1、第一板块语法填空&短文改错专题一语法填空高考总复习大二轮 英语 考纲解读定方向考试说明指出：语法填空题旨在考查考生在阅读理解的基础上对语法知识的掌握情况，着重考查考生的综合语言运用能力。“实词考查为主，虚词考查为辅”是该题型的命题原则：“突出语篇，强调运用”为其命题思路。该题型要求考生需对常用语法项目的基本概念、用法等掌握清楚，如：明白什么时候用冠词，哪些是从句，要填的词的词性是什么，是否是固定搭配，所填的词是否符合文章的主题、上下文逻辑等。全国卷2019说明文(175)人与动物 2 2 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 000 1 1.素养考查：旨在考查考生的思维品质、文化意识和学习能力。2.考查
2、目的：主要考查在运用英语过程中的词法和句法基本知识，兼顾行文逻辑、习惯用法、固定搭配以及常用句型等。2018说明文(196)跑步健身 1 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 111 02017说明文(221)健康饮食 2 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 001 0全国卷2019记叙文(194)自我奉献 2 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 03.选材趋势：一般选取200词左右的记叙文或说明文，内容广泛。4.考点设置：基本上每个空考查一个语法项目，但动词、名词等用法较多，可能从不同角度进行考查。2018说明文(204)农业结构 2 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 02017说明
3、文(193)地铁的历史2 1 3 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0全国卷2019 记叙文(175)主人热情招待客人2 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 05.设题要求：一般67个空有提示词，以实词为主，所填词的适当形式一般不超过三个词；34个空没有提示词，以填虚词为主。2018 记叙文(204)与动物接触1 3 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 02017 记叙文(213)人物介绍 2 2 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0(2019全国卷)阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。The polar bear is found in t
4、he Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland.While they are rare north of 88，there is evidence_61_they range all the way across the Arctic,and as far south as James Bay in Canada.It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been_
5、62_(poor)studied;however,biologists calculate that there are about 20,000-25,000 polar bears worldwide.Modern methods_63_tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s，and are expensive_64_(perform)consistently over a large area.In recent years some Inuit people in Nunav
6、ut_65_(report)increases in bear sightings around human settlements,leading to a_66_(believe)that populations are increasing.Scientists have responded by_67_(note)that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集)around human settlements,Modern methods_63_tracking polar bear populations have been employed onl
7、y since the mid-1980s，and are expensive_64_(perform)consistently over a large area.In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut_65_(report)increases in bear sightings around human settlements,leading to a_66_(believe)that populations are increasing.Scientists have responded by_67_(note)that hungry b
8、ears may be congregating(聚集)around human settlements,语篇解读 本文为说明文，主题语境为人与自然，主题语境内容为人与动物。文章介绍了北极熊的分布区域和北极熊数量的变化情况。61解析：that 考查同位语从句。虽然在北纬 88 度以北很少见到北极熊，但是有证据表明它们在整个北极地区活动，向南甚至远到加拿大的詹姆斯湾。设空处引导同位语从句，说明 evidence 的内容，该从句不缺少任何成分，所以要用 that 引导。62解析：poorly 考查副词。因为对许多区域调查得不够充分，所以很难计算出全球北极熊的数量。设空处单词修饰动词 studied
9、，故用其副词形式 poorly。63解析：of/for 考查介词。现代化的跟踪调查北极熊数量的方法在 20 世纪 80 年代中期就开始被采用。methods of/for doing sth.做某事的方法。64解析：to perform 考查不定式。这些方法大面积持续使用起来，费用很高。sth.beadj.to do，其中不定式作状语，与 sth.是动宾关系。65解析：have reported 考查动词时态和主谓一致。最近几年，生活在 Nunavut 的一些因纽特人报告说他们在人类居住区周围看到北极熊的次数增加了。设空处是句子的谓语动词，根据时间状语 In recent years 可知，时
