1、第二讲动词的时态和语态1.(2019江苏卷)A few months after he had arrived in China, Mr.Smith _ in love with the people and culture there.A.would fall B.had fallenC.has fallen D.fell答案D句意：史密斯先生抵达中国几个月后，爱上了那里的人和文化。arrive用了过去完成时，表示“过去的过去”，所以此处用一般过去时。2.(2019江苏卷)They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals _ by 2022 for
2、 the Beijing Winter Olympics.A.will install B.will have been installedC.are installed D.have been installed答案B句意：他们正努力确保在2022年北京冬奥会之前安装5G终端。根据时间状语by 2022可知，句子要用将来完成时；5G terminals与install(安装)之间是被动关系，故用将来完成时的被动语态。3.(2018江苏卷)There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I _ a second chance to
3、become more involved.A.had B.will haveC.would have had D.have had答案A根据“There is a good social life in the village”可知，时间的着眼点是现在，因此wish后的从句中的虚拟语气是对现在的虚拟，故选择had。4.(2018江苏卷)I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan _ in the past two years.A.had been carried out B.would be carr
4、ied outC.is being carried out D.has been carried out答案A本句中主句的时态是一般过去时，从句中应该使用过去时态中的某种时态；根据句中的时间状语in the past two years可知，应该使用完成时态。因此，空处应用过去完成时。5.(2018江苏卷)Hopefully in 2025 we will no longer be e-mailing each other, for we _ more convenient electronic communication tools by then.A.have developed B.ha
5、d developedC.will have developed D.developed答案C句意：在2025年我们有望不再互相发邮件，因为到那时候我们将已经开发了更加便利的电子沟通工具了。根据句中的时间状语2025与by then可知，空处应用将来完成时。6.(2017江苏卷)Hes been informed that he _ for the scholarship because of his academic background.A.hasnt qualified B.hadnt qualifiedC.doesnt qualify D.wasnt qualifying答案C句意：他
6、被告知，由于他的学术背景，他没有资格获得奖学金。此处强调的是“不能申请奖学金”这一客观事实，因此用一般现在时。7.(2016江苏卷)More efforts，as reported，_ in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-side structural reform.A.are made B.will be madeC.are being made D.have been made答案B句意：正如报道的那样，在未来几年内要做出更大的努力去加快供给侧结构改革。根据时间状语in the years ahead可知，此处要用一般将来时，再结合主语M
7、ore efforts与动词make之间为被动关系。故答案为B。8.(2016江苏卷)Dashan，who _ crosstalk，the Chinese comedic tradition，for decades，wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.A.will be learning B.is learningC.had been learning D.has been learning答案D句意：大山已经学习中国传统喜剧相声几十年了，他希望把相声与西方喜剧整合起来。根据时间状语for decades可知，表示从过去
8、到现在(有可能延续到将来)，故此处要用现在完成进行时。9.(2015江苏卷)The real reason why prices _，and still are，too high is complex，and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.A.were B.will beC.have been D.had been答案A句意：物价过去很高，现在依然居高不下，其真正原因是复杂的，不是两三句话能圆满解释的。根据空格后面的and still are(而且现在仍然如此)判断，前面是指物价过去的情况，应用一般过去时
9、，故选A项。10.(2014江苏卷)How much do you know about the Youth Olympic Games to be held in Nanjing?Well，the media _ it in a variety of forms.A.cover B.will coverC.have covered D.covered答案C句意：你对于即将在南京举行的青奥会有何看法？嗯，媒体已经以各种形式进行了报道。根据语境青奥会这种大事件应该是众人瞩目的话题，尽管还未举行却已是人尽皆知，所以选择现在完成时，选C。做时态题时首先要在题干中寻找时态标志词，不同的时间状语代表动作
10、发生的时间点或时间段的不同。常见的时态标志词有：1.一般现在时：always，every time，now and then，occasionally，seldom，sometimes，often，usually等。2.现在完成时：up to now，so far，recently，already，yet，in the past few years，for时间段，since时间点以及since引导的从句等。3.过去完成时：by过去时间，by the end of过去时间，by the time.等。4.将来进行时：at this time tomorrow/the day after tomo
11、rrow，from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow/the day after tomorrow等。5.将来完成时：by将来时间，by the end of将来时间，before.等。对含有固定结构的时态题，要迅速定位，根据该句型选用正确的时态。常见的固定结构有：1.had done sth when.刚做完某事，这时2.be doing sth when.正在做某事，这时3.在“It/This is the best(worst，most interesting等)名词从句”中，从句中的谓语用现在完成时。4.在“It/This/That is the first/second/t
