1、考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 译林卷区版 英语 语法专练四 定语从句 考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 高频考点一 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词包括:that,which,as,who,whom和whose。除了whose外其他的关系代词在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语,whose在从句中充当定语来修饰名词。做题时首先找出从句和所修饰的先行词,然后分析从句结构(最好把先行词代入从句),看看从句中究竟缺少什么成分,最后做出正确选择。要注意以下几种情况:考点清单 1.当先行词是指物的不定代词all,some,none,something,much,the one等时,关系代词要用that。2.当先行词前有形
2、容词的最高级或序数词修饰时,关系代词要用that。3.当先行词中既有人又有物时,关系代词要用that。4.that不能引导非限制性定语从句。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 5.关系代词whose修饰从句中作主语的名词,表示所属关系,意为“的”,既可以修饰人也可以修饰物。6.当题干中出现such,the same时关系代词要用as,形成such.as,the same.as结构。典例1(2015湖南,29)It is a truly delightful place,looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding
3、streets and pretty cottages.答案 which 解析 句意:这真是一个令人愉快的地方,它看上去和100年前的样子一样,有蜿蜒的街道和漂亮的村舍。本题考查非限制性定语从句。先行词为place,将先行词代入定语从句后为:The place looks the same as.。由此可见关系词在定语从句中作主语且指“事物”,故用which。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 高频考点二 非限制性定语从句中关系代词as与which的区别典例2(2015江苏,21)The number of smokers,is reported,has dropped by 17 percent i
4、n just one year.whichas位置上一般放在先行词的后面位置灵活,可位于句前、句中,也可置于句后搭配上无动词的限制从句谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词,如:see,hear,know,expect,remember,guess,hope等意思上意为“这一点”表示“正如,正像的那样”答案 as 解析 句意:正如报道的那样,吸烟的人数仅在一年内就已经减少了百分之十七。本题考查非限制性定语从句。先行词为整个主句的内容,关系词在定语从句中作主语,故填as。as is reported正如报道的那样。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 高频考点三“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句构成句法功能
5、用法名词/代词+of+关系代词主语表示所属关系,名词前通常有定冠词修饰,可转化为“whose+名词”结构数词+of+关系代词主语表示部分与整体的关系,数词还可以用some,many,most,each等不定代词替换介词(短语)+关系代词状语有时可与关系副词互换,关系代词只能用which或whom,且不能省略介词+关系代词+名词状语关系代词常用whose考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 典例3(2015安徽,28)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon school education depends.答案 which 解析 句
6、意:一些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。先行词为skill,将先行词代入定语从句后为:School education depends upon the fundamen-tal skill.由此可见关系词在定语从句中作介词upon的宾语;本句中介词upon已被提前,故答案为which。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 高频考点四 关系副词引导的定语从句当关系词在定语从句中作状语时,要用关系副词。其中when=表时间的介词(如:in,at,on,during等)+which;where=表地点的介词(如:in,at,on,under等)+which;why=表原因的介词(如:for)+whi
7、ch。典例4(2015北京,24)Opposite is St.Pauls Church,you can hear some lovely music.答案 where 解析 句意:你们在对面的圣保罗教堂能听到一些动听的音乐。先行词为St.Pauls Church,将先行词代入定语从句后为:You can hear some lovely music in St.Pauls Church.由此可知关系词在从句中作地点状语,故用where。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 高频考点五 定语从句中的主谓一致1.one of+复数名词+关系代词+复数形式动词。2.the only one of+复数名词+
8、关系代词+单数形式动词。典例5 Barbara is easy to recognize as shes the only one of the women who(wear)evening dress.答案 wears 解析 句意:Barbara是唯一穿晚礼服的女性,所以认出她很容易。先行词为the only one of the women,关系词在从句中作主语,先行词的中心词是the only one,从句谓语动词与之保持一致,用单数且表状态,故填wears。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 知识清单 定语从句一、限制性与非限制性定语从句(一)限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从
9、句对先行词起修饰限制作用;非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用。非限制性定语从句中,先行词与定语从句往往有逗号隔开。如:He has two sons,who work in the same company.(He has only two sons.)他有两个儿子,他们在同一家公司上班。He has two sons who work in the same company.(Perhaps he has more than two sons.)他有两个在同一家公司上班的儿子。知识清单 考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 1.关系代词和关系副词在任何情况下都不能省略;2.who(主语),whom
10、(宾语),which(主语,宾语)不能用that代替,也不能互相替换;3.在“介词+which/whom从句”结构中,介词不能移到从句的后面;4.when,where,whose可用于非限制性定语从句中。二、关系代词的用法(一)关系代词的作用和分类1.关系代词的作用有三个:(1)连接作用:关系代词引导从句,把从句和主句连接起来;(2)替代作用:关系代词在从句中替代它前面的先行词;(3)成分作用:关系代词在从句中总是充当句子成分。(二)非限制性定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的用法考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 从句关系代词格 用于限制性和非限制性定语从句用于限制性定语从句指人指物既指人又指物主格词wh
