1、专题二语法填空通关第 一 讲名 词 和 冠 词高考总复习大二轮 山东版 英语 语法项目(一)名词 考纲解读定方向语法填空题对名词的考查主要包括名词的单复数和所有格，以及给出动词、形容词等提示词要求写出适当的名词形式。短文改错重点考查名词的单复数、不可数名词、名词与其他词类的词性转化等。解答有关名词的题目时，一定要注意名词前的修饰成分，如数词、量词、常修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词的词或短语等，来判断其是需要可数名词单数形式、复数形式还是不可数名词；有的还要结合语境分析句子成分，来判断是否需要作主语、宾语、表语或定语的名词。如何确定填单复数、所有格还是派生为名词思考趋向1填名词的单复数若提示词是名
2、词，分析句子成分后发现词性不需要改变，此时应考虑填名词的单复数。2填名词的所有格提示词为名词时，如果作定语表示“的”，则一般考查名词的所有格。3派生为名词典例感悟典例 1(2017全国卷)She has turned down several _(invitation)to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.解析：invitations invitation“邀请”是可数名词，其前有 several修饰，应用复数形式。典例 2(2019湖南师大附中模拟)This could be _(Mary)mottothe expre
3、ssion that best captures her spirit.解析：Marys 此题考查名词的所有格，根据语境应该表示“玛丽的格言”。典例 3(2017浙江卷 11 月)Of course you have to work at it.You wouldnt think that a few _(month)of exercise in your teens would be enough for the rest of your life，and thats also true for building your vocabularyyou have to keep at it d
4、aily，and pretty soon you will find that you have an excellent vocabulary.解析：months 考查名词的数。根据空前的 a few 及 month 为可数名词可知，此处表示“几个月的锻炼”，故用 month 的复数形式。典例 4(2017全国卷)She is determined to carry on with her _(educate)解析：education 根据空格前的修饰语定答案。前面由形容词性物主代词 her(她的)修饰，故用 educate 的名词形式，education 是不可数名词。名词单数变复数的技法
5、 牢记名词变复数的 5 种变化形式实例体验1(2018浙江卷 6 月)Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook.Making Chinese _(dish)is seen as especially troublesome.解析：dishes 考查名词的数。dish 是可数名词，其前无限定词，故用其复数形式 dishes。2(2018福州期末)A hutong is an ancient city street typical in Beijing.Surrounding the Forbidden City，many
6、 were built during the Yuan，Ming and Qing _(dynasty)解析：dynasties 考查名词的数。根据该句中的“Yuan，Ming and Qing”可知，此处指三个朝代，dynasty 为可数名词，故用其复数形式。3(2017浙江卷 6 月)Last October，while tending her garden in Mora，Sweden，Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small _(carrot)and was about to throw them away.解析：carrots carro
7、t 是可数名词，根据 a handful of“一把”可知，应用其复数形式。4(2020江西重点中学盟校联考)_(tomato)and potatoes took some time to become popular.解析：Tomatoes and 连接并列主语，由 potatoes 可知 tomato应用复数形式。5(2020四川龙泉模拟)They may let you surf the Internet，listen to music and take _(photo)wherever you are.解析：photos take photos 意为“拍照”。6(2020湖北宜昌葛洲坝
8、中学月考)Not only have the fables themselves lived for nearly 1,500 years，but _(express)from them have entered various languages.解析：expressions 句意：不仅这些寓言本身存在了近 1 500年，而且里面的一些词语已经被收录到各种语言中了。设空处表示“词语”之意，在句中作主语，需用名词形式；根据设空处后的 have entered 可推知设空处需用名词复数形式，故填 expressions。7 (2019 福 建 厦 门 期 末)The 17th-century p
9、hilosopher and statesman Francis Bacon declared that nothing had changed the world more deeply than three great _(invention)：gunpowder，printing and the compass.解析：inventions 句意：17 世纪的哲学家兼政治家弗朗西斯培根宣称：任何东西都不如火药、印刷术和指南针这三项伟大的发明对世界造成的变化大。根据设空处前的 three 可知设空处填名词复数形式。8(2019河北五个一名校联盟二模)The site is constantl
