1、上海市上海师范大学附属中学2020-2021学年高二英语上学期期中试题（含解析）I. Listening ComprehensionSection A Short ConversationsDirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will
2、 be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A. A visa officer. B. An interviewer. C.A student. D.A manager.2. A. In a factory. B. At an airport.
3、 C. In a post office. D. In a cafe.3. A. She enjoys traveling this summer vacation. B. She had an unpleasant experience in Sydney.C. She is considering whether to travel abroad.D. She speaks highly of her experience last year.4. A. Wait till the end of the year. B. Walk to his workplace.C Take publi
4、c transportation. D. Buy the car right now.5. A.A gift. B.A trip. C.A job. D.A visit.6. A. The man is said to be a vegetarian. B. The man dislikes American food.C. The man has got used to American food. D. The man is ill because of American food.7. A. Doubtful. B. Upset. C. Disappointed. D. Annoyed.
5、8. A. Manager and secretary. B. Doctor and patientC. Employer and employee. D. Teacher and student.9. A. She will probably go to see a doctor right away.B. She has refused to take medicine for her throat.C. Shed better avoid speaking even in a low voice.D. She cant make herself understood when whisp
6、ering.10. A. The woman doesnt like to drink coffee in any case.B. The woman drinks coffee just to prepare for finals.C. The man doesnt drink coffee when meeting people.D. The man drinks coffee when making more products.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longe
7、r conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be
8、 the best answer to the question you have heard.Question 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. Because a monthly fee has to be paid.B. Because it goes wrong on hot, sunny days.C. Because its hard and expensive to be installed.D. Because it often makes us confused when used.12. A. I
9、ts a dream that will come true sooner or later.B. Its a new and good way to track your vehicle.C. Its a regular device that works with a smart phone.D. Its a tracking device that is changing our life greatly.13. A. Efficient but expensive. B. Innovative but time-consuming.C. Free but hard to install
10、. D. Small but user-friendly.Question 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A.3%. B.15%. C. About 18%. D. Over 30%.15. A. British senior managers. B. Patients in mental hospital.C. Prime ministers. D. American presidents.16. A. Factors of affecting peoples success.B. Importance of kee
11、ping emotional health.C. Encouraging children to have ambitions.D. Relationships between hardship and success.Question 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17. A. Because he thought smoking would do good to his heart.B. Because he didnt believe smoking would be that harmful.C. Becau
12、se he thought smoking could help him feel relaxed.D. Because he believed smoking could make him feel excited.18. A. Air pollution. B. Smoke.C. Secondhand smoke. D. Third hand smoke.19. A. Because the government hasnt taken any effective measures to stop smoking.B. Because each year many childrens de
13、ath is connected with secondhand smoke.C. Because smoking and secondhand smoke do more harm to children than adults.D. Because the government has passed the relevant law to prevent from smoking.20. A. The smell of tobacco smoke left on things such as clothes, furniture and so on.B. The tobacco smoke
14、 accidentally caused by the third person who smokes nearby.C. The poisonous chemicals released from things like clothes, furniture and so on.D. The poisonous chemicals from tobacco smoke left on things like clothes etc.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below,
15、fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct.A语法填空Science at school and at workConcern has been expressed about a relative lack of interest in science as a school subject or future career. This report focuses_1_the views of students and puts forward suggestions for impr
16、oving the image of science.The vast majority of students who choose science subjects feel they have made the right decision. They enjoy_2_(conduct) experiments in the well-equipped laboratories and appreciate the fact_3_the teaching staff are more highly qualified than those in arts subjects. In con
17、sequence, science students believe they are learning in a more_4_(stimulate) environment.Unfortunately, however, some students think twice before choosing sciences,_5_their reputation as comparatively difficult subjects that involve memorizing facts and figures. Moreover, the sciences are believed t
18、o be subjects_6_high marks are harder to obtain.In addition, science has a serious image problem. Many are discouraged by the so-called lack of glamour of science as a profession, by film stereotypes(典型形象) of mad professors and computer geeks, and by the suspicion with_7_the media often treat scient
19、ific research, for instance concerning genetically modified(转基因) food.To create a more positive impression_8_science, students should be invited to participate in Science Fair projects, scientific work experience programmes and virtual Open Days at university science faculty. They should also_9_(mak
20、e) aware of the benefits of studying science, such as developing thinking skills, discovering_10_things work and - one day - finding real solutions to real problems.【答案】1. on 2. conducting 3. that 4. stimulating 5. owing to/because of/due to 6. where 7. which 8. of 9. be made 10. how【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章作者
21、提出了理科给学生留下不好印象的原因以及提出了改善这种负面印象的建议。【1题详解】考查介词。句意：这篇报告关注学生的观点，并为提高科学形象提出建议。分析题意，focus on 译为“关注”为固定搭配。故填on。【2题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：他们喜欢在设备齐全的实验室里做实验。分析题意，根据固定搭配enjoy doing sth.“喜欢做某事”可知，此处需填doing的形式。故填conducting.【3题详解】考查同位语从句。句意：他们喜欢在设备齐全的实验室里做实验，欣赏理科教师比文科教师更胜一筹。分析题意，划线后从句为先行词fact的内容。故从句为同位语从句。同位语从句部分不缺成分和语意。
22、故填that。【4题详解】考查形容词。句意：因此，学理科的学生认为他们是在一个更刺激的环境中学习。分析题意，此处需用形容词以修饰名词environment。stimulate的形容词为stimulating译为“刺激的；有刺激性的”。此处符合题意。故填stimulating。【5题详解】考查介词短语。句意：然而，不幸的是，一些学生在选择理科之前会三思而行，因为科学被认为是相对难的学科，需要记住事实和数字。分析题意，根据划线前后的语意可知，此处前后表示因果关系。因为划线后内容为短语，所以此处需填表示“因为”的介词短语。综合分析，故填owing to/because of/due to。【6题详解