11、owhichthat宾格词who(m)属格词whose/ofwhomwhose/ofwhichwhose2.关系代词的用法分类:考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 关系代词的用法与分类有三点依据:(1)根据所引导的从句的限制性和非限制性;(2)根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物;(3)根据它在从句中所充当的成分主语、宾语、表语或定语。(二)关系代词that 和which的用法1.限制性定语从句中,必须用关系代词that的情况:(1)当先行词是不定代词all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none时。如:Do you have anyt
12、hing that you want to say?你有什么要说的吗?You should hand in all that you have.考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 你应该把你有的都交上。(2)当先行词前面有the only,the very(恰恰,正好),any,few,little,no,all等词修饰时。如:This is the very bus that Im waiting for.这就是我正在等的公交车。The only thing that we can do is(to)give you some money.我们能做的唯一的事情就是给你一些钱。(3)当先行词是形容词最
13、高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。如:This way is the best that has been used against pollution.这是曾经用过的最好的抗污染的办法。This is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen.考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 这是我看过的最有趣的电影。(4)当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。如:This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.这是去苏州的最后一趟火车。What is the first American film that yo
14、u have seen?你看过的第一部美国电影是什么?(5)当先行词既有人又有物时。如:Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?你知道他们正在谈论的人和事吗?(6)当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。如:Which is the bike that you lost?考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 哪辆是你丢的自行车?Who is the boy that won the gold medal?赢得金牌的那个男孩是谁?(7)有两个定语从句时,其中一个关系代词宜用which,另外一个宜用that。如:They
15、 secretly built up a small factory,which produced things that could cause pol-lution.他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂,这家工厂生产的东西可能会造成污染。(8)当先行词在主句中作表语,而关系代词在从句中也作表语时。如:Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.上海不再是过去的那座城市了。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引(1)在非限制性定语从句中,只用which,不用that。如:Helen was much kinder to her youngest son tha
16、n to the others,which,of course,made the others envy him.海伦对最小的儿子比对其他的儿子好得多,这一点当然让其他的儿子很嫉妒。(2)当动词短语中的介词提前时,只用which,不用that。如:This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.这是鲁迅曾住过的房子。注意:在一些固定搭配的动词短语中,由于动词和介词不可分割,因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。如:This is the pen(which/that)Im looking for.2.当先行词指事/物时,定语从句中关系代词必须用which的情
17、况:考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 这是我正在寻找的那支钢笔。不可以说:This is the pen for which Im looking.(三)关系代词who,whom,that和whose的用法当先行词指人:关系词在定语从句中作主语时,用who/that,不可省略;关系词在定语从句中作宾语时,用whom/who/that,可以省略;关系词在定语从句中作定语时,用whose,不可省略。如:She is the girl who/that lives next door.(关系词在定语从句中作主语)她就是住在隔壁的女孩。Thats the girl(whom/who/that)I teach
18、.(关系词在定语从句中作宾语)那就是我教的女孩。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 This is the scientist whose achievements are well known.(关系词在定语从句中作定语)这就是那位成就卓著的科学家。This is the house whose window broke last night.=This is the house,the window of which broke last night.=This is the house,of which the window broke last night.这就是昨晚窗户坏了的那所房子。(四)
19、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句1.当介词放在关系代词的前面时,关系代词只能用which或whom,并且不能省略。如:He paid the boy$10 for washing ten windows,most of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 他付给那个男孩10美元擦洗10个窗户,这10个窗户中大部分至少一年没擦了。In the dark street,there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.在黑暗的街道上,她没有一个可以
20、求助的人。2.在限制性定语从句中,当介词位于定语从句的末尾时,可用that/which(指物),that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语,而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。如:This is the hero we are proud of.这是我们引以为荣的那个英雄。thatwhow hom()可省略考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 This is the pen I wrote the letter with.这是我写信时用的那支钢笔。3.“介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句,这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开,定语从句常用倒装语序。如:He lived in a big
