1、第二板块阅读理解与阅读七选五专题一阅读理解高考总复习大二轮 英语 第二讲 推理判断题整体感知明方向推理判断题是阅读理解的另一重要题型，属于深层理解类试题，要求考生在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系及细节的分析，进行推理和判断，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。推理判断题通常占阅读理解总题数的 20%35%，仅次于细节理解题。为更好地区分考生，这几年对推理判断题的考查，难度呈上升趋势。常见设问方式 熟悉 4 种常考题型1细节推理判断题细节推理判断题要求考生根据语篇内容，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。该类
2、型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：It can be inferred from the text that _.It can be concluded from the passage that _.The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that _.2观点、态度推理判断题该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：The attitude of the author towards somebody/something is _.The authors attitude towards.can be best described as _.The
3、tone of this passage is best described as _.3写作意图推理判断题该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：The main purpose of this text is _.Whats the authors purpose in writing this article?It can be concluded that the passage is mainly written for _.The author writes this passage to _.The author in this passage intends to_.4文章出处推理
4、判断题该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：This passage most likely comes from _.In which part of a newspaper can you most probably read the text?Where does the text most probably come from?From which is the text probably taken?正确选项特征1不是文中直接或明确说明的内容，是间接表达出来的，除符合文章主旨外，还符合逻辑，让考生有推敲的余地。2正确选项大多含义深刻，不是常识选项。干扰选项特征1夸大事实：对于原文中的细
5、节或诊断的某方面进行了夸大处理。2无中生有：捏造原文并不存在的信息，并以此作为依据进行推理。3掺入常识：考生已有的常识是正确的，但不是基于文章。4推理过度：引申过度，使结论过于绝对化。5以细节代替推断：只是原文简单的复述，而非推断出来的结论。分类例析通技法逻辑关联得结论解题攻略1抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理。2整合全文(段)信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文(段)意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论。3以事实为依据：推断一定要以文章所提供的事实为依据，不能凭空想象，
6、这样才能做出合理的推断。典例(2019全国卷B 片段)Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president.The answer broke his heart.Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and sp
7、eak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀)about themselves.“Boasting about yourself，and your best qualities，”Whaley says，“is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”26We can infer that the purpose of Whaleys project is to_.Ahelp students see their o
8、wn strengthsBassess students public speaking skillsCprepare students for their future jobsDinspire students love for politics解题思路第一步 确定题干中的关键信息infer that the purpose of Whaleys project is to_.第二步 定位到原文信息句，并标出进行推断的关键词Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public
9、.He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀)about themselves 可知，Whaley 想帮助学生发现自己的长处。第三步 进行合理推断得出答案 A忠于措辞定态度解题攻略1注意作者或文中人物的措辞：文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中。(1)正确掌握字里行间所隐含或流露的意思，切不可用自己的观点来代替作者或文中人物的观点。(2)留意那些描写所处氛围的语言及表达情感、态度或观点的词语或句子。(3)结合平时所积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等的背景知识来进行合理的推断。2牢记常见有关作者情感态度的
10、词语(1)表示支持或肯定：positive 积极乐观的；supportive 支持的；optimistic 乐观的；humorous 幽默的；enthusiastic 热情的；pleasant愉快的。(2)表示中立：indifferent 不感兴趣的，漠不关心的；uninterested不感兴趣的；objective 客观的；neutral 中立的；not mentioned 未提及的。(3)表示反对或否定：disgusted 憎恶的，厌恶的；critical 批评的；negative 否定的，消极的；suspicious/skeptical 怀疑的；disappointed失望的；disap
11、proving 不赞成的。典例(2019北京卷C 片段)The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they dont know.By next year，half of the calls we receive will be scams(欺诈)We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of t
12、ools，apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through.Unfortunately，its too little，too late.By the time these“solutions”(解决方案)become widely available，scammers will have moved onto cleverer means.In the near future，its not just going to be the number you see on your screen that w
13、ill be in doubt.Soon you will also question whether the voice youre hearing is actually real.38How does the author feel about the solutions to the problem of robocalls?APanicked.BConfused.CEmbarrassed.DDisappointed.解题思路第一步 确定题干中的关键信息the solutions to the problem of robocalls第二步 定位到原文信息句，并标出体现观点态度的关键词
14、。By the time thesesolutions(解 决 方 案)become widely available，scammers will have moved onto cleverer means 可知，等这些“解决方案”被广泛使用时，不法分子就会转向更聪明的手段；由此可推知作者对自动语音电话问题的解决方案感到很失望。第三步 进行合理推断得出答案 D文体特点看意图解题攻略常见文体的写作特点1记叙文：一般会在首段或尾段出现高度概括的总结性的语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有的叙述都是围绕该哲理展开。2广告类应用文：文章中有对某种物品或服务的详尽介绍，使用具有明显支持倾向的语言。3说明文
