1、专题三语法填空与短文改错通关第 八 讲定 语 从 句 和 名 词 性 从 句高考总复习大二轮 英语 语法项目(一)定语从句 考纲解读定方向定语从句是高考考查的重点，也是必考点之一，语法填空主要考查关系代词、关系副词的选用，故分清句子结构，搞清定语从句部分缺少何种成分至关重要。语法填空考查形式均为无提示词型填空。定语从句的重要性还体现在书面表达上，它属于高级句式，对提升文章的档次起着举足轻重的作用。如何确定填关系代词或关系副词思考趋向1依据句子成分，先确定是定语从句还是名词性从句，然后判定先行词，再判定关系词在从句中所作成分，最后确定填关系代词或关系副词。2知晓并列句与定语从句的主要区别在于：并
2、列句是由 and，but 等并列连词连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。典例感悟典例 1(2018浙江卷 6 月)Many westerners _ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.解析：who/that 此处缺少引导定语从句并在定语从句中作主语的关系代词，故用 who 或 that。典例 2(2018江苏卷)Self-driving is an area_China and the rest of the
3、world are on the same starting line.解析：where 句意：无人驾驶是一个中国和世界上其他国家处于同一条起跑线上的领域。考查定语从句。设空处引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词 an area。将先行词代入定语从句后为 China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line in_the_area.由此可知先行词与表地点的介词 in 一起在定语从句中作地点状语，所以要用关系副词where。典例 3They live in a small house，in front of _ stands an o
4、range tree.They live in a small house，and in front of _ stands an orange tree.解析：which；it 两句的区别是连词 and，句逗号后为非限制性定语从句，空格处为引导词表示物，故填 which；句and 连接两个并列分句，空格处指代前面分句中的 a small house，故填 it。典例 4The old man has three sons，none of _ is a doctor.The old man has three sons，but none of _ is a doctor.解析：whom；the
5、m 两句的区别是连词 but，句逗号后为非限制性定语从句，空格处为引导词表示人，故填 whom；句but连接两个并列分句，空格处指代前面分句的 three sons，故填 them。定语从句解题技法寻找先行词，辨别人与物实例体验1(2018天津卷)Kate，_sister I shared a room with when we were at college，has gone to work in Australia.解析：whose 考查定语从句。句意：凯特去澳大利亚工作了。上大学期间我和她妹妹住同一房间。先行词为 Kate，将先行词代入定语从句后为：I shared a room wit
6、h Kates sister when we were at college.由此可见，关系词在定语从句中作定语，先行词指“人”，故填关系代词 whose。2(2018全国卷)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005when the government started a soil-testing program_ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmersand 2011,fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million to
7、ns.解 析：that/which 根 据 语 境“.gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers”修饰“a soil-testing program”，先行词表示物，关系代词作定语从句的主语，用 that 或者 which。3(2017全国卷)But Sarah，_has taken part in shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.解析：who 所填词引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作主语，指人，故用 w
8、ho。4(2017北京卷)The little problems_we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.解析：that/which 所填词引导定语从句，并在从句中作宾语，先行词为 The little problems，因此用 that 或 which。5(四川卷)The books on the desk，_ covers are shiny，are prizes for us.解析：whose 句意：桌上那些封面闪闪发亮的书是我们的奖品。本题考查定语从句。先行词为 The books，与从句中
9、的 covers 为所属关系，故答案为 whose。重点强化关系代词的使用规则who，whom，that 代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语，宾语等，其中 whom 只能作宾语，介词提前时，指人只能用 whom；that 不能引导非限制性定语从句which，that 代替的先行词是表示物的名词或代词，在从句中作主语、宾语等关系代词引导的定语从句whose 用来指人或物，在从句中作定语先行词是 all，some，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none 等不定代词时先行词被 the only，the very，al