21、 house,in front of which stood a big tall tree.他住在一所大房子里,房子前面有一棵高高的大树。4.介词+which/whom+不定式结构。如:The poor man has no house in which to live.=The poor man has no house to live in.thatwhich()可省略考点清单知识清单 栏目索引=The poor man has no house in which he can live.那个穷人没房子住。The beggar has no money with which to buy
22、 food.=The beggar has no money to buy food with.=The beggar has no money that he can buy food with.那个乞丐没钱买吃的。(五)关系代词as引导的定语从句关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句,as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式:考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 1.其中关系代词as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。如:We have found such materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了像他们
23、工厂里用的那种材料。(as作主语)These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.这些房子以人们预料的那样的低价出售。(as作宾语)He is not the same man as he was.他和过去不同了。(as作表语)注意:such.as引导的定语从句与such.that引导的状语从句的区别:He is such a clever boy as everyone likes.suchas.,the sameas.名词像一样的 像之类名词和同样的考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 他是一个人人都喜爱的聪明的男孩子。He
24、is such a clever boy that everyone likes him.他是一个如此聪明的男孩子,以至于人人都喜欢他。第一个句子中such.as引导的是定语从句,as在从句中作宾语;而第二个句子中such.that引导的是状语从句,从句中不缺任何成分。2.such as.such为代词,意为“这样的人或物”,as在从句中作成分,修饰先行词such。如:This book is not such as I expect.这不是我想要的书。(as作宾语)考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 1.as 引导的非限制性定语从句,既可在主句前,又可在主句后,有时还可插入主句中,而which引导的
25、非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可替代整个主句的内容。如:The weather turned out to be very good,which was more than we could expect.结果天气很好,超出了我们的预料。2.当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时,只能用as。如:As is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every month.=The moon travels round the earth once every month,as/which is known t
26、o every-body.=It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.(六)关系代词as,which的区别考点清单知识清单 栏目索引=What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.众所周知,月球每月绕地球转一次。后两句属名词性从句范畴。另外,as多用于下列习惯用语中:as anybody can see正如人人都能看到的那样;as is well know
27、n=as is known to all众所周知;as we had expected正如我们所预料的那样;as often happens正如经常发生的那样;as has been said before如上所述;as is mentioned above正如上面提到的。3.当定语从句放在主句后面时,也并不是as就永远等于which。(1)当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用which。如:He came here very late,which was unexpected(not expected).考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 他迟到了,这是意料之外的。(2)当as在从句中作主语
28、时,后面常接动词的被动语态。如:be known,be said,be reported,be announced等。如果从句中行为动词是主动语态,一般用which作主语。如:She has been absent again,as is expected.她又缺席了,这在预料之中。Tom has made rapid progress,which makes me very happy.汤姆进步很快,这使我很高兴。(3)as常用在as(it)seems likely,as(it)often happens,as(it)was pointed out,as(it)was said earlie
29、r,as I remember(it),as I understand(it),as(it)appears等结构中。如:Jack has won the first prize,as it often happens.考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 像往常一样,杰克得了一等奖。She has read widely in Romantic literature,as it appears from her essay.她广泛涉猎了浪漫主义文学,这从她的文章中可以看出来。(4)as仍然保持作连词时的某种含义。如:David is tall,as are my brothers(=and so are
30、 my brothers).戴维很高,我的兄弟们也一样。He opposed the idea,as could be expected.不出所料,他反对这个意见。(5)当非限制性定语从句的谓语是一个复合结构时,只能用which引导定语从句。如:Betty always tells a lie,which her parents find strange.考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 贝蒂总是说谎,她的父母觉得奇怪。三、关系副词的用法(一)当关系词在定语从句中作状语时,要用关系副词。其中when=表时间的介词(如:in,at,during等)+which;where=表地点的介词(如:in,at
31、,on,under等)+which;why=表原因的介词(如:for)+which。如:I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(when=on which)我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。Can you tell me the office where he works?(where=in which)你能告诉我他上班的办公室吗?Do you know the reason why he is absent?(why=for which)你知道他缺席的原因吗?考点清单知识清单 栏目索引(二)where/when=介词+关系代词