23、】考查定语从句。句意：此外，理科被认为是一些很难取得高分的学科。根据成分分析，subjects为先行词，在后面的定语从句作地点状语，故此处的关系词用关系副词。故填where。【7题详解】考查定语从句。句意：理科作为一种职业，缺乏所谓的魅力，电影中对疯狂教授和电脑怪才的刻板印象，以及媒体经常对科学研究(比如转基因食品)的怀疑，都让许多人感到气馁。在定语从句中，介词后的关系词常用which 和whom。若先行词为物，则介词后用which；若先行词为人，则介词后用whom。本题的先行词为“物”。故此处填which。【8题详解】考查介词。句意：为加深学生对理科的正面印象，大学理学院应邀请学生参与科学展
24、览计划、科学工作体验计划和虚拟开放日。根据句意，此处应表示所属关系：表示“理科的正面印象”。介词of译为“.的”可表示所属关系。故填of。【9题详解】考查被动语态。句意：他们也应该意识到学习理科的好处，比如发展思维技能，发现事物是如何运作的，以及有一天找到真正问题的真正解决方案。分析题意，句中make aware of 和 主语之间表示被动逻辑。make aware of 放在情态动词should后，故此处用情态动词的被动语态。综合分析，故填be made。【10题详解】考查宾语从句。句意：他们也应该意识到学习科学的好处，比如发展思维技能，发现事物是如何运作的，以及有一天找到真正问题的真正解决
25、方案。分析题意，宾语从句部分缺状语。根据句意，从句部分缺“如何”之意。故填how。B语法填空Physical Fitness Tests at Nationals Cause OutrageChinese sports authorities have been criticized for their new fitness rules.No matter _11_happens in the pool, swimmers can only progress to the finals_12_(base) on the results of their physical fitness te
26、sts. The General Administration of Sport (国家体育总局) passed this new rule in February. It_13_(come) into public attention after widespread criticism at the National Swimming Championships in Qingdao.The two-day tests_14_(undertake) by swimmers before the championships started on September 26. Athletes
27、took part in ten events, including 30-meter sprints, pull-ups, and 3,000-meter runs.Out of the top 16 finishers in each event, only the eight who scored_15_(high) on their physical fitness tests progressed to the next round. As a result, some race winners have missed out on the final. These included
28、 Wang Jianjiahe, who broke_16_record in Asia. Yu Hexin, who set a new national record in the mens 50-meter freestyle, failed to make it to the final. World champion Fu Yuanhui also missed out.Its not_17_we dont care about physical fitness, Wang told reporters. We just think physical fitness should n
29、ot be a decisive factor.However, Chinese Swimming Association chairman Zhou Jihong made_18_clear that the reform was here to stay. Everyone is equal before the rules, she said in an interview. Zhou explained that the aim is_19_(allow) Chinas athletes to compete with the best in the world.Athletes at
30、 the National Track and Field Championships in September also complained that the physical fitness tests were too hard for them. It is reported that even chess players have had to take such tests.The new GAS rule stated that those who did not meet the physical fitness requirements_20_(not allow) to
31、compete in the Tokyo Olympics. Strengthening physical fitness training can not only improve the physical fitness of athletes, but also lay a solid foundation for their ability to compete well.【答案】11. what 12. based 13. came 14. were undertaken 15. (the) highest 16. a 17. because 18. it 19. to allow
32、20. wouldnt be allowed【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。文章报道了中国体育主管部门因其新的体能测试的规定而引起公众的批评，但中国体育总局表明会继续这项改革。【11题详解】考查连词。句意：不管泳池里发生了什么，游泳运动员只有在体能测试结果基础上才能进入决赛。分析句子结构，“No matter_ happens in the pool”是“no matter +疑问词”引导的状语从句，从句中缺少主语,应用疑问词what；“no matter what” 意思为“无论什么”。故填what。【12题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：不管泳池里发生了什么，游泳运动员只有在体能测试结果的基础上才能
33、进入决赛。短语be based on“以为基础,在的基础上”；句子主语swimmers和base之间是逻辑上的被动关系，应用过去分词短语做状语。故填based。【13题详解】考查时态。句意：在青岛举行的全国游泳锦标赛上，它受到了广泛的批评之后，引起了公众的关注。根据“after widespread criticism at the National Swimming Championships in Qingdao”可知，句子叙述的是过去的事情，应用一般过去时；come是不规则变化动词，过去式为came。故填 came。【14题详解】考查时态和语态。句意：在9月26日锦标赛开始前，游泳运动员
34、们进行了为期两天的测试。句子叙述的是过去的事情，应该用一般过去时；句子主语The two-day tests 和undertake是逻辑上的被动关系，应该用被动语态；因此用一般过去时的被动语态；主语The two-day tests 是复数形式，be动词应用were；undertake是不规则变化动词，过去分词为undertaken。故填 were undertaken。【15题详解】考查副词最高级。句意：在每个项目的前16名选手中，只有体能测试得分最高的8名晋级下一轮。根据句意，此处是指同范围内的“最”，high应用最高级形式；修饰动词scored，定冠词the可要可不要。故填 (the)
35、highest。【16题详解】考查不定冠词。句意：其中包括打破一项亚洲纪录的王简嘉禾。此处用不定冠词a表示数量，意思为“一项”； record的发音是以辅音因素开头，因此用不定冠词a。故填a。【17题详解】考查连词。句意：“不是因为我们不在乎体能，”王告诉记者，“我们只是认为体能不应该成为决定性因素。”根据句意，“we dont care about physical fitness”是说明原因，此处应用because引导表语从句。故填because。【18题详解】考查it作形式宾语。句意：然而，中国游泳协会主席周继宏明确表示，这项改革不会改变。此处用it作形式宾语,指代后面真正的宾语从句th
36、at the reform was here to stay。故填it。【19题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：周解释说，这样做的目的是让中国运动员与世界上最好的运动员竞争。在be动词is后应是表语；allow是动词，应用不定式形式作表语表示目的和将要。故填 to allow。【20题详解】考查时态和语态。句意：国家体育总局的新规定说，那些不符合体能要求的人将不被允许参加东京奥运会。根据“compete in the Tokyo Olympics”可知，句子叙述的是将来的情况，应该用将来时；主句“The new GAS rule stated”是一般过去时，宾语从句也应该用过去时态，因此用过去将来
37、时；those和allow之间是逻辑上的被动关系，应该用被动语态；因此用过去将来时的被动语态。故填 wouldnt be allowed。Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box.A选词填空A.cloudsB.claimedC.outdoorD.opportunity E.stringF.potentialG.attemptH.benefitI.limitJ.heightsK.unbeatenArmand Duplantis may only be 20 years old
38、, but he is already a track and field superstar. Duplantis had already earlier broken his own indoor pole vault（撑杆跳）world record in February of this year. Last month, he broke the_21_world record too. At the Diamond League meeting in Rome, he cleared 6.15 meters with his second_22_, beating Sergey B
39、ubkas mark of 6.14 meters set in July 1994.Before Duplantis, the 6.14-meter mark was the most impossible world record known to man. Yes, it was less attainable than any short distance running, distance running, jumping or throwing event record. I hit the mat（垫子）but I havent really fallen back to ear
40、th, Duplantis told reporters after breaking the record. I think Im still up in the_23_right now.Nicknamed Mondo, Duplantis has been labelled as the next Usain Bolt（尤赛恩博尔特） for his_24_to light up the sport. The child prodigy broke age-group records on his way to joining the pole vaulting elite. In fa
41、ct, he remains_25_since the 2019 World Athletics Championships in Doha.Duplantis sporting story began when he first tried pole vaulting at the age of four. Born to an American pole vaulter father and a Swedish athlete mother, Duplantis had the_26_of growing up with a pole vault pit in his own back g
42、arden. It was a childs playground heaven, but also the perfect breeding ground for greatness. Having already set world bests at every age from seven to 12, he won the world youth title in 2015, and then the world junior and European senior titles in 2018. In summer 2019, he_27_his first global medal
