1、2012届高三英语二轮复习精品学案（湖北专用）：第3模块 阅读理解 专题8 科普知识型阅读理解专题导读科普类文章主要包括自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类， 其取材密切联系当前经济和科技等方面的变化， 以介绍某一科学现象居多。科普类文章具有结构严谨， 逻辑性强等特点。其主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等， 其中推理判断题居多。 从词汇角度来看，在科普类文章中， 词汇的意义比较专一、稳定、简明、不带感情色彩， 具有单一性和准确性的特点。从语法和句子结构方面看， 句子结构较复杂， 长难句较多， 语法分析较困难。文章中常用被动语态、定语从句等。科普文常用的修辞手段有
2、： 1. 下定义：有时为了突出事物的主要内容或主要问题，往往用简明扼要的语言给对象一个说法，使读者对被说明的对象有明确的概念。2. 举事例：举出有代表性的恰当的例子，能够反映一般的情况，真切地说明事物特征。3. 做比较：选择有外部或内部联系的事物进行比较，往往能增强说明事物的效果。4. 打比方：适当运用比喻，能够增强说明的形象性和生动性。科普说明文在结构上常采用的写作方法有：1. 总分式。在说明事物或事理时，段落(层次)之间有一个总分关系，表现为由总到分、由分到总。2. 承接式。各层之间按照事物的发展过程，或者按时间、因果、条件等关系安排，前后相互承接。3. 递进式。后边在前边的基础上进一步说
3、明，各层之间的关系是由浅入深。文章的命题除了遵循科普阅读的命题方式外， 还经常考查文章的篇章结构和修辞手法。真题典例2011湖南卷 A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct(不同的)species.The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard Universities when t
4、hey were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephantsthe Asian elephant，African forest elephant，and African savanna elephant.Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列) from two fossils(化石)，mammoths and mastodons，the team compared them with DNA from
5、 modern elephants.They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species
6、 for several million years.The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths.This result amazed all the scientists.There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species，but this is the most co
7、nvincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species.Previously，many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species，despite the elephants significant size differences.The savanna elephant has an average
8、shoulder height of 3.5 metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5 metres.The savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons，roughly double the weight of the forest elephant.But the fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species.H
9、owever the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.Alfred Roca，assistant professor in the Department of Animal Sciences at the University of Illinois，said，“We now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purposes.Since 1950，all African elephants have been c
10、onserved as one species.Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinctive animals，the forest elephant should become a bigger priority(优先)for conservation purposes.” ()1.One of the fossils studied by the researchers is that of _.Athe Asian elephant Bthe forest elephant Cthe s
11、avanna elephant Dthe mastodon elephant ()2.The underlined word “divergence” in paragraph 4 means “_.”Aevolution Bexhibition Cseparation Dexamination ()3.The researchers conclusion was based on a study of the African elephants _.ADNA Bheight Cweight Dpopulation()4.What are Alfred Rocas words mainly a
12、bout?AThe conservation of African elephants.BThe purpose of studying African elephants.CThe way to divide African elephants into two units.DThe reason for the distinction of African elephants.()5.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?ANaturalists Beliefs about ElephantsBAmazin
13、g Experiments about ElephantsCAn Unexpected Finding about ElephantsDA Long Scientific Debate about Elephants【要点综述】本文为科普说明文。主要介绍关于大象的最新研究成果：非洲大象被分成两种完全不同的品种非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象。1D细节理解题。根据第三段 “Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列)from two fossils(化石)，mammoths and mastodons, the team compared them with DNA fro
14、m modern elephants.”可判断选D。2C词义猜测题。根据第四段“The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years.”可知，科学家已证实，非洲的草原大象与非洲的森林大象几百万年来都不属于同一品种，即可推断下句为“两种大象的分离应发生在”。由此可推断划线词应意为“分离”，故选C。3A细节理
15、解题。根据第三段“Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列)from two fossils(化石)，mammoths and mastodons, the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants. They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths”可判断研究者的结论是建立在对非洲大象的D
16、NA的研究结果的基础上的，故选A。4A逻辑推理题。根据最后一段中的“Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinctive animals, the forest elephant should become a bigger priority (优先)for conservation purposes.”可推断他的讲话是围绕对非洲大象的保护的，故选A。5C主旨大意题。根据主题段第一段可知，本文主要介绍关于非洲大象的最新研究成果：非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象实为两种完全不同的品种。由此判断选C。新题预测
17、(一)Motorists who used to listen to the radio or their favorite tunes on CDs may have a new way to entertain themselves, after engineers in Japan developed a musical road surface.A team from the Hokkaido Industrial Research Institute has built a number of “melody roads”， which use cars as tuning fork
18、s to play music as they travel.The concept works by using grooves(凹槽)They are cut at very specific intervals in the road surface. The melody road uses the spaces between to create different notes.Depending on how far apart the grooves are, a car moving over them will produce a series of high or low