12、hird.timethat从句”中，that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。在“It/This/That was the first/second/third.timethat从句”中，that从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时。5.在hardly/scarcely.when.，no sooner.than.句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，意思为“一就”。6.在“祈使句and/or陈述句”结构中，陈述句通常用一般将来时。近年来高考试题对时态考查的要求越来越高，大部分试题趋向情境化、实际化。考生要捕捉有效信息，充分理解情境，综合运用所学知识，灵活答题。这一招很有效，在解决这类问题时，我们
13、应首先考虑语态问题，即动词与主语之间是主动还是被动关系。利用这一原则可以直接得出某些试题的答案，或者可以有效地缩小选择范围，提高解题的准确度。一、高考常考的几种易混时态的辨析1.一般现在时与现在进行时时态时间动作中文标志一般现在时 现在习惯性或经常性动作经常，常常现在进行时现在正在进行的动作或状态正在，正，在典例1Hi, lets go skating.Sorry, Im busy right now.I _ in an application form for a new job.A.fill B.have filledC.am filling D.will fill答案C句意：嗨，让我们去
14、滑冰吧。对不起，我现在很忙。我正在填一份新工作的申请表。由答句中的时间状语right now和上下文语境可知，此处表示正在发生的事，应用现在进行时，故选C项。名师点津表示客观事实或普遍真理时，要用一般现在时，不能用现在进行时。2.一般过去时与过去进行时时态时间动作中文标志一般过去时 过去完成的动作经常，常常过去进行时过去正在进行的动作或状态，反复做的动作正在，正，在典例2He must have sensed that I _ him.He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly，“Why are you staring at me like that？
15、”A.would look at B.looked atC.was looking at D.am looking at答案C句意：他一定是感觉到了我正在看他。他突然瞥了我一眼，轻轻地说：“你为什么那样盯着我看？”must have done是对过去事情的肯定推测，因此“我正在看他”也是发生在过去，而且是正在进行，故用过去进行时。3.现在完成时与一般过去时时态时间动作中文标志一般过去时 过去完成的动作经常，常常现在完成时现在完成的动作已经(否定：从未，未曾)典例3The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody _ them since.A.sees B.
16、sawC.has seen D.had seen答案C句意：这些报告在2012年不见了，从那以后没有人见到过它们。since表示“自从之后”，常与现在完成时连用。名师点津现在完成时表示从过去发生到现在一段时间内的任何时间，可与so far，up to now，lately，ever since等表示包括现在一段时间的状语连用，但不能和表示过去时间的状语连用；一般过去时表示的是过去某一特定时间或与现在无关的某一过去时间。4.过去完成时与一般过去时时态时间动作中文标志一般过去时 过去完成的动作经常，常常过去完成时过去的过去完成的动作已经(否定：从未，未曾)典例4Sofia looked aroun
17、d at all the faces：she had the impression that she _ most of the guests before.A.has seen B.had seenC.saw D.would see答案B句意：索菲娅环视了所有的面孔，感觉大部分客人她以前都见过。主句时态用的是过去时，从句中的“see”先于主句的动作发生，所以用过去完成时。名师点津过去完成时是一种相对的时态，表示在过去某时刻之前发生。时间参照点与一般过去时不同，一般过去时是对现在的说话时刻而言，过去完成时则是针对过去某一时刻而言的，即“过去的过去”。5.一般将来时与将来进行时时态时间动作中文标
18、志一般将来时 将来将要发生的动作或将要存在的状态将要，将，要，就要将来进行时将来将来的某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作将要正在典例5Dr.Jackson is not in his office at the moment.All right.I _ him later.A.will call B.have calledC.call D.will be calling答案A句意：杰克逊医生现在不在办公室里。好吧。我稍候给他打电话。由时间副词later可知，call是将来要发生的动作，空格所在的句子应用一般将来时态，“will do”表示临时决定将要做某事，所以答案为A。D选项为将来进行时态，此
19、处不表示正在进行的动作，所以可排除。6.现在完成时与现在完成进行时时态时间动作中文标志现在完成时 现在完成的动作已经(否定：从未，未曾)现在完成进行时现在进行或完成的动作已经正在，一直典例6Marty _ really hard on his book and he thinks hell have finished it by Friday.A.worked B.has been workingC.had worked D.has worked答案B句意：马蒂一直在非常努力地写书，他认为他将在周五前完成。由后文提示“hell have finished it by Friday”可知，wor
20、k这一动作发生在过去，一直延续到现在，并且现在还在进行，故要用现在完成进行时。名师点津现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态到现在已经完成，侧重于结果或影响；现在完成进行时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态一直持续到现在，并且还在进行或刚刚完成，强调动作的延续性。二、主动形式表示被动意义的几种情况1.英语中有很多动词，如break，catch，clean，drive，look，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物；在这种情况下，常常和easily，well等副词连用。This kind of clo
21、th washes well.这种布好洗。The sign reads as follows.这牌子告示如下。This material wont wear.这种材料不耐穿。The machine runs well.这种机器运转良好。名师点津主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。2.表示感受、感官的系动词feel，sound，taste，look等后跟形容词、名词构成系表结构，无被动形式。Your reason sounds reasonable.你的理由听起来合理。3.在need，want，require，deserve，bear等动词、worth等形容词的
22、后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The house needs repairing/to be repaired.这所房子需要修理。4.在某些“主语(人/物)be形容词不定式”中不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。The problem is difficult to work out.这道题很难计算出来。(可看作to work out前省略了逻辑主语for me)5.be to rent/blame/let