43、 as an adult with a world silver.In the context of his_28_of achievements, it was somewhat unsurprising that Duplantis was able to break the 26-year-old record. The most pressing question now is whether he can continue to reach new_29_.The Swede has already been selected to compete at the Tokyo Game
44、s, where he will be a favourite to win gold. Ive always tried to not put a_30_on myself, he says. There are endless possibilities.【答案】21. C 22. G 23. A 24. F 25. K 26. H 27. B 28. E 29. J 30. I【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。短文报道了只有20岁的田径名将杜普兰蒂斯打破了谢尔盖布布卡1994年7月创下的6.14米撑竿跳世界纪录并介绍了他打破的多项记录。【21题详解】考查形容词。句意：上个月，他也打破了户外撑竿跳
45、世界纪录。根据上文“Duplantis had already earlier broken his own indoor pole vault（撑杆跳）world record in February of this year.”可知，杜普兰蒂斯早在今年2月就已经打破了自己的室内撑竿跳世界纪录，所以他也打破了户外世界纪录。outdoor为形容词修饰名词record。 故填C。【22题详解】考查名词。句意：在罗马举行的钻石联赛会议上，他第二次尝试净空6.15米，打破了谢尔盖布布卡1994年7月创下的6.14米纪录。根据句意可知，他第二次尝试净空6.15米。with为介词后接名词attempt。
46、故填G。【23题详解】考查名词。句意：迪普兰提斯在打破记录后告诉记者。“我想我现在还在云端”。根据上文“I hit the mat（垫子）but I havent really fallen back to earth”可知，迪普兰提斯对记者说我想我现在还在云端。in为介词后接名词clouds。故填A。【24题详解】考查名词。句意：绰号蒙多，杜普兰蒂斯被称为下一个博尔特，因为他有可以点燃这项运动的潜力。根据“the next Usain Bolt（尤赛恩博尔特）”可知，他有点燃这项运动的潜力。for为介词后接名词作宾语。 故填F。【25题详解】考查形容词。句意：事实上，自2019年多哈世界田径
47、锦标赛以来，他一直保持不败。remain后接形容词作表语，unbeaten“未败过的”符合句意。故填K。【26题详解】考查名词。句意：杜普兰蒂斯的父亲是美国撑杆跳运动员，母亲是瑞典运动员。他从小就在自家后院的撑杆跳场地长大。根据“Born to an American pole vaulter father and a Swedish athlete mother”以及“growing up with a pole vault pit in his own back garden”可知，可知，杜普兰提斯在自己的后花园里，有一个撑杆跳的场地，这让他受益匪浅。had 后接名词作宾语。故填H。【27
48、题详解】考查时态和动词。句意：2019年夏天，他以一枚世界银牌获得了他作为成年人的第一枚全球奖牌。根据“as an adult with a world silver.” 他以一枚世界银牌获得了他作为成年人的第一枚全球奖牌。根据“In summer 2019”可知，本句为一般过去时。故填B。【28题详解】考查名词。句意：考虑到他的一系列成就，杜普兰蒂斯能够打破26年的纪录也就不足为奇了。根据上文“Having already set world bests at every age from seven to 12, he won the world youth title in 2015,
49、and then the world junior and European senior titles in 2018. In summer 2019, he _7_ his first global medal as an adult with a world silver.”可知，考虑到他的一系列成就，杜普兰蒂斯能够打破26年的纪录也就不足为奇了。a string of“一连串”故填E。【29题详解】考查名词。句意：现在最紧迫的问题是他是否能继续接触新的高度。根据上文“杜普兰蒂斯能够打破26年的纪录也就不足为奇了”所以现在最紧迫的问题是他是否能继续接触新的高度。reach后接名词heig
50、hts作宾语。故填J。【30题详解】考查名词。句意：我一直试图不给自己设限。根据“There are endless possibilities. ”可知，我一直试图不给自己设限。put a limit on “限制”。故填I。B选词填空A.absorbedB.enjoyableC.shelterD.sectionE.approachF.contentG.magazineH.irresistibleI.dullJ.retireK.escapeTime spent in a bookshop can be most_31_, whether you are a book-lover or mer
51、ely there to buy a book as a present. You may even have entered the shop just to find_32_from a sudden shower. Whatever the reason, you can soon become totally unaware of your surroundings. The desire to pick up a book with an attractive cover is_33_, although this method of selection ought not to b
52、e followed, because you might end up with a rather_34_book. You soon become_35_in some book or other, and usually it is only much later that you realize you have spent far too much time there and must dash off to keep some forgotten appointment - without buying a book, of course.This opportunity to_
53、36_the realities of everyday life is, I think, the main attraction of a bookshop. There are not many places where it is possible to do this. A music shop is very much like a bookshop. You can wander round such places to your hearts_37_.If it is a good shop, no assistant will_38_you with the inevitab
54、le greeting: Can I help you, sir? You neednt buy anything you dont want. In a bookshop an assistant should remain in the background until you have finished browsing. Then, and only then, are his services necessary. Of course, you may want to find out where a particular_39_is, but when he has led you
55、 there, the assistant should_40_carefully and look as if he is not interested in selling a single book.【答案】31. B 32. C 33. H 34. I 35. A 36. K 37. F 38. E 39. D 40. J【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章作者列举了书店和唱片店说明这两个地方都是人们最喜欢去的地方。因为在这些地方人们可以享受片刻的安静和躲避现实。【31题详解】考查形容词。句意：不管你是爱书的人还是仅仅想买一本书作为礼物，在书店里度过的时光都是最令人愉快的。分析题意，根据划线前
56、的most be 可知此处应填入形容词。根据后文的提示，此处应表示在书店度过的时光是最令人愉快的（enjoyable）。故选B项。【32题详解】考查名词。句意：你甚至可能只是为了躲避突如其来的阵雨而走进书店。根据find可知此处需填名词作宾语。划线后提到“a sudden shower”可知，此处表示把书店当作避雨的地方，shelter“避雨”符合语境。故选C项。【33题详解】考查形容词。句意：挑一本封面漂亮的书的欲望是不可抗拒的，尽管这种挑选方法是不应该被遵循的，因为你最后挑选的可能是一本相当乏味的书。分析题意，根据划线前的is可知，此处需填入形容词作表语。再根据后句“尽管这种挑选方法是不应
57、该被遵循的”可知，挑选封面漂亮的书的欲望是不可抗拒的（irresistible）。故选H项。【34题详解】考查形容词。句意：因为你最后挑选的可能是一本相当乏味的书。分析题意，此处需填入形容词以修饰划线后的名词book。分析题意，根据前文“我们不提倡去挑选一本漂亮的书”可知，这是因为我们最后可能会事与愿违而挑到一本无聊的（dull）书。故选I项。【35题详解】考查形容词。句意“你很快就会沉浸在某一本书里，而通常是在很久以后你才意识到你在那儿呆的时间太长了，得赶紧去赴一个已忘记的约会当然，书也没买。”分析句意，此处需填入形容词作表语。根据后文“而通常是在很久以后你才意识到你在那儿呆的时间太长了”可
58、知，此处需用absorbed“全神贯注的”。故选A项。【36题详解】考查动词。句意：我认为，这种逃避日常生活现实的机会是书店的主要吸引力。分析题意，划线前的to为不定式，故此处需填动词原形。根据前文提过“在书店里度过的时光都是最令人愉快的”可知，有一些人把书当作逃避（escape）日常生活现实的方式。故选K项。【37题详解】考查名词。句意：在这样的地方，你可以尽情地逛来逛去。分析题意，根据your hearts可知，此处需填入名词。前文提及像书店这种地方是可以用来逃避日常生活现实的。因此此处表示可以在这样的地方尽情的闲逛。to ones heart content“尽情”符合语境。故选F项。【
59、38题详解】考查动词。句意：如果这是一家不错的商店，就不会有店员走过来跟你说一句客套话:“先生，能为您效劳吗?”你不必买你不想要的东西。分析题意，根据划线前will可知，此处需填入动词的原形。根据划线前提及“如果这是一家不错的店”可知，此处表示不会有店员走进（approach）你和你说客套话。故选E项。【39题详解】考查名词。句意：当然，你可能想知道某个特定的区域在哪里，但当他把你带到那里后，他应该小心翼翼地退出，看上去好像他对卖一本书不感兴趣。分析题意，根据划线前的a particular可知，此处需填入名词。根据后文的“但当他把你带到那里后”可知，前文表示你在找某个特点的区域（sectio
60、n）。故选D项。【40题详解】考查动词。句意：当然，你可能想知道某个特定的区域在哪里，但当他把你带到那里后，他应该小心翼翼地退出，看上去好像他对卖一本书不感兴趣。分析题意，根据划线前的should可知，此处需填入动词。根据后文“看上去好像他对卖一本书不感兴趣”可知，此处表示在把你带到某个特定区域后他要小心翼翼的退出（retire）以免打扰到你。故选J项。III. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases m
61、arked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Processed foods like chips, soda and frozen pizzas are full of salt, sugar and fat. Now scientists are trying to understand if there is something else about such foods that may be bad for humans. Scientists ha
62、ve already linked low-cost,_41_foods to rising obesity rates around the world. Three recent studies offer more_42_on how our increasingly industrialized food supply may be affecting our health. What does processed food_43_?The researchers created a system that places foods into four groups. The syst
