1、专题01 长难句案例分析二难度： 长难句1When contributions were made by geniuses outside the clubwomen, or people of a different color or beliefthey were unacknowledged and rejected by others. （2021年全国甲卷）词汇突破1.contributionn.贡献 2. geniusn.天才、天赋3. unacknowledgedadj.不被承认的、未公开的4. rejectv.拒绝，排斥，驳回结构分析When contributions wer
2、e made by geniuses outside the club是when引导的时间状语，outside the club是介词短语，作genius的后置定语，来修饰genius。women, or people of a different color or belief是geniuses的同位语，做插入语，是对genius的解释说明，of a different color or belief是介词短语，做people的后置定语，来修饰people，color和belief是并列成分。参考译文当俱乐部以外的天才、女性或其他肤色或信仰不同的人做出贡献时，他们不会得到别人的承认和拒绝。长
3、难句2Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are really, really smart. （2021年全国甲卷）词汇突破1.beliefn.信仰，相信2. avoidv.避免结构分析that girls act on that belief是that引导的宾语从句，作found的宾语。Around age six they start to avoid activ
4、ities said to be for children who are really, really smart.是对belief的解释说明，是belief的同位语。said to be for children是非谓语动词做activities的后置定语，来修饰activities。children who are really, really smart.是who引导的定语从句，who在从句中做主语，代指children。参考译文更糟糕的是，研究发现，女孩们的行为也遵循这种信念：在6岁左右，她们开始避免那些据说是非常非常聪明的孩子才会做的活动。长难句3Its this strange
5、form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass. （2020年全国I卷）参考译文不过，马萨诸塞州塞勒姆州立大学运动科学副教授贾克琳诺伯格说，正是这种奇怪的形式才让竞走成为了一项如此诱人的活动。结构分析本句是一个强调句，被强调部分是 this strange form。词汇突破1. race walkin
6、g竞走2. assistant professor副教授长难句4According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calo
7、ries per hour. （2020年全国I卷）参考译文整句可以翻译为三个句子：根据大多数的计算结果，以时速6英里的速度竞走的运动员，每小时会消耗大约800卡路里。这一数据虽然比跑步消耗的卡路里少，但却大约是他们步行时所消耗的卡路里的两倍。跑步每小时消耗大约1000卡路里或者更多。 结构分析本句较长，含有两个非限制性定语从句。主句为race walkers would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour，moving at a pace of six miles per hour为后置定语，修饰主语race walker，意为“以时速6英里行走的（竞
8、走运动员）”。第一个非限制性定语从句which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running，对主句中的“about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour”进行解释说明，即“这一数据虽然比跑步消耗的卡路里少，但却大约是他们步行时所消耗的卡路里的两倍”。第二个非限制性定语从句which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.其实附属于第一个非限制性定语从句，对前面的runnin
9、g进行解释说明。整个句子可以分成三部分理解，即主句、第一个非限制性定语从句、第二个非限制性定语从句。词汇突破1. calculation 计算2. approximately 大约3. calory 卡路里长难句5Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. （2020年全国I卷）参考译文尽管很可能竞走对身体的损伤更少，但是研究表明，在对健康的好处方面，竞走和跑步是一样的。结构分析本句中while意
10、为“尽管、虽然”，most likely意为“很有可能”，contributing to fewer injuries意为“造成更少伤害”。sharewith意为“分享、共有”，此处表示竞走和跑步共有很多健康好处，也就是说，在健康好处方面，竞走和跑步是一样的。词汇突破1. likely 可能2. contribute to 导致3. injury 伤害长难句6But the sports rules require that a race walkers knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain
11、in contact with the ground at all times. （2020年全国I卷）参考译文但是这项运动的规则要求：竞走运动员的膝盖要在几乎整个摆腿的过程中保持绷直，并且全程要有一只脚和地面保持接触。结构分析本句中谓语动词是require，意为要求，后面跟宾语从句，从句要求动词使用（should）+do（动词原形）。and连接两个并列的宾语从句，第一个宾语从句“that a race walkers knees stay straight through most of the leg swing”，意为“竞走运动员的膝盖要在几乎整个摆腿的过程中保持绷直”，其中“swing
12、”是名词，这里指腿的摆动。第二个宾语从句为“one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times”，意为“全程要有一只脚和地面保持接触”。词汇突破1. knee膝盖2. straight 笔直的3. in contact with接触到长难句7Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not jus
13、t consumers of fashion- they are central to its movement. （2019年全国卷3）参考译文中国模特是美与时尚运动的代言人，时尚运动向全世界的女性推销梦想，这意味着中国女性不仅仅是时尚的消费者-他们是这场运动的核心。结构分析1.定语从句1：fashion campaigns (that sell dreams to women all over the world)向全世界的女性推销梦想的时尚运动2.定语从句2：which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion这意味着中国