23、也属于主动形式表被动意义。Who is to blame for the mistake?谁应为这个错误接受谴责？6.介词“in，on，under等名词”构成介词短语表被动意义。表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之意，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。常见的有：under control受控制；under treatment在治疗中；beyond belief令人难以置信；beyond ones reach鞭长莫及；for sale出售；on show展出；out of sight超出视线等。The rumor is beyond belief(cant be
24、 believed).那个谣言令人难以置信。Today some treasures are on show(are being shown)in the museum.今天一些珍宝正在博物馆展出。1.(2019南通泰州七市高三调研)Ted has never been so rude!He _ something he shouldnt have, but I guess he didnt mean that.A.has said B.had saidC.said D.was saying答案C句意：Ted从来没有那么鲁莽过！他说了一些他本不应该说的话，但我认为他不是那个意思。根据句意可知说
25、话的动作发生在过去，用一般过去时，故选C。2.(2019南通泰州七市高三调研)Kevin, time for the next destination!No hurry! Another 15 minutes and we _ all the exhibition rooms of the museum.A.am exploring B.have exploredC.will explore D.will have explored答案D句意：Kevin，该去下一个目的地了！不忙！再给15分钟我们将会探索完这个博物馆的所有展区。表示将来的某个时间已经完成的动作，用将来完成时，故选D。3.(20
26、19南京市高三四校联考)Ladies and gentlemen, we _ at Nanjing Station.Please get ready to get off the train.A.are arriving B.are to arriveC.are going to arrive D.will arrive答案A句意：女士们，先生们，我们即将到达南京火车站。请做好下车的准备。此处用现在进行时态表示将来，故选A。4.(2019南通中学高三期中考试)Housing prices _ since a few years ago.Therefore, its time the centr
27、al government _ some effective measures to bring them under control.A.have increased；would takeB.have increased；will takeC.have been increasing；takesD.have been increasing；took答案D句意：从几年前房价一直在上涨。因此，该是中央政府采取有效措施将房价置于掌控之中的时候了。由since判断句中需要完成时，并且根据语境，房价还在上涨中，故第一空用现在完成进行时；第二空考查句型“Its/was time that该是的时候了”，
28、从句中往往用过去时，也可以用“should动词原形”；故答案是D。5.(2019启东中学高三测试)Its said that Liu Jiang was picked out as a volunteer Chinese teacher.Yes.I _ with my friend about it.A.talk B.would talkC.was talking D.had talked答案C句意：据说刘江被选为中文志愿者老师了。是的，我刚才正和朋友谈论这件事。根据语境可知刘江被选为中文志愿者老师这件事刚发生，人们都在谈论，故此处指刚才正在进行的事，用过去进行时。题中没有明确表示将来或过去的
29、时间状语，故选C。6.(2019无锡市高三期末考试)A new monetary policy will take effect next month.Really good news, especially for those companies that _ with money.A.have struggled B.struggledC.have been struggling D.had struggled答案C句意：新的货币政策将于下月生效。这真是个好消息，尤其是对那些一直在为钱发愁的公司来说。分析句子成分可知，companies为先行词，在后面的定语从句中作主语，分析句意可知，定语
30、从句的时态为现在完成进行时，表示从过去某一时间开始的动作一直在进行， 并有可能持续下去， 强调动作的全过程。故C选项正确。7.(2019泰州市高三期末考试)With the application of 5G technology _ profound changes in almost all fields throughout the world.A.will come B.are comingC.comes D.come答案D句意：随着5G技术的应用，世界几乎所有领域都发生了深刻的变化。分析句子可知，介词短语位于句首，句子为全部倒装句，主语为profound changes，谓语为com
31、e。且句子的时态为一般现在时，表示目前存在的客观情况，故D选项正确。8.(2019无锡市高三阶段测试)Hey! Everyone in the office was at the dinner party in honor of Mr.Charles except you.What happened?I _ after Mike, my colleague.He was badly ill.A.have looked B.was lookingC.would look D.had looked答案B通过上文可知下文说的是在过去某时间点(别人参加晚宴时)正在发生的事情，故用过去进行时态，选B。9
32、.(2019宿迁市高三期末测试)Have you heard of the Chinese Zodiac Art Exhibition being held in the Palace Museum now?Sure.Han Meilin, a veteran artist _ no less than 600 new artworks in it.A.is presenting B.has presentedC.will present D.has been presenting答案A句意：你听说了现在在故宫博物院举办的十二生肖画展吗？是的。资深艺术家韩美林正在展出不少于600件的新作品。此
33、处表示正在进行的动作，所以用现在进行时态，故选A。10.(2019扬州中学高三测试)I _ you not to touch my inknow its spilt and my paperwork has been spoiled.A.tell B.have toldC.told D.was telling答案C句意：我告诉过你不要碰我的墨水现在墨水泼出来了，我的文件也被弄脏了。此处强调过去发生的事，用一般过去时。故选C。11.(2019苏州中学高三测试)Sales of CDs have declined dramatically since the early 2010s, when p