63、em says highly processed foods are made_44_of industrialized materials and additives. Sodas, packaged cookies, instant noodles and chicken nuggets are some examples of highly processed foods. But also included are products that can_45_healthy, such as morning cereals, energy bars and some kinds of y
64、ogurt.Whats wrong with processed foods?Researchers at the National Institutes of Health conducted a four-week study involving 20 people. They found that people eat about 500 more calories a day when_46_mostly processed foods. That is compared with when the_47_people were given less processed foods.
65、The researchers permitted the 20 participants to eat as much or as little as they wanted. They were taken to a medical center so their health and behavior could be _48_.In another study, researchers in France found people who ate more processed foods were more likely to have heart disease. A similar
66、 study in Spain linked eating more processed foods to a higher risk of death_49_.What is it about processed foods?When given less processed foods, people in the study_50_more of a hormone that controls hunger, and less of a hormone that causes hunger. The reason for the_51_is not clear. The scientis
67、ts also found that people ate processed foods more quickly.Kevin Hall is one of the researchers who led the study. He told the AP that processed foods are_52_softer and easier to chew and swallow. Hall noted the source of nutrients might_53_.For example, fiber from whole fruits and vegetables may be
68、 better for making people feel full than fiber added to packaged foods such as energy bars and yogurt.What should you eat?Avoiding processed foods can be hard,_54_for people with limited time and money. Processed foods can also take many forms._55_,companies continually re-engineer products to make
69、them seem healthier. The newest studies may provide more reasons to avoid processed foods. But, they also call attention to the difficulty of coming up with ways to do that.41. A. organicB. deliciousC. packagedD. cheap42. A. examplesB. cluesC. hintsD. signals43. A. provideB. suggestC. meanD. infer44
70、. A. speciallyB. mostlyC. naturallyD. technically45. A. remainB. tasteC. becomeD. seem46. A. consumedB. forcedC. deprivedD. fed47. A. sameB. normalC. differentD. alternative48. A. explainedB. observedC. curedD. remedied49. A. in generalB. in particularC. in natureD. in advance50. A. preferredB. prod
71、ucedC. comparedD. processed51. A. hungerB. procedureC. reactionD. physiology52. A. supposedlyB. hardlyC. usuallyD. constantly53. A. strike a balanceB. run a riskC. pose a threatD. make a difference54. A. especiallyB. generallyC. specificallyD. reasonably55. A. By contrastB. In summaryC. Above allD.
72、In addition【答案】41. C 42. B 43. C 44. B 45. D 46. D 47. A 48. B 49. A 50. B 51. C 52. C 53. D 54. A 55. D【解析】本文是说明文。科学家已经确定，廉价的包装食品与全球不断上升的肥胖率有关。文章介绍了什么是加工食品，加工食品有什么问题，加工食品与什么有关以及人们应该吃什么。【41题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：科学家已经确定，廉价的包装食品与全球不断上升的肥胖率有关。 A. organic有机的；B. delicious美味的；C. packaged包装好的；D. cheap便宜的。根据下文的“
73、rising obesity rates”可知，这种食物与肥胖有关，不可能是“有机的”和“美味的”，空格前low-cost与cheap意思相近，C项“包装好的”符合题意，说明不是新鲜食物。故选C。【42题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：最近的三项研究为日益增加的工业化食品供应可能对人类健康产生何种影响提供了更多线索。 A. examples例子；榜样；B. clues线索；C. hints暗示；D. signals信号。根据下文内容的讲述可知，研究提供了更多工业化食品影响人类健康的线索。故选B。【43题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：什么是加工食品？A. provide提供；B. suggest建
74、议；C. mean意味着；D. infer推断。黑体是下文的主题句，根据下文的“Sodas, packaged cookies, instant noodles and chicken nuggets are some examples of highly processed foods.”可知，讲述的是加工食品意味着什么，即加工食品是什么？故选C。【44题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：这一系统指出，高度加工食品主要由工业材料和添加剂组成。 A. specially特别地；B. mostly大部分地；C. naturally自然地；D. technically技术上。根据空格前后文并结合常识可
75、知，高度加工食品主要由工业材料和添加剂组成。故选B。【45题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是也包括诸如早餐麦片、能量棒以及某些类型的酸奶等看起来健康的产品。A. remain仍旧；B. taste品尝；C. become成为；D. seem似乎。根据“such as morning cereals, energy bars and some kinds of yogurt. ”可知，此处说的是高度加工的不健康的食品，因此推断是似乎健康的食品。故选D。【46题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们发现，饮食以加工食品为主的参与者每天会多摄入约500卡路里。A. consumed吃；消费；B. fo
76、rced迫使；C. deprived剥夺； D. fed喂养。根据上文的“people eat about 500 more calories a day”和下文“processed foods”可推断，此处指的是吃加工食品的人每天多摄入500卡热量。故选D。【47题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这是对同一个参与者食用较少加工食品的情况进行比较后得出的结论。A. same同样的；B. normal正常的；C. different不同的；D. alternative替代的。研究理应是对同一个人进行对比。故选A。【48题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：参与者被带到医疗中心，对他们的健康和行为进行观
77、察。A. explained解释；B. observed观察；C. cured治愈；D. remedied改正；纠正。根据上文“They were taken to a medical center”可知，被带去医疗中心，是对他们的健康和行为进行观察。故选B。【49题详解】考查介词短语辨析。句意：西班牙进行的一项类似研究指出，一般情况下，食用更多加工食品会导致死亡风险增加。A. in general通常；B. in particular特别；C. in nature实际上；D. in advance提前。此处是一项与上文研究相似的研究，结合上文“researchers in France fo
78、und people who ate more processed foods were more likely to have heart disease.( 食用更多加工食品的人更可能患上心脏疾病)”可推断研究指出的是一般情况下，食用更多加工食品会导致死亡风险增加。故选A。【50题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：食用少量加工食品时，研究参与者会分泌更多控制饥饿的激素，而引发饥饿的激素则会减少。A. preferred更喜欢；B. produced生产；产生；C. compared比较；D. processed加工。根据下文提到的“more of a hormone”可知，研究参与者分泌更多控
79、制饥饿的激素，produce“产生”符合语境。故选B。【51题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：这一反应的原因还不得而知。A. hunger饥饿；B. procedure程序；C. reaction反应；D. physiology生理技能。上文提到“食用少量加工食品时，研究参与者会分泌更多控制饥饿的激素，而引发饥饿的激素则会减少”是参与者的反应。故选C。【52题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：他对美联社表示，加工食品通常更软、更容易咀嚼和吞咽。A. supposedly据认为；B. hardly几乎不；C. usually通常；D. constantly不断地。根据下文“softer and eas
80、ier to chew and swallow.”并结合常识可知，加工食品通常更软、更容易咀嚼和吞咽。故选C。【53题详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：霍尔指出，营养来源可能有所不同。 A. strike a balance公平处理；B. run a risk冒险；C. pose a threat构成威胁；D. make a difference有影响；产生不同。根据下文“For example, fiber from whole fruits and vegetables may be better for making people feel full than fiber added to
81、packaged foods such as energy bars and yogurt.( 比如，与能量棒和酸奶等包装食品中添加的纤维相比，来自完整水果和蔬菜的纤维可能更容易使人们有饱腹感)”可推断，此处说的是营养来源不同，故选D。【54题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：不食用加工食品可能很难做到，对时间和金钱有限的人来说尤其如此。A. especially特别；B. generally普遍地；C. specifically明确地；D. reasonably合理地。下文“for people with limited time and money. Processed foods can a