14、女性不仅仅是时尚的消费者3.同位语：they are central to its movement.他们是这场运动的核心词汇突破1. campaign运动2. consumer消费者长难句8They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself. （2019年全国卷1）参考译文他们在(学生)地位中上升。方式不是通过待人友善而是通过吸烟、违反规则和嘲弄别人，不
15、久我也成了其中的受害人。结构分析1.介词短语作状语：in the ranks。2. “介词+动名词”作状语。notby being friendlybutby smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others不是通过待人友善而是通过吸烟、违反规则和嘲弄别人3.非限制性定语从句作状语：among whom I soon found myself很快在这些人中间我发现我自己词汇突破1. rank 地位，排名2. cigarette香烟长难句9Good Morning Britains Susanna Reid is use
16、d to grilling guests on the sofa every morning，but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role - showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.（2018全国高考I卷）参考译文早安英国的 Susanna Reid 习惯于每天早上在沙发上盘问客人，但她最近扮演的角色却在酝酿一场风暴：向家人展示如何在预算紧张的情况下准备美味而富有营养的美餐。结构分析1. but前后的句子为两个并列分句。
17、2. how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget是“特殊疑问词how+动词不定式”作宾语。 词汇突破1. be used to doing习惯于做某事2. grill烧烤，拷问，盘问3. cooking up a storm制造风暴，酝酿一场风暴4. nutritious meals富有营养的美餐5. on a tight budget在预算紧张情况下长难句10He turned up at the hospitalbearing gifts for the new mother Lindsey and her
18、 baby boy. Lindseys husband was totallyastonishedby the unexpected visit. “I dont think we would have randomly invited him over but weappreciateit and the gifts.” （2018全国卷III）参考译文他带着礼物来到医院，送给了新妈妈林赛和她的男婴。林赛的丈夫对此感到非常惊讶。“我认为我们不会随意地邀请他过来，但是我们很感激他的礼物。”结构分析1. bearing gifts for the new mother Lindsey and h
19、er baby boy为现在分词作状语。2. Lindseys husband was totally astonished by the unexpected visit.其中的by the unexpected visit为状语。3. I dont think we would have randomly invited him over but we appreciate it and the gifts.为直接引语部分。but 前后内容为转折关系。其中I dont think为主句，we would have randomly invited him over是宾语从句，同时该宾语从句
20、中发生了否定转移。词汇突破1. bear熊，忍受，生（孩子），结（果实），带有2. totally完全，整个地，全部地3. astonish使惊讶，使大为吃惊4. unexpected意外的，想不到的5. randomly随便地，未加计划地6. appreciate欣赏，感激，鉴别长难句11Teresaposted a photo of the chance meeting on a social networking websiteaccompaniedby the touching words: “What ablessingthis young man was to our family
21、! He was sosweetand kind to do this.” The post has since gained theattentionof social media users all over the world, receiving more than 184,000 shares and 61,500 likes in just three days. （2018全国卷III）参考译文特蕾莎在一个社交网站上发布了一张偶遇照片，用感人的话说：“这个年轻人对我们的家庭是多么的幸运啊！他这么做真是太贴心了。“这篇文章从那时起就引起了世界各地社交媒体用户的注意。 在短短三天内，
22、就拥有超过18.4万分享和6.15万点赞。结构分析1. accompanied by the touching words为过去分词短语作后置定语。 2. What a blessing this young man was to our family! He was so sweet and kind to do this.为直接引语部分。3. receiving more than 184,000 shares and 61,500 likes in just three days为结果状语。词汇突破1. chance meeting邂逅，偶尔相遇2. social networking社
23、会交往3. accompanied by附有4. blessing祝福，好事， 福分5. social media社交媒体6. all over the world全世界，五洲四海7. more than超过，不只是，很长难句12When most of us get a text message on our cell phone from an unknown person, we usually say “wrong number!” and move on. But when Dennis Williamsreceiveda text that clearly wasnt intend
24、ed for him, he did somethingspecial. （2018全国卷III）参考译文当我们大多数人在手机上收到陌生人的短信时，我们通常会说“对不起，发错人了！”，然后不予理睬。但是当丹尼斯威廉姆斯收到一条显然不是发给他的短信时，他做了一些特别的事情。结构分析1. When most of us get a text message on our cell phone from an unknown person为时间状语从句，we usually say “wrong number!” and move on为主句，and前后为并列关系。2. but前后为转折关系。3.
