S+H2S+OH-HS-+H2OHS-+OH-S2-+H2OH2S+Cl22Cl-+2H+S2H2S+SO23S+2H2O2H2S+O22S+2H2OH2S+Cu2+2H+CuSH2S+(CH3COO)2PbPbS+2CH3COOHH2S+2OH-S2-+2H2O3HS-+Al3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3H2SH2SO3系列H2SO3H+H+H2OH2SO3+OH-+OH-+H2O+H+SO2+H2OH2SO3+Cl2+H2O2Cl-+4H+I2I-+2Fe3+2Fe2+

71、I22I-+Cl22Cl-+I22I-+Br22Br-+I2I-+Ag+AgI2I-+H2O2+2H+I2+2H2O5I-+IO-+6H+3I2+3H2OI2+2OH-I-+IO-+H2OI2+5Cl2+6H2O12H+10Cl-+2MgMg+2H+Mg2+H2Mg2+2OH-Mg(OH)2Mg2+MgCO3MgCO3+2H+Mg2+CO2+H2OMgO+2H+Mg2+H2OMg(OH)2+2H+Mg2+2H2OMnMnO2+2Cl-+4H+Mn2+Cl2+2H2O+5Fe2+8H+5Fe3+Mn2+4H2O2+5SO2+2H2O2Mn2+5+4H+2+5H2O2+6H+2Mn2+5O2+8H

72、2O12+5C2H4+36H+12Mn2+10CO2+28H2O2+5+16H+2Mn2+10CO2+8H2ONa2Na+2H2O2Na+2OH-+H22Na+Cu2+2H2O2Na+Cu(OH)2+H2NH3系列+H2ONH3H2O+H+2+H2OH4SiO4+2NH3+H2OAl(OH)3+NH3+2OH-+H2O+NH3H2O(向NH4HCO3溶液中加入足量NaOH溶液)NH3+H2ONH3H2ONH3H2O+OH-NH3H2O+Ag+AgOH+NH4+2AgOHAg2O+H2O(AgNO3溶液中加入少量氨水)2NH3H2O+Ag+Ag(NH3)2+H2O(足量氨水)2NH3H2O+Cu

73、2+Cu(OH)2+2(向CuSO4溶液中加入少量氨水)4NH3H2O+Cu2+Cu(NH3)42+4H2O(足量氨水)2NH3H2O+Zn2+Zn(OH)2+2NH4+(向ZnCl2溶液中加入少量氨水)4NH3H2O+Zn2+Zn(NH3)42+4H2O(足量氨水)3NH3H2O+Al3+Al(OH)3+32+2I-+4H+2NO+I2+2H2O5+2+6H+2Mn2+5+3H2O+3Fe2+4H+3Fe3+NO+2H2O2+3SO2+2H2O3+2NO+4H+2+3Cu+8H+3Cu2+2NO+4H2OO+H+=H2O+CO2O2+2H2S2S+2H2OO2+2S2-+4H+S+2H2OO

74、2+2HS-+2H+S+2H2OO2+4Fe2+4H+Fe3+2H2O3O2+12Fe2+6H2O=8Fe3+4Fe(OH)3O2+22O3+2I-+2H+I2+O2+H2OP+3Ag+Ag3PO42+3Ba2+Ba3(PO4)22+3Ca2+Ca3(PO4)22+3Mg2+Mg3(PO4)2+H+2H+3H+H3PO4Pb2+PbSO4Pb2+S2-PbSPbO2+2Cl-+4H+Pb2+Cl2+2H2O(CH3COO)2Pb+H2SPbS+2CH3COOHS3S+6OH-=2S2-+3H2OS2-+H2OHS-+OH-3S2-+2Al3+6H2O2Al(OH)3+3H2SS2-+2Fe3+

75、2Fe2+SSO2+Ca2+2ClO-+H2OCaSO4+HClO+H+Cl-(少量SO2)2SO2+Ca2+2ClO-+4H2OCaSO4+2Cl-+4H+(足量SO2)SO2+2Fe3+2H2O2Fe2+4H+SO2+2+CO2+H2OSO2+2OH-+H2OSO2+OH-SO2+Br2+2H2O2Br-+2H+SO2+I2+2H2O2I-+2H+SO2+H2O22H+3SO2+2+2H2O3+2NO+4H+SO2+ClO-+H2O2H+Cl-+SO2+2H2S3S+2H2OSO2+H2OH2SO35SO2+2+2H2O2Mn2+5+4H+2H+SO2+H2O+H2O+OH-+Ba2+Ba