10、态为现在完成时，主语 some Inuit people 为复数形式，故填 have reported。66解析：belief 考查名词。这些报告使人们相信北极熊的数量正在增长。设空处作 leading to 的宾语，且前面有不定冠词 a 修饰，故用所给动词的名词形式 belief。67解析：noting 考查非谓语动词。科学家们对此作出了回应，他们指出饥饿的北极熊可能正在人类的定居点附近聚集。设空处作介词 by 的宾语，故用 v.-ing 形式，即 by doing sth.通过做某事。68解析：higher 考查比较级。这就造成了北极熊数量比它们实际数量要多的错觉。根据空后的 than 可
11、知，此处要用形容词的比较级形式 higher。69解析：the 考查冠词。句意：在被认出来的 19 个北极熊亚群中，有 3 个数量在降低，有 6 个是稳定的，1 个在增加，还有 9 个缺少足够的数据。设空处在本句中表示特指，故填定冠词 the。70解析：are 考查时态和主谓一致。根据设空处前后与本空并列的谓语动词的时态可知，本空需用一 般现在时；主语是six(subpopulations)，故填 are。一、“有提示词类”考点例析提示词为动词“一定三思”解“动词”命题点 1 考查谓语动词解题攻略若句中无谓语动词，或者虽然已有谓语动词，但需填的动词与之是并列关系时，所给动词就是谓语动词；此时，
12、应先考虑时态，考生可以根据句中的时间状语或语篇提示确定时态，然后考虑语态，最后需考虑主谓一致和语气问题，以此来确定谓语动词的数。典例 1(2019全国卷，语法填空)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut_65_(report)increases in bear sightings around human settlements,leading to a belief that populations are increasing.分析 考查动词时态和主谓一致。最近几年，生活在Nunavut 的一些因纽特人报告说他们在人类居住区周围看到北极熊的
13、次数增加了。设空处是句子的谓语动词，根据时间状语In recent years 可知，时态为现在完成时，主语 some Inuit people 为复数形式，故填 have reported。典例 2(2019全国卷，语法填空)Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations,three are declining,six_70_(be)stable,one is increasing,and nine lack enough data.分析 考查时态和主谓一致。根据设空处前后与本空并列的谓语动词的时态可知，本空需用一般现在时；主语是si
14、x(subpopulations)，故填 are。典例 3(2019全国卷，语法填空)Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement”award，proud Irene _64_(declare)she had no plans to retire from her 36-year-old business.分析 考查时态。本句为主从复合句。设空处作 proud Irene的谓语动词。后面的 she had no plans.为宾语从句。根据上下文可知，设空处的谓语动词该用一般过去时，故填 declared。典例 4(2019全国卷，语法填空)On the last d
15、ay of our week-long stay，we_69_(invite)to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.分析 考查动词的时态和语态。设空处是句子的谓语动词，由语境可知时态应为一般过去时，该动作与主语 we 之间是被动关系，故填 were invited。命题点 2 考查非谓语动词解题攻略若句中已有谓语动词，空处又不在句中作并列谓语时，所要填的通常是非
16、谓语动词，此时需进一步确定是非谓语动词的哪种形式。一般来说，作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语通常用非谓语动词形式；此外，doing表示主动、进行；done 表示被动、完成；to do 表示尚未发生的动作。典例 1(2019全国卷，语法填空)Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s，and are expensive_64_(perform)consistently over a large area.分析 考查不定式。这些方法大面积持续使用起来，
17、费用很高。sth.beadj.to do，其中不定式作状语，与sth.是动宾关系。故填 to perform。典例 2(2019全国卷，语法填空)Scientists have responded by_67_(note)that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集)around human settlements,leading to the illusion(错觉)that populations are higher than they actually are.分析 考查非谓语动词。科学家们对此作出了回应，他们指出饥饿的北极熊可能正在人类的定居点附近
18、聚集。设空处作介词 by 的宾语，故用 v.ing 形式，即 by doing sth.通过做某事。故填noting。典例 3(2019 全国卷，语法填空)When we got a call _68_(say)she was short-listed，we thought it was a joke.分析 考查非谓语动词作定语。句意：当我们接到一个说她入围了的电话时，我们认为这是个玩笑。设空处作 a call 的后置定语。名词call 与动词 say 之间为逻辑上的主动关系，故填现在分词 saying，相当于 which said。故填 saying。典例 4(2019浙江卷 6 月，语法填
19、空)But some students didnt want _68_(wear)the uniform.分析 考查非谓语动词作宾语。句意：但是有些学生不想穿校服。want 后需加不定式作宾语，故填 to wear。类似的动词还有 decide、refuse、offer、promise 等。故填 to wear。典例 5(2018全国卷，语法填空)I quickly lower myself，ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel_65_(challenge)分析 此处表示我迅速低下头避