82、lso take many forms.”可知，时间和金钱有限的人更难避免食用加工食品。故选A。【55题详解】考查介词短语辨析。句意：另外，企业可以继续重新调整产品，让产品看起来更健康。A. By contrast相比之下；B. In summary总的来说；C. Above all首要的是；D. In addition除此之外。上文“Processed foods can also take many forms.(加工食品可以有多种形式。)”和下文“companies continually re-engineer products to make them seem healthier.
83、(企业可以继续重新调整产品，让产品看起来更健康)”是递进关系，解释了我们应该吃什么。故选D。Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given
84、 in the passage you have just read.AThe butterfly, which is competitive swimmings newest stroke (划水), was developed in the mid-1930s, but it wasnt allowed in the Olympics until 1956. The story of the butterfly is a good illustration of how coaches and swimmers are constantly searching for ways to im
85、prove stroke efficiency. During the 1920s, the Japanese Olympic coaches used underwater photography to research stroke mechanics, and their efforts paid off when Japanese competitors won five of the six mens swimming gold medals at the 1932 Games in Los Angeles.It was a wake-up call to the rest of t
86、he swimming world, and one of the top US coaches David Armbruster at the University of Iowa began doing his own filming. Armbruster was seeking to make the breaststroke faster. He knew that the action of bringing their arms forward underwater slowed breaststrokes down, so he came up with a method of
87、 bringing the arms forward over the water. The revised stroke (he kept the breaststroke kick) brought great improvements in speed.The following year, Jack Sieg, an Iowa swimmer, developed a technique involving swimming on his side and beating his legs in unison (一致) similar to a fish tail. As Armbru
88、ster later explained in the book Weissmuller to Spitz: The History and Background of the Olympic Games: “Sieg tried the same action while swimming face down. Sieg synchronized his leg action with the butterfly arm action using two leg beats to each arm pull.” But the kick was ruled illegal because t
89、he legs moved in the vertical (垂直的) plane. Within a few years, nearly every breaststroker was using this overarm butterfly action without the kick. The pure butterfly wasnt legalized for some two decades, but at the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne “the fly” became an official event.56. The best title of
90、the article is _.A. Why did the coaches and swimmers improve stroke efficiency?B. How did the butterfly come into being?C. How did the Japanese wake up the swimming world?D. When did “the fly” become an official event?57. The Japanese coaches use underwater photography in order to _.A. wake up the s
91、wimming worldB. be paid more moneyC. know how to be a mechanicD. improve stroke efficiency58. Before the pure butterfly was officially recognized, _ years or so had passed .A. 15B. 20C. 30D. 3559. According to the passage, which statement is NOT true?A. The Japanese coaches improved butterfly stroke
92、.B. David Armbruster used filming to study stroke mechanics.C. Sieg came up with the idea of beating legs like a fish tail.D. The butterfly was added to the Olympics in 1956.【答案】56. B 57. D 58. B 59. A【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了蝶泳的发展历程。蝶泳发展于20世纪30年代中期，但直到1956年才获准参加奥运会。蝶泳的故事很好地说明了教练和游泳运动员是如何不断地寻找提高游泳效率的方法的。【5
93、6题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“ The story of the butterfly is a good illustration of how coaches and swimmers are constantly searching for ways to improve stroke efficiency.(蝶泳的故事很好地说明了教练和游泳运动员是如何不断地寻找提高游泳效率的方法的)”及下文介绍可知，本文主要讲述了蝶泳的发展历程。由此可知，How did the butterfly come into being?(蝶泳是如何形成的？)适合作本文最佳标题。故选B。【57题详解】细
94、节理解题。根据第二段中“During the 1920s, the Japanese Olympic coaches used underwater photography to research stroke mechanics, and their efforts paid off when Japanese competitors won five of the six mens swimming gold medals at the 1932 Games in Los Angeles.”可知，20世纪20年代，日本奥运教练利用水下摄影技术研究泳姿力学。1932年洛杉矶奥运会上，日本选手
95、赢得了6枚男子游泳金牌中的5枚，他们的努力得到了回报。由此可知，日本教练使用水下摄影来提高泳姿效率。故选D。【58题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“The pure butterfly wasnt legalized for some two decades, but at the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne “the fly” became an official event.”可知，20多年来，纯蝶泳一直不被认可，但在1956年墨尔本奥运会上，“纯蝶泳”成为正式比赛项目。由此可知，在纯蝶泳被正式认可之前，已经过去了20年左右。故选B。【59题详解】细节理解题。
96、根据第二段中“During the 1920s, the Japanese Olympic coaches used underwater photography to research stroke mechanic .”（20世纪20年代，日本奥运教练利用水下摄影技术研究泳姿力学）可知B选项正确，排除B；根据第五段“The following year, Jack Sieg, an Iowa swimmer, developed a technique involving swimming on his side and beating his legs in unison (一致) si
97、milar to a fish tail. ”（第二年，爱荷华州的游泳运动员Jack Sieg发明了一种技术，包括侧着游泳，并像鱼尾一样齐声拍打双腿）可知C选项正确，排除C；根据最后一段“The pure butterfly wasnt legalized for some two decades, but at the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne “the fly” became an official event.”（20多年来，纯蝶泳一直不被认可，但在1956年墨尔本奥运会上，“纯蝶泳”成为正式比赛项目）可知D选项描述正确，排除D，但是没有提及“日本教练提高了蝶
98、泳的水平”。故选A。BA brand is a name, word, sign, symbol, design, or a combination of these, intended to identify the goods or services of a company or a group of companies. Another purpose of a brand is to contrast one company from another. The most important skill of professional marketers is the ability
99、to create, maintain, protect, and enhance the brands of their products and services. Branding has become so important that today hardly any company or product is without one. Therefore, brand management is an increasingly important element in marketing.Brand power refers to the relative strength of
100、a companys brand in the minds of consumers, and can influence consumers choice of products. Brands are powerful to the extent that they give high brand loyalty and strong brand associations, name recognition, perceived quality and other assets to a company. A strong brand can be one of a companys mo
101、st important assets.High brand power provides a company with many competitive advantages. A powerful brand enjoys a high level of consumer brand awareness and loyalty. Because consumers expect stores to carry the brand, the company has more bargaining power when negotiating with retailers (零售商). And