10、y updated with news，often about exciting _(finding)that change how we view the world.解析：findings 考查名词的数。finding 为可数名词，其前无限定词修饰，且定语从句中谓语动词为“change”，为复数概念，所以应用 finding 的复数形式。重点强化规则名词的 6 种复数变化形式变化规则例词一般情况下在词尾直接加-smouthmouths以-s，-x，-ch，-sh 结尾的名词在词尾加-esglassglasses matchmatches以辅音字母-y 结尾的名词变 y 为 i 再加-esc
11、ountrycountries factoryfactories以元音字母-y 结尾的名词在词尾直接加-sholidayholidays monkeymonkeys以 o 结尾的名词一般在词尾加-s有些在词尾加-esphotophotos potatopotatoes一般要变 f 或 fe 为v-esselfselves wolfwolves以 f，fe 结尾的名词少数直接加-sbeliefbeliefs 牢记不规则变化的名词复数形式实例体验1(2019福建高三质检)“Alaya，you dont have to do this if you dont want to.Nobody is fo
12、rcing you.”Though I said I wasnt going to do it，my _(foot)carried me toward the pool.解析：feet 由空格前的 my 确定空格处应填名词。由常识可知应是我的双脚带着我朝一个池塘走去，故应填 foot 的复数形式 feet。2(2019江西重点中学协作体联考)Now，these _(child)may have a high-tech friend to help feel less alone.解析：children 由空格前的 these 确定空格处应填 child 的复数形式 children。3(201
13、9山西省实验中学模拟)_(woman)are starting to take power in more and more important positions in recent years.解析：Women 由空格后的 are 确定空格处应用 woman 的复数形式 women 作主语。重点强化不规则名词的 3 种复数变化形式变化规则例词单复数同形deer，sheep，means，series，Chinese，Swiss，aircraft，spacecraft变内部元音footfeet，toothteeth，manmen，womanwomen外来名词mediummedia 媒体phen
14、omenonphenomena 现象analysisanalyses 分析 派生出来的名词实例体验1(2019衡水期末)Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires，Asias biggest building，and fancy new hotels.But for tourists like me，pandas are its top _(attract)解析：attraction 空格前有形容词和物主代词，因此要用名词形式。2(2019九江模拟)“The most efficient way is to decrease the local populat
15、ion to reduce the _(possible)of causing harm to the heritage，”Wang said.解析：possibility 前有定冠词 the 修饰，所以用名词形式。3(2019潍坊一模)The book gives a detailed _(explain)of the origin，the processing skills and the classification of bony fish.解析：explanation 根据空格前的不定冠词a以及形容词detailed可知，空格处被不定冠词和形容词修饰，故用 explain 的名词形式
16、。重点强化运用构词法知识，掌握派生出来的名词1动词变名词的后缀后缀例词-ion/-tion/-sion/-ationcorrectcorrection 改正 celebratecelebration 庆祝；庆祝会 attractattraction 吸引graduategraduation 毕业 concludeconclusion 结论；结束 discussdiscussion 讨论；辩论decidedecision 决定 admitadmission 接纳；准许入学 inviteinvitation 邀请 explainexplanation 解释 expectexpectation 期望
17、-er/-ordrivedriver 司机；驾驶员gathergatherer 收集者；采集者teachteacher 老师 announceannouncer 广播员conductconductor 指挥；售票员-mentpunishpunishment 惩罚achieveachievement 功绩；成就argueargument 辩论；论据treattreatment 对待；治疗equipequipment 装备；设备governgovernment 政府-ance/-enceappearappearance 出现，外貌guideguidance 指引；指导performperforma
18、nce 表演；节目existexistence 存在，生存preferpreference 偏爱referreference 参考；查阅-inghearhearing 听力；听觉beginbeginning 开始-ure/-turefailfailure 失败；倒闭presspressure 压力departdeparture 离开；出发mixmixture 混合；混合物-yrecoverrecovery 恢复；痊愈discoverdiscovery 发现其他choosechoice 选择varyvariety 多样化；种类tendtendency 趋向；趋势2形容词变名词的后缀后缀例词-ag
19、e shortshortage 不足，短缺-cyefficientefficiency 效率；功效fluentfluency 流利，流畅accurateaccuracy 准确性privateprivacy 隐私；私密-domfreefreedom 自由；自主wisewisdom 明智；智慧-encedifferentdifference 差异silentsilence 沉默-nessweakweakness 虚弱；弱点kindkindness 仁慈；好意carelesscarelessness 粗心大意-thstrongstrength 力气；强项warmwarmth 温暖；热情-y/-ty/