32、(which)。有时为表达清楚,还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from,to等。如:China is the birthplace of kites,from where kite flying spread to Japan,Korea,Thai-land and India.中国是风筝的故乡,从这里放风筝传到了日本、朝鲜、泰国和印度。(三)高考对关系副词where的考查高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂,从先行词为“明显的地点”转为“地点的模糊化”。事实上,对于where这个词,考生不能只理解为表地点。当先行词表示某人/物的situation,或某事所发展的stage,或
33、表达某事的某个方面时都可用where这个关系副词。如:They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 他们已经到了必须分手的地步。这种用法不是仅仅限于定语从句,特殊疑问句中的where,名词性从句中的where都有这种用法。如:Where will all this trouble lead?这件麻烦事会惹出什么结果?That is where you are mistaken.那就是你的错误所在。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 引导定语从句的关系代词及关系副词除了起连接主句
34、和从句的作用外,它们还有一个最重要的作用,那就是它们分别在定语从句中作成分。具体地说,关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语,而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。因此,在选择关系词时,最重要的是分析一下定语从句所缺的成分,若从句中缺主语、宾语、定语或表语,那么必须用关系代词;若从句中缺状语,那么必须用关系副词。试比较下面的句子:(1)Do you still remember the days that/which we spent in Qingdao?你还记得我们在青岛度过的日子吗?(2)Do you still remember the days when we spent the su
35、mmer holidays in Qing-dao?四、关系代词和关系副词的比较考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 你还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗?在句(1)中,定语从句中缺宾语,因此须用关系代词that/which来引导从句;在句(2)中,定语从句中缺时间状语,因此须用关系副词when来引导从句。五、定语从句用法的其他要点(一)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,不可省略。(二)定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数形式与先行词的单复数保持一致。当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时,那么定语从句中的谓语动词在人称、数的方面,应该与先行词保持一致。1.one of+复数名词+关系代词+动词复数形式。如:The
36、Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors.长城是吸引大批游客的世界著名的建筑之一。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 Titanic is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in Holly-wood.泰坦尼克号是好莱坞制作的最精彩的电影之一。2.the only one of+复数名词+关系代词+动词单数形式。如:The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on
37、the earth that is seen from the moon.长城是地球上唯一一个能从月球上看到的建筑物。Titanic is the only one of these wonderful movies that has been produced in Hol-lywood.在这些精彩的电影中,泰坦尼克号是唯一一部在好莱坞制作的电影。注意:not the only one of.=one of.如:考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 Tom isnt the only one of the boys who have passed the exam.=Tom is one of the
38、 boys who have passed the exam.汤姆并非是唯一一个通过考试的男孩。=汤姆是通过考试的男孩中的一个。3.当关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰主句内容时,若as与which作主语,则从句的谓语动词用单数形式。如:Great changes have taken place in China,as is known to all.众所周知,中国发生了巨大的变化。He has passed the college entrance examination,which makes his parents quite happy.他通过了高考,这让他的父母很高
39、兴。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 I,who am your teacher,will try my best to help you.我你的老师,将尽全力帮助你。To own a computer in families,which we thought was impossible twenty years a-go,now becomes true.家里有台电脑,在20年前我们认为不可能的事,现在变成真事儿了。(三)注意way和time后接定语从句的情况1.当先行词是way(意为“方式、方法”,关系词在从句中作状语)时,引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式。如:What surprised
40、me was not what he said but the way he said it.in whichthat不填4.其他情况:考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 让我吃惊的不是他说的话,而是他说话的方式。注意下面两个句子中关系词的不同,试比较:The way he explained to us was quite simple.他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。The way he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.他向我们解释句子的那种方法不难理解。thatwhich不填thatin which不填考点清
41、单知识清单 栏目索引 2.先行词是time时,若time作“次数”讲,应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可省略;若time作“一段时间,时代”讲,应用关系副词when或介词at/during+which引导定语从句。如:This is the second time(that)the President has visited the country.这是那个总统第二次访问这个国家了。I could hardly remember how many times(that)Ive failed.我几乎记不清曾失败过多少次了。There was a time when/during which there were no radios,no telephones or no TVsets.曾经有一个时期,没有收音机,没有电话,也没有电视。