34、eople _ to enjoy music downloaded from the internet.A.have begun B.beganC.begin D.would begin答案B句意：自2010年代初以来，CD的销量急剧下降，当时人们开始享受从互联网下载的音乐。when引导的是定语从句，此处指the early 2010s发生的事，用一般过去时。故选B。12.(2019扬州中学高三质检)Ladies and gentlemen, due to the heavy rain, the star who you _ to see perform will arrive in an h
35、our.A.have come B.comeC.came D.are coming答案A句意：女士们，先生们，由于下大雨，你们来到现场期望看到其演出的明星将在一小时后到达。现在完成时表示“过去的动作对现在的影响或结果”或“过去的动作延续到现在”，根据语境，人们来看演出，come的动作已经发生，并且“现在还在”，所以用现在完成时，故选A。13.(2019镇江市高三模拟)I am a better reader this year than I was last year because I _ to hundreds of new concepts and ideas.A.have expose
36、d B.had been exposedC.have been exposed D.was exposed答案C句意：今年我比去年更擅长阅读，因为我接触了数百种新的概念和想法。由上文可知“阅读”的动作发生在去年，延续到今年，并对现在产生了影响，故应为现在完成时。expose“暴露；揭发”为瞬间性动词，此处现在完成时需改为延续性动词表示“接触”的状态，故选C。14.(2019盐城市高三模拟)An exhibition with 885 cultural relics to be displayed _ at the Meridian Gate Gallery.A.was held B.would
37、 holdC.has hold D.will be held答案D句意：午门画廊将展出885件文物。上文中的to be displayed表将来，故本句为一般将来时。且主语An exhibition与谓语动词hold构成被动关系，故用will be held。故选D。.单项填空1.(2019江苏省名校联考)After nine years working to protect Siberian tigers, Yang Jun _ his efforts recognized at the annual award ceremony in Beijing where he was named
38、a “wildlife protector”.A.had B.had had C.has had D.has答案A句意：在为保护西伯利亚虎工作了九年之后，杨军在北京举行的年度颁奖典礼上获得了“野生动物保护者”的称号。结合句意可知句子用一般过去时态，故答案为A。2.(2019江苏省高三百校联考)I heard Mr.Morgan would be here at 4：00 pm next Thursday.No, he _ at that time.A.was boarding B.would be boardingC.will be boarding D.is boarding答案C句意：我听
39、说摩根先生下星期四下午四点会来。不，他那时正在登机。结合句意可知句子用将来进行时态。故答案为C。3.(2019江苏省常州市高三期末)The president will come to attend your lecture at 10：00 tomorrow.Im sorry, by then my lecture will have just ended and I _ my fans in my office.A.have met B.will have metC.will meet D.will be meeting答案D句意：明天10点，总统会来听你的讲座。抱歉，那时我的讲座刚刚结束
40、，我将在办公室会见粉丝。表示将来某一时间点发生的事情应该用将来进行时，故D项正确。4.(2019南通市高三三月联考检测卷)What a pity that Dad didnt attend my graduation ceremony yesterday afternoon.Oh, he _ some business partners from Europe.A.would meet B.was meetingC.had met D.has met答案B句意：爸爸昨天下午没有参加我的毕业典礼真是太遗憾了。那时他正在会晤一些欧洲的商业合作伙伴。表示过去某一时间点(段)正在做的事情用过去进行时，
41、故B项正确。5.(2019苏州市高三联考)I pressed the button just now, but no copies came out.The machine _ well.You must have made an error in operation.A.runs B.ran C.had run D.has run答案A句意：我刚才按了按钮，但是没有复印件出来。这台机器运转良好，你一定是操作有误。表示事物的属性和状态用一般现在时，故A项正确。6.(2019无锡市普通高中教学质量抽测)David, are you listening to me?Sorry, sir.I _ o
42、f the lecture I attended yesterday.A.have thought B.was thinkingC.am thinking D.thought答案B句意：大卫，你在听我说吗？对不起，先生。我在想我昨天听的讲座。此处表示刚才正在做某事，所以应该用过去进行时态，故选B。7.(2019南京市普通高中教学质量抽测)I wonder what makes him a good English teacher.He _ as a volunteer in the UK for two years, which helps him with his work a lot.A.
43、has served B.servesC.had served D.served答案D句意：我不知道是什么使他成为一个好的英语老师。他在英国做了两年的志愿者，这对他的工作帮助很大。这里指在过去某段时间内发生过的事，在陈述一件过去的事实，所以用一般过去时态，故答案为D。8.(2019徐州市高三第一次质量检测)Time magazine has chosen “The Guardians”，a group of journalists who _ for their work, as Person of the Year, for taking great risks in pursuit of
44、greater truths.A.will target B.have targetedC.will be targeted D.have been targeted答案D句意：时代周刊将“守护者”一群因自己的工作而成为受攻击目标的记者评为年度人物，因为他们冒巨大的风险追求更伟大的真理。根据句意可知，记者被攻击，且已发生，对现在也产生了影响，所以用现在完成时。故选D。9.(2019徐州市高三第一次质量检测)A study shows a worrying tendency that the window for saving the worlds coral reefs from the ef
45、fects of global warming _.A.was being rapidly closedB.will be rapidly closedC.has rapidly closedD.is rapidly closing答案D句意：一项研究显示了一个令人担忧的趋势拯救世界珊瑚礁免受全球变暖影响的窗口正在迅速关闭。根据句意可知，这种趋势是正在发生的，用现在进行时。故选D。10.(2019江苏省高考压轴卷)Professor Li is wanted on the phone.Where is he?I saw him coming, but in a minute, he _.A.w