102、 because the brand name brings high credibility, a company with a strong brand can more easily launch new products with the same brand name.Many companies use the advantage of a strong brand power strategically to expand their business. When a company introduces an additional item with a new flavour
103、, form, colour or package size in a given product category and under the same brand name, it is called a line extension. Another strategy is called brand extension. This involves the use of a successful brand name to launch new or modified products in a new category, thereby employing brand recognit
104、ion in order to increase sales of new products.Brand recognition is certainly important. Because consumers often hold long-standing perceptions about brands, high brand power ensure a company continued sales of its products. 60. What does the word “assets” in the 2nd paragraph mean?A. pointsB. advan
105、tagesC. aspectsD. elements61. All of the following statements are the advantages of a high brand power EXCEPT that_.A. a high brand wins the loyalty of consumersB. a high brand usually sets a much higher priceC. its easy for a high brand company to launch new productsD. a high brand company is more
106、competitive when doing business with retailers62. A brand extension _.A. happens when the company is developing a new productB. means the expansion of a companys business in its established fieldC. takes place when the company introduces a similar item but with a new colourD. refers to the use of an
107、 established brand name to promote a new product in a new category63. What might be the best title of this passage?A. Brand PowerB. Famous BrandsC. Company BrandsD. Brand Products【答案】60. B 61. B 62. D 63. A【解析】本文是说明文。这篇文章主要讲了商标的力量。拥有知名品牌对于一家公司来说不仅意味着更大的主动权，还代表着更强的用户黏性。在打造出一个成功的品牌后，公司往往会以扩张产品线或增加新产品的
108、方式来谋求进一步的发展。【60题详解】词句猜测题。根据上文“Brands are powerful to the extent that they give high brand loyalty and strong brand associations, name recognition, perceived quality”可知，此处一直在讲品牌的重要性，尤其是品牌所能带来的优势：更高的用户忠诚度、品牌联想认知度、认可度等。由此可知，此处assets应该是“优势”的意思。故选B。【61题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段的“A powerful brand enjoys a high level
109、 of consumer brand awareness and loyalty. Because consumers expect stores to carry the brand, the company has more bargaining power when negotiating with retailers (零售商). And because the brand name brings high credibility, a company with a strong brand can more easily launch new products with the sa
110、me brand name.(一个强大的品牌享有较高的消费者品牌意识和忠诚度。由于消费者期望商店拥有品牌，公司在与零售商谈判时具有更大的议价能力。因为品牌名称带来了很高的可信度，一个品牌强大的公司可以更容易地推出相同品牌的新产品。)”可知，A、C、D项都是较高品牌能力的优势。B项“一个知名品牌的定价通常会高得多”这一点在文章中并没有提到。故选B。【62题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Another strategy is called brand extension. This involves the use of a successful brand name to launch ne
111、w or modified products in a new category, thereby employing brand recognition in order to increase sales of new products.( 另一种策略称为品牌延伸。这涉及在一个新的类别中使用一个成功的品牌名称推出新的或修改的产品，采用品牌识别，以增加新产品的销售。)”可知，abrand extension指的是“利用强有力的已有品牌认可度进行新产品促销”。故选D。【63题详解】主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了品牌的力量及其可以带来的一些良好影响等。因此推断主要讲了商标的力量，故A项“品牌力量”为
112、最佳标题。故选A。CThere is a famous story about British poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge He was writing a poem when he was interrupted by a knock at the door.This was an age before the telephone. Someone was delivering a message. When Coleridge got back to his poem, he had lost his inspiration. His poetic mood
113、had been broken by the knock on his door. His unfinished poem, which could otherwise have been a masterpiece, would now never be more than a fragment (片段).This story tells how unexpected communication can destroy an important thought. That brings us to the invention of the cellphone.The most common
114、complaint about cellphones is that people talk on them to the annoyance of people around them. But more damaging may be the cellphones disruption (中断) of our thoughts.We have already entered a golden age of little white lies about our cellphones, and this is by and large a healthy, protective develo
115、pment. “I didnt hear it ring” or “I didnt realize my phone had shut off” are among the lies we tell to give ourselves space where were beyond reach.The notion of being unreachable is not a new concept we have “Do Not Disturb” signs on the doors of hotel rooms. So why must we feel guilty when it come
116、s to cellphones? Why must we apologize if we decide to shut off the cellphone for a while?The problem is that we come from a long-established tradition of difficulty with distance communication. Until the recent mass use of cellphones, it was easy to communicate with someone next to us or a few feet
117、 away, but difficult with someone across town, the country or the globe. We came to take it for granted.But cellphones make long-distance communication common, and endanger our time by ourselves. Now time alone, or a conversation with someone next to us which cannot be interrupted by a phone, is som
118、ething to be cherished (珍惜). Even cellphone devotees, myself usually included, cant help at times wanting to throw their phones away, or curse the day they were invented.But we dont and wont, and there really is no need. All thats required to take back our private time is a general social recognitio
119、n that we have the right to it.In other words, we have to develop a healthy contempt (轻视) for the rings of our own phones. Given the ease of making and receiving cellphone calls, if we dont talk to the caller right now, we surely will shortly later.A cellphone call deserves no greater priority than
120、a random word from the person next to us. Though the call on my cellphone may be the one-in-a-million from Steven Spielberg who has finally read my novel and wants to make it his next movie. But most likely it is not, and Im better off thinking about the idea I just had for a new story, or the slice
121、 of pizza Ill eat for lunch.64. What is the point of the story about the poet Coleridge? A. To direct readers attention to the main topic.B. To attract readers attention to read his poems.C. To show how important inspiration is to a poet.D. To emphasize the disadvantage of not having a cellphone.65.