76、SO4+2H+Ba2+2OH-BaSO4+2H2O(NaHSO4溶液中加Ba(OH)2,使溶液呈中性)+H+Ba2+OH-BaSO4+H2O(NaHSO4溶液中加Ba(OH)2,使Ba2+全部沉淀)+2H+S+SO2+H2OSiSi+2OH-+H2O+2H2SiO2+2OH-+H2O+2+H2OH4SiO4+2NH3+CO2+2H2OH4SiO4+CO32-+2H+H2OH4SiO43+2Fe3+Fe2(SiO3)23+2Al3+Al2(SiO3)2ZnZn+2H+Zn2+H2Zn+2OH-+H2Zn+2Fe3+2Fe2+Zn2+(少量Zn片)3Zn+2Fe3+2Fe+3Zn2+(过量Zn片)

77、Zn2+2H2OZn(OH)2+2H+Zn2+2OH-Zn(OH)2Zn2+2NH3H2OZn(OH)2+2(少量氨水)Zn2+4NH3H2OZn(NH3)42+4H2O(足量氨水)Zn(OH)2+2H+Zn2+2H2OZn(OH)2+2OH+2H2OZnO+2H+=Zn2+H2OZnO+2OH+H2O第六部分 电极反应方程式一、原电池电极反应方程式1CuH2SO4Zn原电池正极: 2H+ + 2e- = H2负极: Zn2e- = Zn2+总反应式: Zn + 2H+ = Zn2+ + H22CuFeCl3C原电池正极: 2Fe3+ + 2e- = 2Fe2+负极: Cu 2e- = Cu2

78、+ 总反应式: 2Fe3+ + Cu = 2Fe2+ + Cu2+3钢铁在潮湿的空气中发生吸氧腐蚀正极:O2 + 2H2O + 4e- = 4OH-负极:2Fe 4e- = 2Fe2+总反应式:2Fe + O2 + 2H2O = 2Fe(OH)24钢铁在潮湿的空气中发生析氢腐蚀正极:2H+ +2e- = H2负极:Fe 2e- = Fe2+总反应式:Fe +2H+ = Fe2+ +H25氢氧燃料电池(中性介质)正极:O2 + 2H2O + 4e- = 4OH-负极:2H24e-= 4H+ 总反应式:2H2 + O2 = 2H2O6氢氧燃料电池(酸性介质)正极:O2 + 4H+ + 4e- =

79、2H2O负极:2H2 4e-= 4H+总反应式:2H2 + O2 = 2H2O7氢氧燃料电池(碱性介质)正极:O2 + 2H2O + 4e- = 4OH- 负极:2H2 4e- + 4OH- = 4H2O总反应式:2H2 + O2 = 2H2O8铅蓄电池(放电)正极 (PbO2) :PbO2 + 2e- + + 4H+ = PbSO4 + 2H2O负极 (Pb) :Pb2e- + = PbSO4 总反应式:Pb + PbO2 + 4H+ + 2 = 2PbSO4 + 2H2O9AlNaOHMg原电池正极:6H2O + 6e- = 3H2 + 6OH-负极:2Al 6e- + 8OH- = 2+

80、 4H2O总反应式:2Al + 2OH- + 2H2O = 2+ 3H210CH4燃料电池(碱性介质)正极:2O2 + 4H2O + 8e- = 8OH-负极:CH4 8e- + 10OH- = + 7H2O 总反应式:CH4 + 2O2 + 2OH- = + 3H2O11熔融碳酸盐燃料电池(Li2CO3和Na2CO3熔融盐作电解液,CO作燃料):正极:O2 + 2CO2 + 4e- = 2(持续补充CO2气体)负极:2CO + 2 4e- = 4CO2总反应式:2CO + O2 = 2CO212银锌纽扣电池(碱性介质)正极 (Ag2O) :Ag2O + H2O + 2e- = 2Ag + 2

81、OH-负极 (Zn) :Zn + 2OH- 2e- = ZnO + H2O总反应式:Zn + Ag2O = ZnO + 2Ag二、电解电极反应方程式1电解CuCl2溶液阳极:2Cl- 2e- = Cl2电解阴极:Cu2+ + 2e- = Cu总反应式:2Cl- + Cu2+ = Cl2 + Cu2电解精炼铜阳极(粗铜):Cu 2e- = Cu2+阴极 (纯铜) :Cu2+ + 2e- = Cu总反应式:无3电镀铜阳极(纯铜):Cu 2e- = Cu2+阴极(待镀金属,如Fe):Cu2+ + 2e- = Cu总反应式:无4电解饱和食盐水阳极:2Cl- 2e- = Cl2电解阴极:2H2O + 2

82、e- = H2 + 2OH-总反应式:2Cl- + 2H2O = H2+ Cl2 + 2OH-5电解HCl溶液阳极:2Cl- - 2e- = Cl2电解阴极:2H+ + 2e- = H2总反应式:2Cl- + 2H+= Cl2 + H26电解NaOH溶液阳极:4OH- 4e- = O2 + 2H2O电解阴极:4H2O + 4e- = 2H2 + 4OH-总反应式:2H2O = 2H2+ O27电解H2SO4溶液阳极:2H2O 4e- = O2 + 4H+电解阴极:4H+ +4e- = 2H2总反应式:2H2O = 2H2 + O28电解KNO3溶液阳极:2H2O 4e- = O2 + 4H+