46、ill disappear B.has disappearedC.disappears D.disappeared答案D句意：电话里的人在找李教授，他现在在哪儿呢？我刚刚看见他走来了，但他马上就消失了。saw对应过去时，消失也是刚刚一个瞬间的事情，应使用一般过去时。故D选项正确。11.(2019江苏省高考压轴卷)Jenny is becoming slimmer and slimmer.It is said that she hired a fitness instructor last year and _ since.A.is working out B.worked outC.has b
47、een working out D.had worked out答案C句意：Jenny变得越来越苗条了。据说她去年雇了一个健身教练，到现在也一直在健身。根据句意可知，此处强调健身从过去到现在一直在进行，应使用现在完成进行时。故C选项正确。12.(2018南京市、盐城市高三第二次模拟)How are you getting along with your presentation?Almost ready，and I _ all I am supposed to.A.did B.had doneC.have done D.shall have done答案D根据句义理解“你的展示报告准备得怎么样
48、了？”“几乎准备好了，我马上就能完成应该做的所有事情。”shall have done结构用于将来完成时，此时shall为助动词，主语只限第一人称。本题题眼在于almost。13.(2018姜堰二中高三一模)Will you take over at the next service area? I want a short rest.Sure.You _ for over four hours by then.A.have driven B.have been drivingC.will be driving D.will have been driving答案D答句意为“好的。到那时你将已
49、经驾驶超过4小时了”，发生在将来，故用将来时，“for over four hours”表示一段时间，故用将来完成进行时，选D。14.(2018苏北四市高三第一次调研)In western countries，only the completely innocent or the determinedly blind could believe that any government activity near to election time _ electoral implications.A.hasnt had B.didnt haveC.doesnt have D.hadnt had答
50、案C根据句意“在西方国家，只有十分天真的人或完全的瞎子才会相信政府在临近大选时期的活动没有卷入选举问题。”可知，相信的内容作为陈述的一个事实、道理，使用一般现在时，故选C。15.(2018南京市、盐城市高三第二次模拟)Do you know the guy over there?Oh，dont mistake him as an ordinary person.Hes a _ in our company.A.cold fish B.rotten appleC.sly fox D.top banana答案DA项表示“态度冷冰冰的人”，B项表示“坏家伙”，C项表示“狡猾的人”，D项表示“最好的演
51、员，主要人物”。根据句意，此处是在夸这个人，所以选择D项。.阅读理解A(2019苏锡常镇四市高三教学情况调查)In Florida，a group of parents known as “the break moms” has been fighting to pass a law guaranteeing the states elementary-school students at least 20 minutes of daily free play.In a survey of school-district administrators, roughly a third said
52、 their districts had reduced outdoor play in the early 2000s.Disadvantaged kids have been the most likely to be short-changed(克扣).According to a 2003 study, just 56 percent of children living at or below the poverty line had break, compared with 83 percent of those above the poverty line a similar d
53、isparity(差异) existed between black children and their white peers.The benefits of break might seem obvious-time to run around helps kids stay fit.But a large body of research suggests that it also promotes cognition(认知).Many studies have found that regular exercise improves mental function and acade
54、mic performance.And an analysis of studies that focused specifically on break found positive associations between physical activity and the ability to concentrate in class.In one series of experiments，researchers controlled break start times.Some days children were let out at 10 am and other days at
55、 10：30.The kids attentiveness decreased when they had to wait longer for break and refreshed themselves after they played.And when fourth-graders in a break-free school were given a weekly break，another group of researchers found that they had an easier time staying on task and were much less restle
56、ss.These experimental findings are supported by an analysis of 10，000 questionnaires filled out by third-grade teachers：Even a single 15-minute daily break was connected with more-positive ratings of classroom behavior.Perhaps most important, break allows children to design their own games，to test t