20、-ityhonesthonesty 诚实difficultdifficulty 困难cruelcruelty 残酷；残暴safesafety 安全disabledisability 无能；伤残responsibleresponsibility 责任3表示“人”的名词后缀在某些形容词、名词或动词后面加后缀变成具有某种职业或动作的人。常见的表示“人”的后缀有：后缀例词-ercleancleaner 清洁工reportreporter 记者strangestranger 陌生人-orinventinventor 发明者visitvisitor 游客directdirector 导演-arlielia
21、r 说谎者begbeggar 乞讨者，乞丐-eeemployemployee 雇员interviewinterviewee 参加面试者traintrainee 受训者，学员-esshosthostess 女主人actactress 女演员-ianmusicmusician 音乐家politicspolitician 政治家historyhistorian 历史学家-istartartist 艺术家sciencescientist 科学家pianopianist 钢琴家-antserveservant 仆人participateparticipant 参加者assistassistant 助手，
22、图书管理员语法项目(二)冠词 考纲解读定方向冠词是语法填空的常考点，经常考查不定冠词 a，an 和定冠词 the的基本用法和固定搭配。解答冠词类题目时，首先需要明确设空处是表示特指还是泛指，如果是前者用 the，后者则需要再判断用 a 还是an。如何确定冠词解题攻略如果空格后有名词(短语)而且二者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含义，或者有序数词、最高级、表示特指意义的比较级等形式，那么空格处一般是填冠词。典例1(2018全国卷)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over _ past 25 years，while rice has incre
23、ased only 7 percent.分析“over/in/during the past/last时间段”为固定结构，特指过去的多长时间里。典例2(2017全国卷)As _ result，people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.分析 as a result 为固定搭配，意为“结果”。故填 a。典例3(2020温州六校协作体联考)That night she told me her son loved me.It was such _ unforgettable moment.分析 此处表示
24、“这是一个如此令人难忘的时刻”。空后 unforgettable 是以元音音素开头的词，所以用冠词 an。冠词的解题技法 冠词简约不简单，特指泛指需分辩实例体验1(2017全国卷)This included digging up the road，laying the track and then building a strong roof over _ top.解析：the 由空格前的 the road，the track 顺承下来应该填 the top。2(2019福州期末)In order to establish the strongest power，emperors planne
25、d the city and arranged the residential areas._center of the city Beijing was the royal palacethe Forbidden City.解析：The 由 center 后的 of the city Beijing 确定对 center 进行了限定，故填定冠词 the。3(2020西安模拟)Robert Bruce，leader of the Scots in _ 13th century，was hiding in a cave from the English.解析：the 在序数词前应加定冠词 the
26、。4(2020合肥第一次检测)Chinese brush calligraphy or“shufa”in Chinese is one of _ most important art forms in China.解析：the 最高级前要加定冠词 the。5(2020太原阶段测评)Society even glorifies“burning the candle at both ends”as _ sign of our devotion to work and family.解析：a 此处表示泛指，意为：“作为对工作和家庭献身的一种标志”。6(2020陕西质量检测一)Like other w
27、orld famous universities，Harvard too has many colleges and Harvard Business School is one of them.There is _ saying in education that Harvard is the crown of American education and Harvard Business School is the shining diamond on it.解析：a 此处表示泛指。7(2020石家 庄质 量检 测一)According to William Hanson,_ expert
28、 in ceremony，theres a very good reason for thisand it has nothing to do with fashion，but rather a royal tradition that dates back to the sixteenth century.解析：an 此处表示泛指，且 expert 的发音以元音音素开头，故填 an。8(2020四川成都诊断)I visited Hangzhou for the first time in the summer of 2016.It is so attractive that I decide