10、l，every，some，any，few，no，little 等修饰时先行词是形容词最高级或序数词或被形容词最高级、序数词修饰时只用 that 的情况先行词既包括人又包括物时介词提前时，指物只能用 which只用 which的情况在非限制性定语从句中，指物只用 which 判断所缺成分，选择关系副词实例体验1(2016全国卷)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s，_ I was the first Western TV reporter.解析：when 先行词 the m
11、id-1980s 在定语从句中作时间状语，故应用 when 引导。2(天津卷)The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _ his employees enjoy their work.解析：where 句意：该公司的老板在努力营造一种轻松的氛围，在这种氛围中，他的员工们可以享受工作的乐趣。先行词为atmosphere，将先行词代入定语从句后为：His employees enjoy their work in_the_easy_atmosphere.由此可见关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，故答案为 where。
12、3(2019青岛二模)The reason _ we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.解析：why 先行词为 the reason，定语从句中缺少状语，故用why 引导。重点强化关系副词的使用规则关系副词引导的定语从句when，where，why 的先行词分别是表示时间、地点、原因的名词，并且在从句中作状语当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如 point，situation，case，stage 等时，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词 where 引导定语从句先行词 occasion 当“时机”讲时，
13、用关系副词when；当“场合”讲时，用关系副词 where特殊用法当先行词 way 意为“方法，方式”，且在从句中作状语时，可用 that，in which 或省略关系词这三种形式 识别特殊定语从句，分清限制性、非限制性定语从句实例体验1(2017天津卷)My eldest son，_work takes him all over the world，is in New York at the moment.解析：whose 句意：我的大儿子现在在纽约，他的工作让他走遍世界各地。设空处引导的定语从句修饰先行词 son，空格处在从句中作定语修饰 work，所以要用关系代词 whose。2(天津卷
14、)We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，_the weather may be better.解析：when 句意：我们将把在公园的野餐推迟到下周，届时天气可能会更好。先行词为 next week，将先行词代入定语从句后为：The weather may be better next_week.由此可见，先行词在定语从句中作时间状语，故答案为 when。3(北京卷)Opposite is St.Pauls Church,_ you can hear some lovely music.解析：where 句意：你们在对面的圣
15、保罗教堂能听到一些动听的音乐。先行词为 St.Pauls Church，将先行词代入定语从句后为：You can hear some lovely music in_St.Pauls_Church.由此可知关系词在从句中作地点状语，故用 where。4(江苏卷)The number of smokers,_ is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.解析：as 句意：正如报道的那样，吸烟的人数仅在一年内就已经减少了百分之十七。本题考查非限制性定语从句。先行词为整个主句的内容，关系词在定语从句中作主语，故填 as。as is r
16、eported 正如报道的那样。重点强化1定语从句分为限制性和非限制性两种，如果在先行词的后面出现逗号的，即为非限制性定语从句。(1)that 不能引导非限制性定语从句。(2)which 引导非限制性定语从句，可以代表主句的全部或者部分内容。Tom failed again in the match，which was a great pity.汤姆在比赛中又一次失利了，这是一个非常大的遗憾。2as 和 which 引导非限制性定语从句的区别。as 和 which 都可引导非限定性定语从句，代表主句的内容。as在句中的位置比较灵活，意为“正如，正像”；which 只能用在句中，意为“这，这一点
17、”。The mother tried to persuade her son to give up smoking，whichdidnt help.母亲竭力说服儿子放弃吸烟，但没有效果。“You cant judge a book by its cover，”as the old saying goes.正如老话所说的那样：“人不可貌相”。介宾结构记心中实例体验1 (2017 江 苏 卷)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme，one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.解析：w
18、hose 句意：1963 年，联合国成立了世界粮食计划署，它的目标之一是减缓全球范围的饥荒。本题考查定语从句。定语从句的先行词是 the World Food Programme，与定语从句中的 purposes 是所属关系，即 the World Food Programmes purposes，故填 whose。2(浙江卷)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of _ has been proved.解析：which 句意：就人类为什么哭出眼泪科学家提出了许多理论，但没有一
19、项理论得到过证明。先行词为 theories，将先行词代入定语从句后为：None of the_theories has been proved.由此可见先行词(指“物”)在定语从句中作介词 of 的宾语，故答案为 which。3 (江 苏 卷)Many young people，most of _ were well-educated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.解析：whom 句意：很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想，他们中大部分都受过良好的教育。先行词为 young people，指人，将 先 行 词 代 入 定 语