20、免直视他的眼睛，以便他不会感到受到挑战。空处在系动词 feel 后作表语，主语he 与challenge构成逻辑上的动宾关系，故填challenged。命题点 3 考查词类转换解题攻略有时所给提示词虽然是动词，但是空格处既不是考查谓语动词也不是考查非谓语动词，而是要求填所给词的派生词。此时要结合空格处前后的修饰词来确定所给提示词应派生为哪种词性。一般考查动词派生为名词，有时还需考虑动词变为形容词甚至副词。典例 1(2019全国卷，语法填空)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear s
21、ightings around human settlements,leading to a_66_(believe)that populations are increasing.分析 考查名词。这些报告使人们相信北极熊的数量正在增长。设空处作 leading to 的宾语，且前面有不定冠词 a 修饰，故用所给动词的名词形式 belief。典例 2(2019全国卷，语法填空)When they were free from work，they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting_66_(compete)to
22、 watch，together with the story behind it.分析 考查名词。设空处作 know of 的宾语，结合空前的 an interesting 可知，此处应该用所给词的名词形式 competition。典例 3(2019浙江卷 6 月，语法填空)Other American studies showed no _69_(connect)between uniforms and school performance.分析 考查名词。句意：其他的美国研究表明，校服和学生在学校的表现之间没有联系。no 后既可以用名词的单数形式也可以用名词的复数形式。故填connecti
23、on/connections。提示词为名词解题攻略所给提示词是名词时，一般考查名词单数变为复数；有时考查构词法，主要是名词派生为形容词或动词，偶尔考查派生为其他词意的名词。典例1(2019全国卷，语法填空)They also shared with us many_67_(tradition)stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists.分析 考查形容词。设空处修饰后面的名词，故用所给词的形容词形式traditional。典例2(2018全国卷，语法填空)Two of the authors of the review
24、also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all _67_(cause)分析 cause 表示“原因，起因”时是可数名词，前面有all，故填 cause 的复数形式 causes。典例3(2018全国卷，语法填空)To avoid knee pain，you can run on soft surfaces，do exercises to _6
25、8_(strength)your leg muscles(肌肉)，avoid hills and get good running shoes.分析 此处不定式短语作目的状语，故填strength 的动词形式strengthen。典例4(2018全国卷，语法填空)Im a_66_(science)who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.分析 由空后的 who 可知，定语从句的先行词是表示人的名词。故填scientist。提示词为形容词或副词“二步思维”破“形、副”解题攻略所给提示词是形容词或副词时，需考虑是否变为比较级，有时还需考虑变为最高级。
26、如若不是，则需考虑词类转换。典例1(2019全国卷，语法填空)Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集)around human settlements,leading to the illusion(错觉)that populations are_68_(high)than they actually are.分析 考查比较级。这就造成了北极熊数量比它们实际数量要多的错觉。根据空后的 than 可知，此处要用形容词的比较级形式 higher。典例2(2018全国卷，语法填空)He
27、screams the _63_(loud)of all.The noise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges toward me.分析 由空前的 the 以及空后的 of all 可知要用最高级。故填 loudest。典例3(2017全国卷，语法填空)Even _66_(bad)，the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.分析 根据语境可知，此处表示程度的加深，所以用比较级形式。even worse 更糟的是，可以看作固定搭配。故填 worse。解题攻略所给提
28、示词是形容词时，需要考虑形容词转换为副词，有时还需要考虑转换为名词。典例1(2019全国卷，语法填空)It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been_2_(poor)studied;however,biologists calculate that there are about 20,000-25,000 polar bears worldwide.分析 考查副词。因为对许多区域调查得不够充分，所以很难计算出全球北极熊的数量。设空处单词修饰动词stud
29、ied，故用其副词形式poorly。典例2(2019全国卷，语法填空)Her years of hard work have _63_(final)been acknowledged after a customer nominated(提名)her to be Cheshires Woman Of The Year.分析 考查副词。句意：在一位客户提名她为柴郡的年度女性之后，她多年的努力工作终于得到了认可。根据文章中的句子结构可知，设空处修饰谓语动词，作状语，需要用所给词的副词形式。故填 finally。典例3(2018全国卷，语法填空)A taste for meat is _63_(ac