57、heir abilities，to role-play and to settle their own conflictsactivities that are key to developing social skills and managing complicated situations.Initial results from an ongoing study in Texas suggest that elementary-school children who are given four 15-minute breaks a day are significantly more
58、 sympathetic toward their peers than are kids who dont get break.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章谈论的是关于学生的“休息”。1.What causes “the break moms” to start a fight?A.Pupils lack of outdoor play.B.Poor school management.C.Absence of education laws.D.Inequality among students.答案A推理判断题。根据第一段中a group of parents known as.of
59、 daily free play可知，小学生缺乏户外活动导致“the break moms”努力争取通过一部法律。故选A。2.In one series of experiments，researchers find that _.A.children behave better when let out earlierB.kids waiting longer are unable to stay focused againC.third-graders have difficulty in focusing on the taskD.fourth-graders are more conc
60、entrated without a break答案A推理判断题。根据第四段中In one series of experiments.and refreshed themselves after they played.可知，在一系列的实验中，研究人员发现，让孩子们活动的时间越提前他们表现得越好。故选A。3.What can we infer if we can ensure children a certain amount of daily break?A.They escape from life conflicts.B.They may strengthen dependence.C
61、.They are more considerate towards others.D.They are eager to manage complicated situations.答案C推理判断题。根据最后一段中Initial results from an ongoing study.are kids who dont get break.可知，如果我们能保证孩子们每天有一定的休息时间，他们对别人会更体贴。故选C。B(2019江苏省高三第二次百校联考)The key to getting people to work together effectively could be givin
62、g them the freedom to choose their collaborators(合作者) and the comfort of working with established contacts, new research suggests.In the study, David Melamed, an assistant professor of sociology at the Ohio State University and lead author of the study, and his co-authors found participants through
63、the Amazon Mechanical Turk websitea service that allows researchers to hire people from around the world for a variety of purposes.For this study, all participants were from the United States.Those who agreed to participate played online games in which each player started out with 1，000 monetary uni
64、ts that translated to $1 in real money they could pocket.If one player agreed to pay another player 50 monetary units, that second person would actually acquire 100 units.Each of the 16-round games included about 25 participants, some of whom participated in multiple games.In all, 810 people partici
65、pated in the research.Some of the games included random networks, where certain people could interact.Others included clustered(群集的) networks, in which a small group had multiple connectionsan arrangement that was designed to mimic(模拟) real life, where humans often run their lives in packs.And the n
66、etworks were either static(静态的) or dynamic(动态的).In static networks, a player could interact only with the appointed partners.In dynamic networks, participants could cut their ties with another player and form new connections.Furthermore, some of the games included reputation information.Participants
67、 were labeled based on their history of willingness to share money.The idea was to test whether those known to collaborate were favored by other players based on reputationa factor shown in previous research to play a significant role in whether a person is likely to partner with another.Melamed and
68、 his research partners were surprised to find that whether people are likely to partner with others had nothing to do with reputation in this study.The findings might have departed from previous studies because of the difference in size and study design, he said, explaining that much of the previous