20、 从 句 后 为：Most of the_young_people were well-educated.由此可见先行词在定语从句中作介词 of 的宾语，且介词已被提前，故答案为 whom。4(安徽卷)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon _ school education depends.解析：which 句意：一些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。先行词为 skill，将先行词代入定语从句后为：School education depends upon the_fundamental_skill.由此可见关
21、系词在定语从句中作介词 upon 的宾语；本句中介词 upon 已被提前，故答案为 which。5(2019潍坊二模)In his small house，there is a bookshelf，the top of _ is filled with poetry books.解析：which 空处引导非限制性定语从句，并且前面有介词 of，指代物，故用 which。重点强化“介词关系代词”的使用规则构成用法介词(短语)which/whom介词提前时，指物只能用 which，指人只能用 whom数词/形容词最高级/不定代词ofwhich/whom表示部分与整体的关系the名词ofwhich/
22、whom表示所属关系，可转化为“whose名词”牢记 what 不能引导定语从句：that 不能引导非限制性定语从句实例体验1(全国卷)Maybe you have a habit _ is driving your family crazy.解析：that/which 定语从句的先行词为前面的 habit，在定语从句中作主语，故填 that/which。注意：此处不能用 what。2(2019河南、河北七所名校联考)The shelter，_ is designed for the thousands of traders and shoppers at Bangkoks night mar
23、ket，has become an attraction itself.解析：which 考查定语从句。先行词是 The shelter，空处引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作主语，故用 which。重点强化1what 只能用于名词性从句中，而不能引导定语从句。2牢记指物时，that 不能引导非限制性定语从句，只能用 which引导非限制性定语从句。关系代词和关系副词的错用或缺失解题攻略确定关系词之“三看”一看先行词和从句之间有无逗号隔开，有逗号为非限制性定语中从句，不可以用 that 引导；二看关系词在从句中所作的成分是主语、宾语、表语(用关系代词 who/whom/whose/which/
24、that/as)还是状语(用关系副词when/where/why)；三看先行词的属性(是指人还是指物，表示时间、地点还是原因)。典例1(2018全国卷)They also had a small pond which they raised fish.分析 本句是含有定语从句的复合句，先行词是 pond，关系副词在定语从句中作状语，相当于 in which，故 which 改为 where 或在其前加 in。典例2(2020陕西西安八校联考)I am a 25-year-old young man which graduated from the Foreign Languages Depar
25、tment of Jilin University.分析 本句中含有定语从句，先行词为 man，指人，且在从句中作主语，应用 who 或 that 引导。故 which 改为 who/that。典例3(2020重庆西北狼教育联盟第一次联考)There are many people think that wealth is better than health.分析 考查定语从句或现在分词。分析该句结构可知，该句为定语从句，先行词为 many people，故用who 引导该定语从句；因 many people 和 think 为主动关系，故也可以用现在分词 thinking 作 many p
26、eople 的后置定语。故 think 前面加 who 或 think 改为 thinking。典例4(2019吉林省吉大附中模拟)From this experience I have learnt that questioning can serve as a bridge helps us to seek the truth.分析 由句子结构可知，本句主语为 I，谓语为 have learnt，that 引导宾语从句，作 learnt 的宾语，can serve 为从句的谓语，与 helps 之间无连词连接，由此可判断，bridge后为定语从句，先行词为 bridge，指物，在从句中作主
27、语，故用 that或 which 引导该从句。故 bridge 后加 that/which。典例5(2019江西名校联盟 5 月检测)One day，Margaret told me her grandma was coming and her parents would want my basement room back，what didnt surprise me.分析 由句子结构可知，应用which 引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整句话的内容，且在从句中作主语，what 不能引导定语从句。故what 改为 which。对限制性和非限制性定语从句关系词的考查解题攻略牢记指物时 that
28、不能引导非限制性定语从句，要用 which；指人时 whom 不能单独引导非限制性定语从句，要用 who。典例1(2017全国卷)In their spare time，they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden，that is on the rooftop of their house.分析 由句子结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，引导词在从句中作主语，指代 their garden，应用 which。故 that改为 which。典例2(2020广东七校联合体第二次联考)This woman has set a go