25、when Dennis Williams received a text that clearly wasnt intended for him为时间状语从句，其中 that clearly wasnt intended for him是定语从句，修饰先行词text；he did something special为主句。词汇突破1. text message短信2. cell phone手机3. wrong number打电话拨错号码4. move on离开，继续前进5. intended意指（intend的过去式和过去分词）长难句13Hed moved to England with hi
26、s mum when he was three and it had been 13 years since Idlast seen him. So imagine mydelightwhen he emailed me saying he wanted to come to visit me. （2018全国卷II）参考译文在三岁的时候他和妈妈搬到了英国。自从我上次见到他以来，已经十三年了。当他给我发电子邮件说他想来看我的时候，你可以想象一下我是多么的快乐。结构分析1.Hed moved to England with his mum when he was three是主从复合句，when
27、 he was three 是时间状语从句；and前后的部分为并列句。2. So imagine mydelightwhen he emailed me saying he wanted to come to visit me.与上一句构成因果关系，它整体为复合句；when he emailed me saying he wanted to come to visit me为时间状语从句，同时套有宾语从句 he wanted to come to visit me，imagine my delight 为主句。词汇突破1. delight快乐，高兴2. saying谚语，格言长难句14I wa
28、s thrilled！I arrived early at Byron Bay where we were supposed tomeet.The bay wasbathedin sunshine, and there was a group of kayakers around 150m off the shore. （2018全国卷II）参考译文我很激动！我很早就到了我们应该见面的拜伦湾。海湾沐浴在阳光下，离岸150米左右有一排皮划艇。结构分析1. I arrived early at Byron Bay where we were supposed tomeet.整体为复合句。I arr
29、ived early at Byron Bay为主句，where we were supposed to meet为定语从句。2. The bay wasbathedin sunshine, and there was a group of kayakers around 150m off the shore.为并列句。The bay was bathed in sunshine为分句1，there was a group of kayakers around 150m off the shore为分句2。词汇突破1. thrilled非常兴奋的; 极为激动的2. suppose假定，期望，b
30、e supposed to被期望应该做某事3. bay湾，海湾4. bathe给洗澡，游泳长难句15Despite the celebrations, though, in the U. S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations. （2017新课标I）参考译文然而，虽然有这些庆祝活动，但是在美国，爵士乐的听众持续减少，且听众越来越老龄化。爵士乐已经与年轻一代脱节。结构分析1. though (用于主句后
31、，引出补充说明，使语气变弱)不过，可是，然而2. and前后的内容是并列的，讲述的是爵士乐的衰退。词汇突破1. despite prep.即使，尽管，不管2. audience n.观众，听众，读者3. shrink v.收缩，减少长难句16Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the
32、attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch. （2017新课标II）参考译文一些植物发出味道难闻的气味以此来驱赶昆虫。但是一些植物做双重工作。它们发出特定的香味以此来吸引别的昆虫，这些昆虫是正在袭击它们的昆虫的天敌。一旦这些昆虫被吸引过来，那情况就反转了。正在吃午餐的昆虫变成了它们天敌的盘中餐。结构分析1. who are natural enemies to the attacker为定语从句，修饰insects。2. once引导条件状
33、语从句。3. who was lunching为定语从句，修饰attacker。词汇突破1. pump out发出2. perfume n.香味，香水3. lunch v. 用午餐 n.午餐长难句17But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving s
34、kills.参考译文但是我们也都要承认，随着我们变老，我们的反应会变慢，这就导致人们回避具有潜在挑战性的驾驶状况，并对他们的驾驶技能失去信心。结构分析1. that后面整体为宾语从句。2. as we get older为时间状语从句，对应的主句为our reactions slow down。3. and 连接的people avoiding和losing confidence in 是并列的代名词复合结构。词汇突破1. reaction n. 反应2. potentially adv. 潜在地3. challenging adj. 具有挑战性的长难句18Hollywoods theory
35、that machines with evil minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence (AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. （2017年北京高考）参考译文好莱坞的这个理论-具有邪恶思想的机器人将驾驭大批杀手机器人-是很幼稚的。真正可能出现的情况是
36、: 人工智能可能会极其擅长做某事，而这件事并不是我们真正想要的。结构分析1. that后面的machines with evil minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly为同位语从句，解释名词theory的内容。2. that 后面的artificial intelligence (AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want为同位语从句，解释名词possibility的内容。3. other than 后面的what we really want为宾语从句。词汇突破1. evil adj.邪恶的2. possibility n.可能性3. artificial intelligence人工智能