122、 Why does the writer mention the “Do Not Disturb” sign? A. To encourage us to use the cellphone as much as we can.B. To persuade us not to worry about the ring of the cellphone.C. To inform us that the cellphone is not to be disturbed in our life.D. To ask us to make an apology when we dont answer t
123、he cellphone call.66. What does the underlined word “it” (Paragraph 7) most probably refer to? A. answering a call from afarB talking to friend next to usC. using the cellphone to chat with friendsD. communicating to keep the long-established friendship67. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
124、A Cellphones require more attention than any other invention.B. We sometimes throw the phone away when it is too disturbing.C. The writer would rather continue his own work than be interrupted by the ring.D. We should give priority to the cellphone as it has brought us so much convenience.【答案】64. A
125、65. B 66. A 67. C【解析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了现代社会中我们的生活经常会受到电话的影响，告诉我们要养成很好的习惯，不要让电话影响我们的生活。【64题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第三段“This story tells how unexpected communication can destroy an important thought. That brings us to the invention of the cellphone.(这个故事告诉我们意想不到的交流是如何摧毁一个重要的想法的。这就引出了手机的发明。)”可推断，讲述关于诗人Coleridge的故事的
126、目的把读者的注意力引到主题上。故选A。【65题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第五段“We have already entered a golden age of little white lies about our cellphones, and this is by and large a healthy, protective development. (我们已经进入了一个关于手机的善意谎言的黄金时代，总的来说，这是一种健康的、有保护作用的发展。)”和第六段“The notion of being unreachable is not a new concept(“无法到达”的概念并不是一
127、个新概念)”和“So why must we feel guilty when it comes to cellphones? Why must we apologize if we decide to shut off the cellphone for a while?(那么，我们为什么必须在使用手机时感到内疚呢?如果我们决定关闭手机一段时间，为什么我们必须道歉?)”可推断，作者提到了“请勿打扰”的标志是为了说服我们不要担心手机铃声。故选B。【66题详解】词义猜测题。根据文章第七段“The problem is that we come from a long-established tr
128、adition of difficulty with distance communication. Until the recent mass use of cellphones, it was easy to communicate with someone next to us or a few feet away, but difficult with someone across town, the country or the globe（问题是，我们来自一个长期以来难以进行远程通信的传统。在最近大量使用手机之前，与我们身边或几英尺外的人交流是很容易的，但与城镇、国家或全球各地的人
129、交流却很困难)”和“We came to take it for granted.(我们开始认为这是理所当然的)”可知，随着手机迅速发展，长距离话才变得更容易，持別是与周围朋友保持通话，就持别方便，但如果与同城，国内乃至国际的交流仍然不是那么随意，因而相对自己周围的朋友，更愿意和远方的朋友交流，并认为是理所当然。it代指“接听远方的电话”。故选A。【67题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“A cellphone call deserves no greater priority than a random word from the person next to us. (一个手机电话不应该
130、比我们旁边的人随便说一个字更重要。)”可推断，作者宁愿继续他自己的工作，也不愿被铃声打断。故选C。DFor most thinkers since the Greek philosophers, it was self-evident that there is something called human nature, something that constitutes the essence of man. There were various views about what constitutes it, but there was agreement that such an e
131、ssence existsthat is to say, that there is something by virtue of which man is man. Thus man was defined as a rational(理性的) being, as a social animal, an animal that can make tools, or a symbol-making animal. More recently, this traditional view has begun to be questioned. One reason for this change
132、 was the increasing emphasis given to the historical approach to man. An examination of the history of humanity suggested that man in our time is so different from man in previous times that it seemed unrealistic to assume that men in every age have had in common something that can be called “human
133、nature.” The historical approach was strengthened, particularly in the United States, by studies in the field of cultural anthropology (人类学). The study of primitive peoples has discovered such a diversity of customs, values, feelings, and thoughts that many anthropologists arrived at the concept tha
134、t man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text. Another factor contributing to the tendency to deny the assumption of a fixed human nature was that the concept has so often been abused as a shield(盾牌) behind which the most inhuman acts are committed. In the name of hum
135、an nature, for example, Aristotle and most thinkers up to the eighteenth century defended slavery. Or in order to prove the rationality and necessity of the capitalist form of society, scholars have tried to make a case for acquisitiveness, competitiveness, and selfishness as natural human character
136、s. Popularly, one refers cynically（愤世嫉俗地） to “human nature” in accepting the inevitability of such undesirable human behavior as greed, murder, cheating and lying.Another reason for disbelief about the concept of human nature probably lies in the influence of evolutionary thinking. Once man came to
137、be seen as developing in the process of evolution, the idea of a substance which is contained in his essence seemed untenable. Yet I believe it is precisely from an evolutionary standpoint that we can expect new insight into the problem of the nature of man.68. Most philosophers believed that human
138、nature _.A. is the quality distinguishing man from other animalsB. consists of competitiveness and selfishnessC. is something partly innate and partly acquiredD. consists of rationality and undesirable behavior69. The traditional view of “human nature” was strongly challenged by _.A. the emergence o
139、f the evolutionary theoryB. the historical approach to manC. new insight into human behaviorD. the philosophical analysis of slavery70. According to the passage, anthropologists believe that human beings _.A. have some characters in commonB. are born with diverse culturesC. are born without a fixed
140、natureD. change their characters as they grow up71. The author mentioned Aristotle, a great ancient thinker, in order to _.A. emphasize that he contributed a lot to defining the concept of “human nature”B. show that the concept of “human nature” was used to justify social evilsC. prove that he had a
141、 profound influence on the concept of “human nature”D. support the idea that some human characters are inherited.【答案】68. A 69. A 70. C 71. B【解析】本文是一篇议论文。主要内容是从古希腊时起对于人性的组成就有诸多讨论，近些年来，对传统的人性组成的观点，有了很多不同的看法，本文就此展开了讨论。【68题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中“There were various views about what constitutes it, but there was
142、 agreement that such an essence existsthat is to say, that there is something by virtue of which man is man. Thus man was defined as a rational being, as a social animal, an animal that can make tools, or a symbol-making animal.(关于它是由什么构成的，有各种各样的观点，但人们一致认为，存在着这样一种本质，也就是说，人之所以为人，是由于某种东西的存在。因此，人被定义为一种
143、理性的存在，一种社会动物，一种会制造工具的动物，一种会制造符号的动物)”可知，大多数传统哲学家都认为人的本性从本质上说与其他动物的品质是显著不同的。故选A。【69题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Another reason for skepticism about the concept of human nature probably lies in the influence of evolutionary thinking. Once man came to be seen as developing in the process of evolution, the idea of
144、a substance which is contained in his essence seemed untenable.(怀疑人性概念的另一个原因可能在于进化思维的影响。一旦人类开始被看作是在进化的过程中发展起来的，那么包含在他的本质中的一种物质的观点似乎就站不住脚了)”可知，进化论的出现有力地挑战了传统的“人性”观。故选A。【70题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段中“The study of primitive peoples has discovered such a diversity of customs, values, feelings, and thoughts that ma
145、ny anthropologists arrived at the concept that man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text.(对原始人的研究发现了如此多样的习俗、价值观、情感和思想，以至于许多人类学家得出了这样的概念：人天生就是一张白纸，每个文化都在其上书写文字)”可知，许多人类学家认为人类天生没有固定的性质。故选C。【71题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段中“In the name of human nature, for example, Aristotle and mos
146、t thinkers up to the eighteenth century defended slavery.(例如，亚里士多德和18世纪以前的大多数思想家都为奴隶制辩护)”可推知，作者提到亚里士多德是为了表明“人性”的概念被用来为社会邪恶辩护。故选B。Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two m
147、ore sentences than you needPraising KidsParents praise their kids whenever they do anything that seems to be something remarkable. Jenn Berman, PhD, a family therapist says, “Weve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be stricter.” Parents have come to believe that
148、 by giving kids heaping portions of praise, they improve their self-esteem and confidence._72_Too much praise can backfire, it seems, and, when given in a way thats insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents praise has p
149、ut them._73_Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like theyre not good enough or that you dont care and, as a result, may see no point in stretching themselves for their accomplishments.So what is the right amount of praise?_74_If praise is sincere and g
150、enuine and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially recognize our childrens efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal,” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear, “One thing
151、 to remember is that its the process not the end product that matters.”Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team, Donahue says. But if hes out there every day, shooting baskets, running drills, and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or los
152、es because its above and beyond the norm. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when he has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or complete a history assignment, Donahue adds._75_A. Kids know when your praise is sincere and when its not.B. Still, dont g
153、o too far in the other direction.C. But in fact, it may be just the opposite.D. Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity.E. Children develop a sense of competence by seeing the consequences of their actions, not by being told about the consequences of their actions.
