1、一、非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句与主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作补充说明。从句与主句之间用逗号隔开，可省略。1由关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句当先行词指人时通常用 who,whom,whose，指物时用 which，这些关系代词不能省略。His mother,who loved him very much,died in 1818.他的母亲很爱他，但在 1818 年她就去世了。Yesterday I met Li Ping,who looked tired.昨天我见到李平了，她看起来非常累。I spent a whole afternoon with John,who was ver
2、y friendly and helpful.我整整一个下午都和约翰在一起，他非常和善并且乐于助人。2关系副词引导的定语从句英语中用来引导定语从句的关系副词主要有 when,where,why。它们在从句中都作状语，有时相当于“介词which”。(1)when 引导的定语从句when 说明时间，意为“在那时”“其时”，可以引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。其先行词多是表示时间的名词 day,year,time 等。在口语中，when 引导限制性定语从句时，常常可为that 所代替或省略。March 10,1876 was the day when(on which)the first co
3、mplete sentence was sent over a telephone.1876 年 3 月 10 日是第一个完整的句子通过电话传送的日子。In all the twenty years(that)he has been in the factory,George has never missed a single days work.乔治在工厂整整工作了 20 年，从未缺过一天勤。We will put off the outing until next week,when we wont be so busy.我们将把郊游推迟到下周，那时我们就不会太忙了。(2)where 引导
4、的定语从句where 说明地点，意为“在那里”“在该处”，可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。其先行词含有地点的意思。Scientists believe that there must be hundreds of heavenly bodies in the universe where(on which)human beings or something like human beings may exist.科学家们相信，人或类似人的生物能够生存的天体，在宇宙中可能有几百个。There is one spot near the Philippines,where the
5、 sea is more than 11 kilometres deep.在菲律宾附近的海域，有一处水深达 11 000 米。Cheating is most likely in situations where the vital interests are high and the chances of getting caught are low.在关系到自己的切身利益，且被抓着的可能性很小的情况下，人们最有可能作弊。3as 引导的非限制性定语从句当 as 引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词为整个主句。在从句中，as 可以作主语、宾语和表语，意为“如”“像一样”。Though all he
6、 had named were slaves,he said,they were all respected people,as Kunta well knew.他说，正如昆塔所熟知的一样，虽然他刚才提到的人都是做苦工的，但他们都是受人尊重的人。Betty slept,lying very straight and still,as was her habit in sleep.和平时睡觉时的情况一样，贝蒂挺直地、静静地躺在那儿睡着了。易混辨析 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句(1)形式上不同非限制性定语从句在书写时往往用逗号和主句分开，而限制性定语从句不能用逗号与主句分开。Last nigh
7、t I saw a very good film,which was about the Long March.昨天晚上我看了一部好电影，它是关于长征的。The man whom I met in the street was a driver.我在街上碰到的那个人是个司机。(2)可否省略的不同限制性定语从句如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整，而非限制性定语从句是对先行词作的附加说明，即使去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。I was the only person in my office who was invited.我是办公室唯一一个被邀请的人。They set up a state of their
8、 own,where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.他们建立了自己的州，在这里他们会自由地将黑人当奴隶。(3)关系代词的不同非限制性定语从句不能用 that 代替 who,whom 和 which，并且关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时也不能省略，但在限制性定语从句中恰恰相反。(4)翻译方式不同限制性定语从句往往译在先行词之前，而非限制性定语往往译为两个并列的句子。二、定语从句的省略1在定语从句中作宾语的关系代词有 who(m),which,that。在限制性定语从句中，当 who(m)和 that 作宾语用于指人时，可以互换使用，
9、通常可以省略；当 that 和 which 作宾语用于指物时，两者也可以互换使用，关系代词 what/which 也通常省略。It that the man(whom)/(who)/(that)you gave your tickets to?(whom,who 或 that 可以省略)那个人是你把你的票给他的那个人吗？Where is the book(which)/(that)I bought yesterday?(which 或that 可以省略)我昨天买的那本书在哪儿？注意：(1)当关系代词 whom 和 which 直接置于介词之后时，则不能省略。Is that the addres
10、s to which you sent the telegram?那是你发送电报到那儿的地址吗？(2)非限制性定语从句中的关系代词和关系副词在任何情况下都不能省略。2.关系代词在从句中作主语时，一般不能省去。但是，如果主句是 there be 句型，或者从句的谓语是 there be，那么作从句主语的关系代词可以省去。This is the only through train(that)there is to Shanghai.这是唯一一辆开往上海的直达车。3将定语从句变为非谓语动词(1)定语从句转换成不定式短语。This is the best thing that we can do i
11、n memory of our beloved teacher.This is the best thing to do in memory of our beloved teacher.这是为纪念我们敬爱的老师我们能做的最好的事。He is a good comrade with whom you can work.He is a good comrade to work with.他是一个很好共事的同志。注意：定语从句转换成不定式短语时，从句中的情态动词、主语均可省略。介词加关系代词引导的定语从句转换成不定式短语时，关系代词可省略，但介词不可省略。(2)定语从句转换成现在分词短语。当关系代
12、词为定语从句的主语，从句中的谓语又是主动的行为动词时，一般可转换成现在分词短语。但要注意主从句时态保持一致或对立。The train that leaves from Platform 5 goes to Beijing.The train leaving from Platform 5 goes to Beijing.第 5 站台开出的火车驶往北京。Yesterday we had a meeting which lasted 2 hours.Yesterday we had a meeting lasting 2 hours.昨天我们举行了一个持续两个小时的会议。The plan whic
13、h is being discussed is of great importance.The plan being discussed is of great importance.正在讨论的这个计划非常重要。(3)定语从句转换成过去分词短语当关系代词为定语从句的主语，从句中的谓语又是被动语态时，可转化为过去分词。The house which was damaged in the fire will be rebuilt soon.The house damaged in the fire will be rebuilt soon.大火中损坏的房子不久就要翻修。考情分析定语从句主要考查其关