29、d to go there for _ second time next year.解析：a 此处表示“又一；再一”的意思，故填 a。重点强化1牢记定冠词 the 的用法(1)定冠词 the 特指某人或某物；(2)在最高级或序数词前面或由 only，very，same 等修饰的名词前面用定冠词 the；(3)定冠词 the 和形容词、过去分词连用，表示一类人或事物；(4)定冠词用在年代或用于逢十的数词前，也用在表示世纪的某个年代前；(5)在世界上独一无二的事物、西洋乐器以及发明物的名词前要用定冠词，如 play the violin/piano 拉小提琴/弹钢琴。2不定冠词 a，an 表泛指规
30、则要记清(1)不定冠词有两种形式有些单词开头的辅音字母并不发音，该单词实际上是以元音音素开头的，要使用 an，如 an hour，an honest man；有些单词以元音字母开头，但该单词实际上是以辅音音素开头，要使用 a，如 a university，a European country。(2)不定冠词 a/an 放在单数可数名词前，泛指一个人或一个事物。(3)具有某些特征、状态或情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用。如 a success 一个成功的人或一件成功的事。(4)序数词前用不定冠词表示“另一个”或“又一个”。根据固定句式、固定搭配选择冠词实例体验1(2018全国
31、卷)Im walking on a path in the forest in the Central African Republic.Unexpectedly，Im face-to-face with the gorilla，who begins screaming at _ top of her lungs.That makes her baby scream，and then a 400-pound male appears.解析：the 考查冠词。at the top of 在的顶部，为固定搭配。2(2016全国卷)The nursery team switches him ever
32、y few days with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed，_ other is with mumshe never suspects.解析：the one.the other.意为“一个另一个”，为固定用法。3As you know，science plays _ very important role in our education.解析：a 考查冠词。play an important role in.为固定搭配，意为“在中扮演重要角色(发挥重要作用)”，因为空后有发音以辅音音素开头的 very，故填冠词 a。4(2
33、020石家庄检测一)I have known from Gu Yu that from tiny street stands to large chains，_ huge number of people accept mobile payment，mostly through popular apps Alipay and WeChat.解析：a 考查固定短语。a huge number of 是固定短语，意思是“许多”，修饰可数名词复数。5(2020成都模拟)Recently when he took _ look at his collection of books，he discove
34、red the old book borrowed 61 years ago.解析：a take a look(at.)，为固定短语，意为“看一看”。句意为：最近，当他查看他的藏书时，他发现了那本 61 年前借的旧书。6(2020兰州一模)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for _ while，exercising，or doing something you enjoy.解析：a for a while 是固定短语，意为“片刻，一会儿”。重点强化谨记常考的一些固定搭配1含不定冠词的固定搭配as a result 因此 a
35、s a rule 通常as a whole 总体上at a loss 不知所措in a hurry 匆忙in a word 总之pay a visit to 拜访 put an end to 结束once in a while 偶尔 once upon a time 从前all of a sudden 突然 be on a diet 节食in a short while 不久 have/catch a cold 感冒make a living 谋生 have/take a rest 休息as a matter of fact 事实上 in a sense 在某种意义上in a way 在某种程
36、度上 keep an eye on 照看，留意have a gift for 在某方面有天赋give sb.a lift 让某人搭便车2.含定冠词的固定搭配in the end 最后 in the way 挡道in the distance 在远处 by the way 顺便说一下on the whole 总的来说 at the same time 同时to tell the truth 说实话for the time being 暂时on the spot 在现场 not in the least 一点也不the other day 前几天 take the place of 代替at th
37、e moment 此刻，目前 to the point 中肯，切题make the most/best of充分利用on the other hand 另一方面in the middle of 在中间3.含零冠词的固定搭配at present 目前 take part in 参加in peace 平静 by chance/accident 碰巧on purpose 故意lose heart 灰心out of control 失控 out of work 失业ahead of time 提前 in advance 提前by law 根据法律 by mistake 由于差错under repair 处于维修中 day and night 整日整夜at risk 有危险in danger 处于危险之中from morning till night从早到晚on second thoughts再一想