1、第3讲概要写作(对应学生用书第94页)概要写作作为浙江英语高考新题型，就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也称之为摘要。写概要时，读者要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达的，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。选材特点1所需阅
2、读的短文词数在350以内；2所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。评分参考阅卷时主要考虑以下内容：1对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；2应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；3上下文的连贯性；4对各要点表达的独立性情况。注意：理解准确，涵盖全部要求，完全使用自己的语言，准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，得分相应比较高。相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象，得分档次将会大大降低；所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。写作步骤1阅读首先要通读全文，对文章的体裁和大意有所了解。阅读时要快速地找到主题句，以便抓住中心，理解全文。学生还需要根据文章内容列出一个简单的提纲，以便在写作过程中不会遗漏要点，
3、总结全面。2写出初稿在写作过程中，学生要注意词数要求，使用精炼的句子概括文章的要点，可以引用所给阅读材料的重要词语，但不可过多，否则便失去了概要的意义；学生还需谨记：概要必须全面、清晰地表达所给阅读材料的信息，客观、准确地反映所给阅读材料的真实意图，不可随意添加或增减内容。3修正定稿初稿完成后，要将其与所给阅读材料核对一遍，看原材料中的要点是否在概要中都得到了体现，语句间的衔接是否符合逻辑，同时还需要检查句子是否有错误，时态和语态的使用是否正确，标点、格式、大小写是否有误等。通过细致的修正与调整，力争使文章在各个方面都万无一失。方法技巧1议论文议论文类型的文章通常包括论点、论据和结论三部分，其
4、关键是找出主题句或结论句。因此写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句、支撑句和结论句。若文中有一分为二的观点的，两种观点都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的观点。概要模板：论点论据(结论)。议论文可用以下开头语：The passage/author argues that.本文/作者主张The passage/author highlights the importance of.本文/作者强调了的重要性。The passage/author discusses the impact of.本文/作者讨论了的影响。The passage/author compares.with.本文/作者比较了与2说明文此类
5、文章通常会有中心句(多在首段)，写概要时要注意找出中心句，抓住关键词，然后重组文章的信息，用自己的话表述出来。不同类型的说明文的几种参考模板：1)描写某事物的性质功用。即“对象性质功用利好”：(In the passage)the writer introduces.(对象)to us.(性质或功用).(对象带来的利好)2)针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。即“问题解决方法”：The passage tells us.(问题).(方法1).(方法2).(方法3)3)介绍某现象及其原因和结果。即“现象原因结果”：The author/writer said/talks about.(现象).(原因
6、本质1).(原因/本质2).(结果)说明文可用以下开头语：According to the passage，we can know.根据文章我们可知This passage/article is mainly about.这篇文章主要是关于In the passage，the writer/author mainly tells us.在这篇文章中作者主要告诉我们A new study found.一个新的研究发现The purpose of the report is to show.这一报告的目的是表明3记叙文记叙文的概要，一般包括记叙文的六个要素：找出时间(when)，地点(where)
7、，什么人(who)，做了什么事(what)，原因是什么(why)，结果怎么样(how)，也就是学生应先通读短文，找出这六个要素，然后用自己的话将这六个要素串成几句话即可。当然，不一定每篇记叙文都包含这六个要素，但某人做了某事，结果如何是应当包括的。如果是夹叙夹议的文章，作者对故事的内容发表了议论，或指出了故事给人们的启示的，我们概括时要加上这一内容。因此，概要中一般应包括：1)谁做了什么？(who did what)2)结果怎么样？(what was the result)3)文章揭示了什么？(包括作者的看法、观点、感悟，或写作目的。假如原文没有提及，概括时可以不写)记叙文可用以下开头语：Th
8、e passage/story is mainly about.本文/这个故事主要是关于The author tells us a story about.作者告诉我们一个关于的故事。The passage is a story about.本文是一个关于的故事。According to the passage，we know.根据短文，我们知道概要写作四项原则1概要写作时，一定要使用第三人称。2概要写作时，一定不可加入自己的观点。3概要写作时，一定不可对原文内容加以评论。4概要写作时，一定不要引入与原文内容无关的信息。阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Getting rid
9、 of dirt，in the opinion of most people，is a good thing.However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century，people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let
10、ills in.A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths.By 1538，the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom.So did the King of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way.Henry ，King of France，was famously dirty.U
11、pon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath，the King ordered that，to avoid the attack of disease，the nobleman should not go out.Though the belief in the merit (好处) of dirt was longlived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century.Scientifically speaking，cleaning a
12、way dirt is good to health.Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease.Yet，it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War .Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea：Clothes need to be whiter than white，cloths ever softer，surfaces to s
13、hine.Has the hate for dirt，however，gone too far?Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.Many firsttime parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt，which might be responsible for the spread of disease.On the contrary，Mary Ruebush，an American immunologist (免疫学家)，encourages ch
14、ildren to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.And the latter (后者) position is gaining some ground.【经典范文】People have mixed opinions about dirt on our skin.(要点1)For a long time in history，people of some European countries believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.(要点2)Howeve
15、r，people began to change their attitudes towards dirt about 200 years ago.People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.(要点3) Yet，some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.(要点4)【范文点拨】(一)要点分析1文章第一段就是本篇文章的主题句，点明了总的观点：“However，there is noth
16、ing fixed about attitudes to dirt.”换句话说：“Different people have different attitudes towards dirt.”再结合下文谈到的主题可知“Different people have different attitudes towards dirt on the skin.”范文中的要点1“People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.”概括非常精练。2第二段主要谈到了在16世纪，人们认为“dirt on the skin was a means to bl
17、ock out disease”尤以英、法两国的贵族为代表。结合第三段第一句“Though the belief in the merit(好处) of dirt was longlived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century.”可知，直到18世纪之前，人们都认为dirt是很“友好的”，有助于预防疾病。范文中的要点2“For a long time in history，people of some European countries believed that dirt