29、od example to her son，whom is a really lucky guy.分析 考查定语从句。由该句结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为 her son，关系代词在从句中作主语，故 whom改为 who。典例3(2019湖北八校第一次联考)Altogether I had five roommates，two of which arrived later.分析 考查定语从句。由句子结构可知，应用 whom，引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作介词 of 的宾语，指代先行词 five roommates。故 which 改为 whom。典例4(2019河南豫南九校质量考
30、评)A blog will be opened on the website of our school，that aims to help students to communicate better.分析 句意；在我们校网站上将开辟一个博客，旨在帮助学生更好地沟通。逗号后是非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面一句话，关系词在定语从句中作主语，故 that 改为 which。定语从句与名词性从句引导词的错用解题攻略1.牢记 what 不能引导定语从句。2.分析句子成分，判定是定语从句还是名词性从句。典例1(四川卷)The dishes what I cooked were Moms favorit
31、e.分析 先行词 dishes 在定语从句中作宾语，故应用 that 或which 引导，也可省略关系代词。故 what 改为 that/which 或去掉what。典例2(2019湖北武汉高三2月调考)At noon，we play Room Escape，an interesting game what challenged our IQ and teamwork.分析 句中先行词是 game，引导词代替先行 词并在句中作主语，用 that 或 which。故 what改为 that/which。典例3(2019福州县市一中联考)Besides，we should actively par
32、ticipate in some activities that are related to reading，what we can not only get our knowledge enriched but also gain a lot of pleasure.分析 考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为 some activities，关系词指代先行词且在从句中作地点状语，where引导该定语从句。故 what 改为where。典例4(2019山东日照一模)Its a black square suitcase，what is just as big as
33、 a school bag.分析 考查非限制性定语从句。句意：那是一个黑色方形手提箱，恰好和书包一样大。先行词为suitcase，指“物”，在定语从句中作主语，故 what 改为 which。语法项目(二)名词性从句考纲解读定方向通过近五年语法填空试题分析可以发现，名词性从句是考查的重点。语法填空考查形式为无提示词型填空，重点考查名词性从句引导词，尤其是对 what，that，who 的考查。短文改错主要考查引导词的误用和多余。如何确定名词性从句思考趋向分析句子成分，确定主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，再根据在从句中的成分确定填连词(that，whether，if)或连接代词(wha
34、t，who，whom，which，whatever，whoever，whichever)，或连接副词(when，why，where，whenever，wherever，how)。典例感悟 典 例1(2018 北 京 卷)Without his support,we wouldnt be_we are now.解析：where 考查表语从句。句意：要是没有他的帮助，我们就不会是现在的情形了。根据句意可知，设空处意为“情形，情况，形势”，应用 where 引导。典 例2(2018 天 津 卷)The gold medal will be awarded to_wins the first plac
35、e in the bicycle race.解析：whoever 考查宾语从句。句意：这块金牌将颁发给在这场自行车比赛中获得第一名的人。“_ wins the first place in the bicycle race”为宾语从句，该从句缺少主语，且设空处表示“任何人”，故填 whoever，相当于 anyone who。典例 3(2018江苏卷)By boat is the only way to get here,which is _we arrived.解析：how 句意：坐船是到达这里的唯一方式，我们就是坐船到达这里的。考查表语从句。which 引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，其中设
36、空处引导的是表语从句，结合语境和 By boat 可知，此处表示到达这儿的方式，所以要用 how 引导。名词性从句解题技法 缺少主/宾/表语，用连接代词(who，which，what，whatever，whichever，whoever 等)实例体验1(2017北京卷)Every year_makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.解析：whoever 句意：每年，在风筝节上制作出最漂亮的风筝的人会赢得一份奖品。设空处引导主语从句，从句中缺少主语成分，且表示“无论谁”，故填 whoever。2(北京卷
37、)Your support is important to our work._ you can do helps.解析：Whatever 句意：你的支持对我们的工作很重要。你能做的任何事情都有帮助。本题考查主语从句。“_ you can do”为主语从句，该从句缺少宾语，且表示“任何事情”，故答案为Whatever(相当于 Anything that)。3(浙江卷)If you swim in a river or lake be sure to investigate _ is below the water surface.Often there are rocks or branche