154、F. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by- case basis and be proportionate to the amount of effort your child put into it.【答案】72. C 73. B 74. D 75. F【解析】本文是说明文。现在的父母意识到给予孩子大量的赞美，可以提高他们的自尊和自信。但过度赞美和过少赞美都对孩子有害，表扬应该具体情况具体分析，表扬孩子的努力而不是结果并与孩子付出的努力程度成正比。【72题详解】上文“Parents have come to beli
155、eve that by giving kids heaping portions of praise, they improve their self-esteem and confidence.”(父母们已经开始相信，给予孩子们大量的赞美，可以提高他们的自尊和自信)说明了父母对孩子由以前的严厉转向了现在的赞美。下文“Too much praise can backfire”(过多的赞美反而会适得其反)说明了对孩子过度赞美的弊端，空前后意思转折，C项But in fact, it may be just the opposite.与上文转折，并引出下文，起到了承上启下的作用。故选C。【73题详
156、解】第一段后半部分说明了对孩子过度赞美的弊端，下句“Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much.”(赞美得太少和赞美得太多一样有害)引出了赞美太少的坏处，B项Still, dont go too far in the other direction. 起到了承上启下的作用，in the other direction引出了赞美太少的话题。故选B。【74题详解】上句“So what is the right amount of praise?”(那么，适当的表扬应该是多少呢?)对怎样表扬提出了问题，D项E
157、xperts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity.( 专家说，赞美的质量比赞美的数量更重要)承接上文，是对上面问题的回答，故选D。【75题详解】上句“Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when he has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or complete a history assignment, Donahue a
158、dds.”(表扬孩子的努力而不是结果也意味着在孩子努力打扫院子、做饭或完成一项历史作业时认可他)说明了要对孩子的努力表扬，不要管结果或孩子做什么。F项But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by- case basis and be proportionate to the amount of effort your child put into it.( 但无论如何，表扬应该具体情况具体分析，并与孩子付出的努力程度成正比)是对上文的进一步说明，the amount of effort your child put into i
159、t.与上句the effort呼应，故选F。IV. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.76. 这所小学从一年级开始设置编程课。(available)(汉译英)【答案】Programming/Coding course is available from grade one in this primary school.The course of programming/coding is available to
160、 students from grade one in this primary school.【解析】【详解】考查时态和短语。本句为一般现在时，available意为“可获得的”，be available to “对.有用 ”,从一年级开始”可表示为“from grade one”，“编程课”可表示为“Programming/Coding course”或者“The course of programming/coding”，“小学”可表示为“primary school”。故翻译为“Programming/Coding course is available from grade one
161、in this primary school.”或“The course of programming/coding is available to students from grade one in this primary school.”。77. 这个地区葡萄酒的制作技术可以追溯到公元前一世纪。(date) (汉译英)【答案】The techniques/skills of making wine in this region/area date back to the first century BC.【解析】【详解】考查动词/固定短语。根据汉语提示可知，本句陈述客观事实，应用一般现
162、在时。主语“葡萄酒的制作技术”的英语为“The techniques/skills of making wine”，“地区的英语为“region/area”，短语date back表示“追溯”，作句子的谓语，主语为复数，谓语动词应用复数形式。结合其他汉语提示，故翻译为：The techniques/skills of making wine in this region/area date back to the first century BC.78. 他意识到过多的咖啡因摄入产生了刺激效果，并妨碍了他的睡眠。(aware) (汉译英)【答案】He was aware that too mu
163、ch consumption/absorption of caffeine had（had）stimulating effect and (had) interfered with his sleep.【解析】【详解】考查短语，宾语从句，过去时和过去完成时。分析题意，be aware that 译为“意识到”，后接宾语从句。根据中文提示，可用consumption/absorption 来表示“摄入”；用 stimulating effect 来表示“刺激效果”；用interfere with表示“妨碍”，该词作为从句谓语之一。根据其语境，此处的“意识”应用一般过去时。根据宾语从句时态的要求“
164、主过从过”可知，从句部分的时态可用一般过去时或者过去完成时。综合分析，故翻译为He was aware that too much consumption/absorption of caffeine had（had）stimulating effect and (had) interfered with his sleep.79. 在疫情(epidemic)面前，我国政府展现出坚定的决心，令世人赞叹。(face) (汉译英)【答案】It is amazing that facing the epidemic/ faced with the epidemic, our government h
165、as demonstrated/demonstrated solid/great determination.Facing the epidemic/ faced with the epidemic, our government has demonstrated/demonstrated solid/great determination, which amazes people.【解析】【详解】考查主语从句，定语从句和非谓语动词。分析句子可知，表示“令世人赞叹”可以用It is amazing that结构，其中It作形式主语，that从句作真正主语；也可以用非限制性定语从句which a
166、mazes people.表示，修饰前面整个句子。“在疫情面前”，our government和face是主动关系，可以用现在分词facing the epidemic作状语，be faced with“面临，面对”，也可以用faced with the epidemic作状语。“展现”是demonstrate，“坚定的决心”是solid/great determination。表示已经发生的事情对现在的影响，用现在完成时。故答案为：It is amazing that facing the epidemic/ faced with the epidemic, our government has demonstrated/demonstrated solid/great determination.或Facing the epidemic/ faced with the epidemic, our government has demonstrated/demonstrated solid/great determination, which amazes people.34