19、notes, and designers are able to create a distinct tune.Paten documents for the design describe it as notches “formed in a road surface so as to play a melody without producing simple sound or rhythm and reproduce melodylike tones”There are three musical strips in central and northern Japanone of wh
20、ich plays the tune of a Japanese pop song. Reports say the system was invented by Shizuo Shinoda. He scraped some markings into a road with a bulldozer before driving over them and found that they helped to produce all kinds of tones.The optimal speed for melody road is 44kph，but people say it is no
21、t always easy to get the intended sound.“You need to keep the car windows closed to hear well，”wrote one Japanese blogger.“Driving too fast will sound like playing fast forward, while driving around 12mph20km/hhas a slowmotion effect, making you almost carsick.”()1.According to the passage, melody r
22、oads use _ to create different notes.Acars Bgrooves Cspaces between intervals Dbulldozers ()2.We can learn from the passage that the highness of notes depends on _.Ahow far the grooves are Bhow big the grooves areCthe number of the grooves Dthe speed of the car()3.The underlined word “optimal” in th
23、e passage might mean _.Afastest Bpossible Cbest Dsuitable ()4.In order to hear the music well, you have to _.Adrive very fast Bdrive slowlyCopen the windows wide Dkeep the windows closed()5.Whats the best title of the passage?AA New Type of Music BMelody Roads in JapanCA Musical Road Surface DA New
24、Invention in Japan1C细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句话The melody road uses the spaces between to create different notes.可以得出答案为C。 2A细节理解题。根据文章第四段第一句话可知，声音的高低取决于凹槽的间距，因此正确答案为A。 3C词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段，并联系上下文可以推断，optimal在这里是“最佳的，最理想的”，因此正确答案为C 。 4D细节理解题。根据文章最后一段第一句话可以得出选项D正确。其余三项都与原文说法不符。 5B主旨大意题。文章讲述的是日本发明音乐路面的事情，故选B。 (二)
25、 Following some of the tips for green living helps save our planet. All of these involve just a few changes to our daily habits. Just walk and limit the use of your car. One of the poster images of pollution is our vehicles. It burns fuel. It is not as efficient as we hope it could be, and we use it
26、 every single day. To lessen the effects of the air pollution caused by our vehicles, we should limit their use. If we can walk to our destination then just let us go. Not only do we lessen our carbon dioxide emissions, but we also get a good exercise out of it.Use a laptop instead of a computer des
27、ktop. Laptops are more energy efficient compared to their bigger counterparts. A laptop is generally 50 percent more efficient in using electricity. Aside from that there are other benefits of a laptop. It is portable so you can work anywhere you like and that you get powerful features without the l
28、arge size of desktop units. Turn off the faucet while you are brushing your teeth. It is always a better idea to use a glass when we are brushing our teeth and not to just let the faucet keep on running. Therefore, there is less water to waste while we are cleaning our pearly whites. Simply turn off
29、 the faucet when you are not using it.Make good use of natural light. We have a great and natural lampthe sun, and we should learn how to take full advantage of it during daytime. So instead of turning on our lights or lamps even if it is still not evening, we should pull up the drapes and let the n
30、atural light come in from the windows. These are just some of the best tips for green living, but of course there are still many of these tips if you just search for them. But you can do your own variation any time just always prioritize how you can use less energy and produce even less trash and po
31、llution. ()1.Whats the best title for the passage?AHow to Save Our Planet BHow to Change Our Daily HabitsCTips for Green Living Today DGreen Living and Serious Pollution ()2.Compared with a computer desktop, a laptop is _.Aless energy efficient Bfaster at work Ceasy to repair Deasy to carry ()3.How
32、many tips does the passage mention for green living today?AThree. BFour. CFive. DSix. ()4.The underlined word “prioritize” in the last paragraph can be replaced by the word _.Adecrease BconsiderCimagine Dguess ()5.Which of the following is NOT true?AA few changes to daily habits can help a lot.BWhil
33、e washing teeth we should turn off the faucet.CVehicles bring pollution and we should try to avoid.DIn the daytime we should not pull up the drapes.1C主旨大意题。本文前后呼应，主要向读者介绍了当今日常生活中简单易行的四种绿色生活方式。 2D细节理解题。从第三段中的 It is portable可知D项正确。 3B细节理解题。短文从第二段至第五段各提出了一种绿色生活方式，一共四种。 4B词义猜测题。根据前面的意思“你可以用自己的多种方法”以及后面的 how you can use less energy and produce even less trash and pollution可以排除decrease(减少)，推断出prioritize应为“认真考虑；优先考虑”的意思，所以使用consider最符合语境。 5D细节理解题。由第五段可知，白天应充分利用自然光，应该拉开窗帘，故选D。 高考资源网独家精品资源，欢迎下载！高考资源网Ks5uK&S%5#U