14、系代词或关系副词的选择和使用情况。在语法填空、短文改错中涉及较多。高考中对非限制性定语从句主要是考查关系词的选择。定语从句的解题思路：(1)找主句；(2)找先行词；(3)把先行词代入定语从句；(4)判断用关系词代替先行词后在从句中所作成分；(5)根据其所作成分选择关系词。即学即练 1单句语法填空1She and her family bicycle to work,_ helps them keep fit.2Kae,_ sister I shared a room with when we were at college,has gone to work in Australia.3My e
15、ldest son,_ work takes him all over the world,is in New York at the moment.4.In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme,one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.5Many young people,most of _ were well-educated,headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.whichwhosewhosewhosewhom6We
16、 will put off the picnic in the park until next week,_the weather may be better.7Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears,none of _ has been proved.8Opposite is St.Pauls Church,_ you can hear some lovely music.9China Today attracts a worldwide readership,_ shows that m
17、ore and more people all over the world want to learn about China.10The number of smokers,_ is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.whenwhichwherewhichas批语as/which 都可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换。1下列情况通常只用 which，不用 as。从句的谓语动词后有复合结构时。I dont think that he will come to see me,which makes me sad.我认为他不
18、会来看我了，这使我很伤心。指代前面整个句子，而且有“出乎意料”之意时。He failed in the exam,which we hadnt expected at all.他考试不及格，这一点我们从没料到。2下列情况通常用 as，不用 which。当定语从句位于主句前时。As you can see,the Chinese people are hard-working.如你所见，中国人民是勤劳的。as 引导非限制性定语从句时常被译为“正如”，多用于固定结构中。as is often the case 这是常有的事as we expected 不出所料as often happens 正如
19、常发生的那样即学即练 2简化定语从句：1Some pictures that have been taken by middle school students are on show in the museum.2She and her husband are now at work on a new novel which will be published next year.Some pictures taken by middle school students are on show in the museum.She and her husband are now at work
20、 on a new novel to bepublished next year.3There are still many problems that must be solved.4The house which was damaged in the fire will be rebuilt soon.There are still many problems to be solved.The house damaged in the fire will be rebuilt soon.单句语法填空1北京高考改编Opposite is St.Pauls Church,_ you can h
21、ear some lovely music.2福建高考改编China Today attracts a worldwide readership,_ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.3江苏高考改编The number of smokers,_ is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.4湖南高考改编It is a truly delightful place,_ looks the same as it m
22、ust have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.wherewhichaswhich5四川高考改编The books on the desk,_ covers are shiny,are prizes for us.6重庆高考改编He wrote many childrens books,nearly half of _ were published in the 1990s.7The famous basketball star,_ tried to make a comeback,attract
23、ed a lot of attention.8York,_ I visited last year,is a nice old city.9Please give the book to Jessica,_ we met in the hall just now.10None of us accepted the reason he explained,for _he was absent.whosewhichwhowhichwhomwhich.完成句子12015全国卷书面表达我们还将会在一起唱歌、跳舞、玩游戏，度过一段快乐的时间，我们希望这能使他们高兴。Well also spend som
24、e fun time together singing,dancing and playing games,_.22015北京高考书面表达我打算参加一个龙舟训练营，训练营将在 6 月 17 日开始，6 月 20 日结束。I am going to take part in a Dragon Boat Training Camp,_ and end on June 20.which we hope will make them happywhich will start on June 1732015四川高考书面表达我已经教过许多外国人学习普通话，这使我在教学方面有许多经验。I have tau
25、ght some foreigners Mandarin,_ _.4他正在擦窗子，很多窗子很脏。He is cleaning the windows，_.5他们是最后两个上船的。They were the last two _.which makes me have much experience in teachingmany of which are very dirtyto go aboard the ship6站在树下的那个女孩是我妹妹。The girl _ is my younger sister.7这是一本去年出版的书。This is a book _.8他有很多朋友，其中一些来自
26、外国。He has many friends,_.standing under the treepublished last yearsome of whom are from foreign countries.语法填空Michael,1._ was ten years old,lived in a small town in England.He always stayed in England for his holidays,2._ one day he decided to go to Spain,3._ all his friends liked to go for their h
27、olidays.First he went to Madrid,4._ is the capital of Spain,and stayed in a small hotel.On the first morning,he went out for a walk.In England,people drive on the left.But in Spain,they drive on the right,5._ surprised him.6._ he was walking along a busy street,a bike 7._ came before him,knocked him down.Michael was sent to a hospital,in 8._ the girl 9._ rode the bike said sorry to him.After two weeks,Michael left Spain and returned to England.He told his friends that he wouldnt forget the first day 10._ he stayed in Spain.whobutwherewhichwhichWhile/When/Asthat/whichwhichwho/that when