38、s hidden in the water.解析：what 句意：如果你在河里或湖里游泳，一定要查明水下的状况。经常会有岩石或树枝隐藏在水中。“_ is below the water surface”为宾语从句，作动词 investigate 的宾语，该从句中缺少主语且表示“事物”，故答案为 what。4(安徽卷)A ship in harbor is safe,but thats not _ ships are built for.解析：what _ ships are built for 为表语从句，该从句中缺少宾语且表示“事物”，故答案为 what。重点强化连接代词(who，which
39、，what，whatever，whichever，whoever等)在名词性从句中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。We promise whoever attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.(宾语从句，whoever 在从句中作主语)我们保证，任何参加这个聚会的人都有机会与那个电影明星合影。缺少状语，用连接副词(when，where，how，why，while，as，if/whether，before，since 等)实例体验1(2017北京卷)Jane moved aimlessly down th
40、e tree-lined street，not knowing _ she was heading.解析：where 句意：Jane 在绿树成荫的街道上漫无目的地走着，不知道她要去哪里。设空处引导宾语从句，从句中缺少地点状语成分，故用 where 引导。2(2017天津卷)She asked me_I had returned the books to the library，and I admitted that I hadnt.解析：whether/if 句意：她问我是否已经把书还给图书馆，我承认我还没有归还。设空处引导的是宾语从句，根据句意可知该宾语从句要用 whether/if 引导。
41、3(北京卷)_ we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.解析：How 句意：我们理解事物的方式与我们的认知有很大关系。“_ we understand things”为主语从句，该从句中缺少方式状语(如何)，故用 How。4(重庆卷)We must find out _ Karl is coming,so we can book a room for him.解析：when 句意：我们必须弄清楚卡尔什么时候来，以便我们可以为他预订房间。“_ Karl is coming”为宾语从句，作动词短语 find out 的宾语，该从
42、句中缺少时间状语，故答案为 when。5(福建卷)I wonder _ Mary has kept her figure after all these years.By working out every day.解析：how 句意：我想知道这么些年来玛丽是如何保持体形的。通过每天锻炼身体。“_ Mary has kept her figure after all these years”为宾语从句，该从句中缺少方式状语，故答案为how。6(四川卷)The exhibition tells us _ we should do something to stop air pollution.解
43、析：why 句意：这个展览告诉我们为什么我们应该做一些事情来阻止空气污染。“_ we should do something to stop air pollution”为宾语从句，该从句中缺少原因状语，故答案为 why。重点强化牢记在主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句中缺少状语时考虑连接副词(when，where，how，why，while，as，if/whether，before，since 等)，再根据连接副词的含义确定答案。Grandma pointed to the hospital and said，“Thats where I was born.”(表语从句，where 作
44、地点状语)“那就是我出生的地方。”奶奶指着那家医院说。不缺任何成分，常用 that 引导同位语从句或表语从句实例体验1(北京卷)The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is _ one can be entirely free from dust.解析：that 句意：雨季最令人愉快的事情就是人们可以完全免受尘土的影响。本题考查表语从句。“_ one can be entirely free from dust”为表语从句，该从句中不缺少成分，意思完整，故用 that引导该表语从句。2(天津卷)The manager put forward a
45、suggestion _ we should have an assistant.There is too much work to do.解析：that 句意：经理提出一个建议，我们应该有个助手。有太多的工作要做。本题考查同位语从句。“_ we should have an assistant”为同位语从句，说明 suggestion 的内容，应用 that 引导该同位语从句。that 只起连接作用，不作成分。3(江苏卷)It is often the case _ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.解析：that 句意：对
46、于那些不放弃希望的人来说，发生任何事情都是有可能的，这是很常见的。考查主语从句。本句中 it 为形式主语，“_ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope”为真正的主语；该从句结构完整，故由 that 引导。4(2019福州八县市一中联考)Word has come _ Basis body will be put in Basi Museum，which is under construction at present.解析：that 考查同位语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导同位语从句，抽象名词 Word 和从句 Basis bod