30、tual)behind the change：An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens，pigs，and cattle.分析 修饰作状语的介词短语 behind the change，用形容词 actual 的副词形式 actually。典例4(2017全国卷，语法填空)It is _70_(certain)fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.分析 此处应该用副词来修饰形容词 fun，certain 的副词形式为 certainly。提示词为代词解题攻略所给提示词是代词时，一般考查
31、人称代词变为物主代词。有时需考虑人称代词单数变为复数、主格变为宾格、人称代词变为反身代词等。典例1(2018全国卷，语法填空)When the gorillas and I frightened each other，I was just glad to find _68_(they)alive.分析 因空处作动词 find的宾语，故应填人称代词的宾格形式，即 them。典例2(2016全国卷，语法填空)On my recent visit，I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by _68_(it)mother
32、.分析 mother 是名词，所填词作定语修饰 mother，故填其形容词性物主代词its。二、“无提示词类”考点例析“二步”填准无提示词填代词解题攻略无提示词的考查中，当句中缺少主语或宾语时，一般要填代词，主要包括人称代词，不定代词以及 it 的用法。典例1(2018全国卷，语法填空)Running is cheap，easy and its always energetic.If you are time poor，you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports，so perhaps
33、we should all give _70_ a try.分析 give it a try 为固定搭配，表示“试一试”。根据语境可知，此处 it 指代running，故填 it，也可填running。典例2(2018浙江卷 6 月，语法填空)Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap_63_ can be to eat out.分析 根据语境可知，很多来到中国的西方人，一旦他们意识到出去吃是多么便宜，他们在中国做饭的次数就要比在
34、他们国家少得多。it 在句中作形式主语，替代动词不定式短语 to eat out，故填 it。填介词解题攻略如果名词或代词在句中不作主语，表语或动词的宾语时，其前面一般是填介词。通常考查介词与动词、名词、形容词的搭配。典例1(2019全国卷，语法填空)Modernmethods_63_tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s.分析 考查介词。现代化的跟踪调查北极熊数量的方法在 20 世纪 80年代中期就开始被采用。methods of/for doing sth.做某事的方法。故填 o
35、f/for。典例2(2019全国卷，语法填空)We were first greeted with the barking by a pack_63_dogs，seven to be exact.分析 考查介词。首先迎接我们的是一群狗的叫声。a pack of dogs 一群狗。故填 of。典例3(2019浙江卷 6 月，语法填空)But can uniforms help improve school standards？The answer _66_ this question is not clear.分析 考查介词。名词 answer与介词 to 连用，意为：的答案。类似的名词还有 k
36、ey、entrance、reply。故填 to。典例4(2018全国卷，语法填空)While running regularly cant make you live forever，the review says it is more effective at lengthening life _65_ walking，cycling or swimming.分析 根据句中的比较级more effective 可知，这里是把 running 与 walking，cycling，swimming 进行比较，故填 than。典例5(2018浙江卷 6 月，语法填空)If you are not
37、going to suffer this problem，then I suggest that the next time you go to your mums home _65_ dinner，get a few cooking tips from her.分析 根据语境可知，此处应用介词 for 表示“目的”。典例6(2017全国卷，语法填空)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to
38、and _62_ work.分析 travel to and from work 表示“上下班”，故填from。填冠词解题攻略当空格后有名词而且两者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含义，或者空格处修饰序数词、最高级、表示特指意义的比较级等形式时，那么空格处一般是填冠词。有时还考查冠词在一些固定搭配中的用法。典例1(2019全国卷，语法填空)Of_69_nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations,three are declining,six are stable,one is increasing,and nine lack enough data.分析
39、 考查冠词。句意：在被认出来的 19 个北极熊亚群中，有 3 个数量降低，有 6 个是稳定的，1 个在增加，还有 9 个缺少足够的数据。设空处在本句中表示特指，故填冠词 the。典例2(2019全国卷，语法填空)When we got a call saying she was short-listed，we thought it was _69_joke.分析 考查冠词。joke 为可数名词，意为“玩笑”，在此处表示泛指，故填 a。典例3(2019浙江卷 6 月，语法填空)Everybody wears _62_ same style of clothes.分析 考查冠词。句意：每个人都穿相