83、电解阴极:4H2O + 4e- = 2H2 + 4OH-总反应式:2H2O = 2H2 + O29电解CuSO4溶液阳极:2H2O4e- = O2 + 4H+ 电解阴极:2Cu2+ + 4e- = 2Cu总反应式:2Cu2+ + 2H2O = 2Cu + O2+ 4H+10电解AgNO3溶液阳极:2H2O 4e- = O2 + 4H+ 电解阴极:4Ag+ + 4e- = 4Ag总反应式:4Ag+ + 2H2O = 4Ag + O2 + 4H+11铅蓄电池充电阳极:PbSO4 2e- + 2H2O = PbO2 + 4H+电解阴极:PbSO4 + 2e- = Pb + 总反应式:2PbSO4 +

84、 2H2O = Pb + PbO2 + 4H+ + 2B2H6(g) + 3O2(g) = B2O3(s) + 3H2O(l);H = - 2165 kJmol-1第七部分 热反应方程式CC(石墨,s) +O2(g) CO2(g);H= -393.5kJmol -1C(金刚石,s) +O2(g) CO2(g);H= -395.4kJmol -1C(金刚石,s) C(石墨,s);H= -1.90kJmol -1C(s) +H2O(g) CO(g) +H2(g);H= +131.3kJmol -1C(s) + O2 (g) CO(g);H= -110.5kJmol -1C(s) +O2(g) CO

85、2(g);H= -393.5kJmol -1CO(g) +O2(g) CO2(g);H= -283kJmol -1CaC2(s) +2H2O(l) C2H2(g) +Ca(OH)2(s);H= -127kJmol -1CH4(g) +2O2(g) CO2(g) +2H2O(l);H= -890.3kJmol -1C2H4(g) +3O2(g) 2CO2(g) +2H2O(l);H= -1411kJmol -1C2H2(g) +O2(g) 2CO2(g) +H2O(l);H= -1300kJmol -1C3H8(g) +5 O2 (g) 3CO2(g) +4H2O(l);H= -2220.0kJ

86、mol -1C8H18(l) +O2(g) 8CO2(g) +9H2O(l);H= -5518kJmol -1CH3OH(l) +O2(g) CO2(g) +2H2O(l);H= -725.8kJmol -1C2H5OH(l) +3O2(g) 2CO2(g) +3H2O(l);H= -1367kJmol -1C6H12O6(s) +6O2(g)=6CO2(g) +6H2O(l);H= -2800kJmol -1HH2(g) +Cl2(g) 2HCl(g);H= -184.6kJmol -12H2(g) +O2(g) 2H2O(g);H= -483.6molL -1H2(g) +O2(g) H2

87、O(l);H= -241.8kJmol -12H2(g) +O2(g) 2H2O(l);H= -571.6kJmol -1H2(g) +O2(g) H2O(l);H= -285.8kJmol -12H2O(g) 2H2(g) +O2(g);H= +483.6kJmol -1H2O(g) H2(g) +O2(g);H= +241.8kJmol -12H2O(l) 2H2(g) +O2(g);H= +571.6kJmol -1H2O(l) H2(g) +O2(g);H= +285.8kJmol -1H2O(l) H2O(g);H= +44kJmol -1H2O(g) H2O(l);H= -44kJ

88、mol -1HCl(aq) +NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) +H2O(l);H= -57.3kJmol -1H +(aq) +OH-(aq) H2O(l);H= -57.3kJmol -1NN2(g) +O2(g)=NO2(g);H= +180.7kJmol -1催化剂高温、高压催化剂 N2(g) +3H2(g) 2NH3(g);H= -92.4kJmol -14NH3(g) +5O2(g)= 4NO(g) +6H2O(g);H= -907kJmol -12NO(g) +O2(g)2NO2(g);H= -113kJmol -13NO2(g) +H2O(l)2HNO3(l) +NO(g);

89、H= -136kJmol -1N2H4(g) +O2(g) N2(g) +2H2O(g);H= -534kJmol -1N2H4(l) +2H2O2(l) N2(g) +4H2O(g);H= -641.6kJmol -12N2H4(g) +2NO2(g) 3N2(g) +4H2O(g);H= -1135.7kJmol -1PP4(白磷,s) 4P(红磷,s);H= -66.8kJmol -1点燃S高温S(g) +O2(g)= SO2(g);H= -297kJmol -1FeS2(s) +O2(g)= Fe2O3(s) +2SO2(g);催化剂H= -853kJmol -1SO2(g) +O2 (g) SO3(g);H= -98.3kJmol -1SO3(g) +H2O(l) H2SO4(l);H= -130.3kJmol -1

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