15、：写作目的有赖于对文章主旨的把握，阅读时需要找准主题句。4议论文：提出论点进行论证得出结论，作者的意图往往隐含于最后一部分中。典例(2019北京卷，D 片段)By the end of the century，if not sooner，the worlds oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate，according to a new study.At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物)called phytoplan
16、kton.Because of the way light reflects off the organisms，these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface.Ocean colour varies from green to blue，depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton.Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas，while reducin
17、g it in other spots，leading to changes in the oceans appearance.45What is the main purpose of the passage?ATo assess the consequences of ocean colour changes.BTo analyse the composition of the ocean food chain.CTo explain the effects of climate change on oceans.DTo introduce a new method to study ph
18、ytoplankton.解题思路第一步 确定题干中的关键信息the main purpose of the passage第二步 定位到原文信息句，并标出关键句By the end of the century，if not sooner，the worlds oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate，according to a new study.可推知气候变暖影响 phytoplankton 这一海洋微生物的生长，进而导致海洋颜色的变化。第三步 归纳概括得出答案 C语言特色推出处解题攻略1具备一定常识：考生本
19、身要具备一定的常识，把文章的内容与自己所具备的常识结合起来做出正确的判断。2了解语言特色：要对报纸、杂志、网络、小说、童话、广告、说明书、旅游指南、药品说明、操作指南等文章的语言特色，特别是其专用词汇有基本的了解，根据文章的语言特色和其专用词汇对号入座，快速选出最佳答案。典例(2019全国卷，C)As data and identity theft becomes more and more common,the market is growing for biometric(生物测量)technologieslike fingerprint scansto keep others out o
20、f private e-spaces.At present,these technologies are still expensive,though.Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置)that gets around this problem:a smart keyboard.This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which one types and the pressure fi
21、ngers apply to each key.The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a users typing and the time between key presses.These patterns are unique to each person.Thus,the keyboard can determine peoples identities,and by extension,whether they should be given
22、access to the computer its connected toregardless of whether someone gets the password right.It also doesnt require a new type of technology that people arent already familiar with.Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.In a study describing the technology,the researchers had 100
23、volunteers type the word“touch”four times using the smart keyboard.Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed,with very low error rates.The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly
24、made of inexpensive,plastic-like parts.The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.31Where is this text most likely from?AA diary.BA guidebook.CA novel.DA magazine.解题思路第一步 确定题干中的关键信息this text most likely from第二步 定位到原文信息句，并标出关键词第一段：As data and identity theft becomes more and more common,th
25、e market is growing for biometric(生物测量)technologieslike fingerprint scans to keep others out of private e-spaces.At present,these technologies are still expensive,though.可推知讲的是科学技术方面的事。第二段：Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置)that gets around this proble
26、m:a smart keyboard.推知，讲的是智能键盘，也应是科技方面的事。第三段：It also doesnt require a new type of technology that people arent already familiar with.Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.又出现信息词 technology.第三步 进行合理推断得出答案 D写作思路辨结构解题攻略1了解文章通常的写作方法：按事件发展的顺序；按时间的先后顺序；按地点或空间的变换；按内容的总分关系；按人物的活动内容。2准确把握写
27、作思路：在理解全文的基础上对所描述事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或在论证观点过程中使用的论证方法进行推理、分析、判断、总结时，准确把握作者的写作思路尤为重要。典例(2019天津卷，D 片段)Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old.Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune.A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，and he has o
28、ften been in prison.Driven by heaven-knows-what motives，he determines to write a book.The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years.That former prisoner was Cervantes，and the book was Don Quixote(堂吉诃德).And the story poses an interesting question:why do some peop
29、le discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days，while others go to seed long before?51The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that_.Aloss of freedom stimulates ones creativityBage is not a barrier to achieving ones goalCmisery inspires a man to fight against his fateDdisability cannot stop a mans pursuit of success解题思路第一步 确定题干中的关键信息starts with the story.to show that _.第二步 定位到原文信息句，并标出关键词And the story poses an interesting question:why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days，while others go to seed long before?第三步 归纳概括得出答案 B