47、y will be put in Basi Museum 为同位关系，且从句意义与结构完整，故用 that 引导该同位语从句。重点强化that 引导同位语从句，表语从句不作任何成分，没有任何意义，只起连接作用，但不可省略。When the news came that the war broke out，he decided to serve in the army.(同位语从句)当战争爆发的消息传来时，他决定参军。it 作形式主语或形式宾语的名词性从句要牢记实例体验1(2019昆明质量检测)Kenney said，“_ is good news that this public health
48、 problem has a simple solution.”解析：It 考查名词性从句。分析该句结构可知，该句为包含 that引导的主语从句的主从复合句，It 作形式主语，真正的主语是 that引导的主语从句。2(2019山东师大附中一模)His favorite food is fried snacks and soft drinks.It is no surprise _ losing weight is just his dream.解析：that 句意：他最喜欢的食物是油炸类小吃和软饮料。减肥只是他的梦想一点都不令人吃惊。It 是形式主语，真正的主语是that 引导的主语从句。从句
49、中结构及句意完整，故用 that 引导。3(2019昆明调研)If you are an experienced traveler wanting to explore China fully，it is recommended _ you should travel to Dunhuang，Zhangye，Jiayuguan，Turpan，Kashi and Urumqi to follow the footprint of Marco Polo.解析：that 考查主语从句。本句为“It is recommendedthat从句”结构，that 从句的谓语用(should)动词原形。重点强
50、化当句子作主语或宾语时往往显得“头重脚轻”，故常用 it 作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面。It had never occurred to him that he might be falling in love with her.他从来没有想到过他也许爱上了她。The teacher made it clear that ice cream is junk food.老师使大家明白了冰激凌是垃圾食品。that，what，which 连接代词的误用解题攻略that 在名词性从句中不作任何成分，what，which 作主语、表语、宾语。典例1(2020柳州模拟)We shou
51、ld make full use of time to do that should be done.分析 do 后为宾语从句，引导词在从句中作主语。故 that 改为what。典例2(2020开封质检)It is cheerful what the local authorities have promised them to shorten the time of obtaining it.分析 It 为形式主语，cheerful 后面的句子为主语从句，引导词在从句中不作任何成分也无任何意义。故 what 改为that。典例3(2019临汾一中等联考)Its not easy for us
52、 to accept the fact which we are going to leave our beloved school.分析 在名词性从句中 that 为连词，不作任何成分，而 which为连接代词，需要作成分表示“哪一个”。本句中 the fact 后为同位语从句，后面的引导词在从句中不作任何成分。故 which 改为that。典例4(2019湖南师大附中模拟)When I went to the kitchen to get my breakfast，I was astonished at which I saw.分析 在名词性从句中 which和 what 都为连接代词，但
53、 which表示“哪一个”，而 what 表示“的事情”。故 which 改为what。that，what 与连接副词的误用解题攻略1.根据从句的位置，确定从句的类型。2.掌握名词性从句引导词在用法上的区别，尤其是 that，what，which 在用法上的区别。3.明晰连词功能，确定答案不用怀疑。如：how，when，where 是副词，作状语；what 是代词，可作主语和宾语。典例1(全国卷)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.分析 to 后为宾语从句，引导词在从句中作地点状语，表示“靠近我居住的地方”。故t
54、hat 改为 where。典例2(全国卷)After looking at the toy for some time，he turned around and found where his parents were missing.分析 从句 his parents were missing 中不缺少成分且意思完整，故 where 改为 that或去掉 where。典例3(全国卷)My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday.分析 从句中的 do 是及物动词，故应用连接代词 what 作动词 do 的宾
55、语。故 how 改为what。典例4(2019银川九中模拟)Im writing to tell you how is going on in our schoola basketball match to be held next month.分析 tell you 后为宾语从句，从句缺少主语，应用连接代词引导。故 how 改为 what。if 与 whether 的误用解题攻略whether 和 if 意为“是否”时在宾语从句中可互换，但在其他名词性从句中或出现 or not 时只能用 whether。典例(2019湖南师大附中模拟)I was in such a hurry that I paid no attention to if the milk was hot or not.分析 if 和 whether 都可引导名词性从句，意为“是否”，但 if 受到很多限制，例如不能位于句首，介词后的宾语从句不能用 if 引导，不能与 or not 连用等。故 if 改为 whether。