40、同样式的衣服。the same 为固定短语，故填定冠词 the。典例4(2018全国卷，语法填空)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over _62_past 25 years，while rice has increased only 7 percent.分析 句意：玉米产量在过去 25 年里增长了近 125%，而大米只增长了 7%。特指在过去的 25 年里。故填定冠词 the。典例5(2017浙江卷 11 月，语法填空)Its not all that hard to build an advanced and large voca
41、bulary.Like many things in life，its _56_ ongoing process，and the best part of the process is that theres enough room for improvement，which means youll just keep getting better and better.分析 此处表示积累词汇是一个持续的过程，又因为单词ongoing 的发音以元音音素开头，故填不定冠词 an。典例6(2017全国卷，语法填空)Instead，she is earning 6,500 a day as _62_
42、model in New York.分析 句意：相反，她在纽约作为一名模特儿每天收入 6 500 英镑。此处表示泛指，故填不定冠词 a。填从属关联词解题攻略当空格前后为两个句子，且其中一个句子在另一句中充当某一句子成分时，空格处应填从属关联词。一般情况下，考查的是定语从句的关联词，有时也考查名词性从句或状语从句的关联词。典例1(2019全国卷，语法填空)While they are rare north of 88，there is evidence_61_they range all the way across the Arctic,and as far south as James Ba
43、y in Canada.分析 考查同位语从句。虽然在北纬 88 度以北很少见到北极熊，但是有证据表明它们在整个北极地区活动，向南甚至远到加拿大的詹姆斯湾。设空处引导同位语从句，说明 evidence 的内容，该从句不缺少任何成分，所以要用 that 引导。典例2(2019全国卷，语法填空)Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield，_62_she opened with her late husband Les.分析 考查非限制性定语从句。根据句子结构可知设空处引导非限制性定语从句，
44、修饰先行词 the pet shop。将先行词代入定语从句后为：She opened _the_pet_shop_ with her late husband Les.由此可见，关系词在定语从句中作宾语，且指“事物”，故填which。典例3(2019全国卷，语法填空)They were well trained by their masters_64_had great experience with caring for these animals.分析 考查定语从句。设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词their masters。将先行词代入定语从句后为：Their masters had gr
45、eat experience with caring for these animals.由此可知关系词在从句中作主语，所以要用关系代词 who。典例4(2016全国卷，语法填空)Over time，_65_ the population grew，people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.分析 根据句意和句子结构可知，空格处引导时间状语从句，表示“随着”或“当时候”，故填as/when。填并列联词解题攻略当空格前后是同一层次并具有相同句法功能的词、短语或句子时，空格处一般是填并列连词。典
46、例1(2019全国卷，语法填空)I work not because I have to，_7_because I want to.分析 考查连词。句意：我工作不是因为我必须工作，而是因为我想工作。根据句子意思可知，设空处前面的 not 构成“not.but.”(不是而是)结构。故填 but。典例2(2020烟台一模，语法填空)You might not like school because you dont have enough friends，_67_ maybe you dont get along with your teacher.分析 因前后是两个完整的否定句。根据语境可知，此
47、处描述的是你或许不喜欢上学的原因，表示猜测，应填选择性的连接词。故填 or。其他语境填词解题攻略无提示词的空格有时也需要根据固定搭配、逻辑关系以及句式结构填写适当的词。典例1(2019全国卷，语法填空)On our way to the house，it was raining_61_hard that we couldnt help wondering how long it would take to get there.It was in the middle of Pearl City.分析 考查副词。此处为“soadv.that.”结构，意为：如此以至于，其中 that 引导结果状语
48、从句。故填so。典例2(2016全国卷，语法填空)So，get an early start and try to be as productive _65_ possible before lunch.分析 考查固定搭配。as.as possible为固定搭配，意为“尽可能”。故填 as。典例3(全国卷，语法填空)It was raining lightly when I arrived in Yangshuo just before dawn.But I didnt care.A few hours _62_，Id been at home in Hong Kong，with its choking smog.分析 考查逻辑关系。根据句意和“Id been at home”的时态可知此处表示“几个小时前，我待在香港的家里。”“待在家里”应该是发生在过去动作 arrived 之前，故填before/earlier。