69、 work in this area was conducted in groups of 100 or fewer and mostly involved student subjects.The Turk network used for the new study has been shown to be representative of the U.S.population in terms of age, race and other factors and the introduced players had no previous connections.Cooperation
70、 rates overall were highand highest when the participants were cooperating in clusters and had the ability to drop a partner in favor of another.“What really seems to matter is the ability to change the structure of a network，” Melamed said.“And the patterns of relationships also made a difference.T
71、hose in a known cluster with multiple connections cooperated more.”【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。一项新的研究表明，让人们有效地合作的关键在于让他们有选择合作者的自由，以及与已建立联系的人一起工作的舒适感。David Melamed领导的这项研究的目的是发现是什么导致人们最愿意合作。4.What did David Melamed and his partners do for their study?A.They hired 810 people globally.B.They gave each participant $1
72、，000.C.They designed 16-round online games.D.They asked each participant to take part in only one game.答案C细节理解题。根据第三段中Each of the 16-round games included.in the research.可知，David Melamed和他的伙伴们在他们的研究中设计了16轮在线游戏。故选C。5.Compared with previous research, the new study found that _.A.reputation played no r
73、ole in cooperationB.student subjects were more likely to partner with othersC.players having connections before were more cooperativeD.cooperation rates were influenced by age, race and other factors答案A推理判断题。根据第五段中Melamed and his research partners were.because of the difference in size and study des
74、ign可知，与之前的研究相比，新的研究发现声誉在合作中不起作用。故选A。6.It can be inferred that the purpose of the study led by David Melamed is to discover _.A.how to change the patterns of relationshipsB.what leads people to collaborate most willinglyC.what kind of person is the most popular in a teamD.whether its proper to drop a
75、 partner in favor of another答案B推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，David Melamed领导的这项研究的目的是发现是什么导致人们最愿意合作。故选B。.任务型阅读Do the Right ThingIn life, people feel most satisfied when they choose options that side with their most deeply values.Heres how to stay true to yours.If you hope to have your life shaped according to your
76、 ideals, you have to know what those ideals are.Perhaps begin sessions by identifying the concepts that are most important from a list：honesty, structure, family and so on.Those qualities are influenced by your parents，your culture and society as a whole, but you have to take ownership of your own d
77、ecisions.Almost all of these qualities are things most of us desire to hold dear.To determine which principles are more than just desires, reflect on situations that resonate(共鸣) with yourself.Identifying your values will guide you in the right direction, but a few strategies can help you follow thr
78、ough.Before you make a big decision, do something that will put you in high spirits：exercise, socialize with friends, volunteer.Researchers theorize that such activities improve our mood, which promotes dopamine levels in certain areas of the brain, improving our cognitive abilities and helping us w
79、eigh different options.Trouble is the toughest decisions often arrive at the most inconvenient times.When youre under force，ask a family member，a friend or，in certain cases, a professional for advice.They can provide advice thats not slightly influenced by the work deadline, or leaky roof gradually
80、weakening your mental energy.Of course，people make decisions that contradict their ideals all the time.There are lots of values we hold dear and they frequently come into conflict with one another.Its not so much that people don t know what they want：its that there are many things we desire, and we
81、dont always know how.While a single decision can seem like a tug-of-war between competing desires, broader life choices dont need to be a definitive either/or question.One who likes traveling worldwide might temporarily put off a grand trip to explore locations closer to home or commit to setting as
82、ide time for vacation with their family every summer, no matter what else comes up.Surround yourself with people who, besides sharing your passion, can also prevent you from hesitating.A group can remind you，“Hey, were doing this because we love it.” If youre still struggling，even after seeking out
83、community support, theres no shame in revising your core values.If youre determined to take part in a charity program but spend the evening with friends instead, it may be time to accept that friendship is more important to you than volunteerism.Better yet, find opportunities to continue the charity
84、 program with your friends.You may learn that what you believed was a core priority actually has much more to do with living up to what your parents, co-workers or others expect.If your values agree with who you really are, no one will have to ask you to make those choices.Title：Do the Right ThingPa
85、ssage outlineDetailed informationProblemIts most satisfying to make choices which (1)_ your values.But how can you stay true to yours？Solutions to the problemKnow your valuesIdentify your values.It can help (2)_ your life according to your ideals.Many (3)_ as a whole influence life concepts, but you
86、 have to take ownership of your own decisions.Consider situations resonating with yourself when (4)_ which principles are more than just desires. Find the best timeDo something putting you in a good (5)_ before making big decisions.(6)_ other people at the inconvenient times. Balance all optionsLear
87、n to make (7)_ among desires.Avoid limiting choices to a definitive either/or question. Stay the courseStay with people who encourage you to stay true without a slight (8)_.It is not (9)_ to revise your core values sometimes，but better find opportunities to make some compensation.ConclusionYour valu
88、es may agree with the (10)_ of your parents, co-workers or others.If your values agree with who you really are, no one will have to ask you to make those choices.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。在生活中，当人们做出最符合自己价值观的选择时，他们会感到最满意。但如何作出忠实于自己的选择呢？文章针对此问题给出了一些解决办法。1.match根据第一段可知，做出符合自己价值观的选择是最令人满意的。故答案为match。2.shape根据第二段第一
89、句可知，要清楚自己的理想，这有助于你根据你的理想塑造你的生活。故答案为shape。3.factors根据第二段最后一句可知，许多因素作为一个整体影响着生活理念，但你必须对自己的决定负责。故答案为factors。4.determining/deciding根据第三段可知，当你确定哪些原则不仅仅是欲望时，考虑与自己产生共鸣的情况。故答案为determining/deciding。5.mood根据第四段第二句可知，在做重大决定之前，做一些让你心情愉快的事情。故答案为mood。6.Consult根据第五段第二句可知，在不方便的时候咨询别人。故答案为Consult。promises/choices根据第
90、六段第一句可知，学会在欲望中做出选择。故答案为compromises/choices。8.hesitation根据第八段第一句可知，和那些鼓励你毫不犹豫地保持真实的人在一起。故答案为hesitation。9.shameful/disgraceful根据倒数第二段中If youre still struggling.in revising your core values.可知，有时候修改你的核心价值观并不可耻，但最好还是找机会做些补偿。可知答案为shameful/disgraceful。10.expectation(s)根据最后一段第一句可知，你的价值观可能符合你父母、同事或其他人的期望。结合句意可知，答案为expectation(s)。