18、protected people from getting ill.”很好地总结了这些要点。3第三段用“Though”引出人们对dirt观点的转变“.since the 18th century.Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health.”再结合本段最后一部分“Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea.”可得出要点3“However，people began to change their attitudes towards dirt about 200 years ago.P
19、eople have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.”4文章最后一段第一句指出，现在人们对于dirt的态度还是有所不同，“On the contrary”引出专家的观点，一位免疫学家认为dirt有助于增强免疫系统。这一观点得到了一些支持。范文中的要点4“Yet，some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.”表达很贴切。(二)要点连接文章概要，在写完了要点之后，下一步的工作就是要把这些要点用适当
20、的连接词进行连接，使上下句之间具有连贯性。本篇文章整篇结构是总分结构，要点2和要点3在观点上截然相反，因此，两者之间需要表示转折的连接词，范文用了“However”恰到好处。要点3和要点4在观点上又存在不同，因此，范文用了连接词“Yet”。(对应学生用书第96页)A 【导学号：38144019】(2017浙江宁波三模)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Many Chinese students have studied English for approximately ten years，but most of them cannot even speak English
21、correctly or fluently.In my opinion，there are several obstacles that have caused this to happen.The main obstacle is fear！Another is the habit of mentally translating from Chinese into English and then changing these thoughts into spoken words and sentences.Many of these difficulties are caused by t
22、he way Chinese people study and learn the language.We must learn to speak languages as a child does.When we are learning a second language we need to remember how we learned our native language.Learning to understand and speak a language is one of the first skills a child develops.How does a child l
23、earn the language？He listens for a time and then he tries to repeat the words.Parents give great praise for the smallest effort and slightest improvement. Therefore，the child develops courage and is excited about learning.It takes a long time before he knows anything about grammar，spelling or formal
24、 sentence structures.As for language teachers，they should avoid criticism and be very encouraging and generous with praise.Criticism or pointing out faults too often causes students to lose selfconfidence and develop a fear of speaking.The best way to motivate a student is using praise.The most impo
25、rtant aspect of speaking is having good selfesteem.Selfesteem is how you feel about yourself.When most Chinese people are asked how their English is，or they are told their English is very good，they immediately respond by saying，“Oh，my English is very poor.”If you say this to yourself often enough，yo
26、u will believe it.When someone compliments(称赞)you，just say “thank you” 【写作指导】文章论述了中国人学英语时的问题，并提出了学好英语的方法。文章结构清晰，只要读懂文章，并能根据自然段进行段落归纳，就可提炼出优秀的概要。【参考范文】Caused by their fear and way of learning，many Chinese students cannot speak English fluently even after ten years learning.(要点1)Actually we should lea
27、rn to speak English as a child learns his native language by listening and repeating a lot.(要点2)And teachers should praise and encourage students rather than criticize them，just as parents do.(要点3)Finally，having good selfesteem is of vital importance in speaking English.(要点4)B阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容
28、概要。In 1971 we were living in Wichita，KansasLincoln was about seven，Brendan was three and Kristen was a baby.Mom was staying with us during the holidays.On Christmas Eve I stayed up very late.I was totally alone with my thoughts，alternating between joy and sorrow，and I got to thinking about my paper
29、route(往返送报)，that tree，what my mother had said to me and how Dad had tried to make things better.I heard a noise in the kitchen and discovered that it was Mom.She couldnt sleep either and had gotten up to make herself a cup of hot teawhich was her treatment for just about everything.As she waited for
30、 the water to boil，she walked into the living room and discovered me there.She saw my open Bible and asked me what I was reading.When I told her，she asked if I would read it to her and I did.When the kettle began to whistle，she went and made her tea.She came back，and we started to talk.I told her ho
31、w happy I was that she was with us for Christmas and how I wished that Dad could have lived to see his grandchildren and to enjoy this time because he always loved Christmas so.It got very quiet for a moment and then she said，“Do you remember that time on Twelve Mile Road when you bought that tree w
32、ith your paper route money？”“Yes，” I said.“Ive just been thinking about it you know.”She hesitated for a long moment，as though she were on the verge of something that was bottled up so deeply inside her soul that it might take surgery to get it out.Finally，great tears started down her face and she c
33、ried，“Oh，son，please forgive me.”“That time and that Christmas have been a burden on my heart for twentyfive years.I wish your dad were here so I could tell him how sorry I am for what I said.” 【写作指导】本文是一篇记叙文。写好记叙文的概要需找到以下两个问题的答案：(1)谁做了什么？(2)结果如何？如果是夹叙夹议文，还要加上这个故事给我们的启示或教育意义。就本文而言，本文的要点应该从作者和母亲聊天的时间、
34、内容和结果这几个方面来概括，然后用自己的语言将其串联起来。【参考范文】The passage tells us one of the authors talks with his mother.(要点1) On Christmas Eve，(要点2) both the author and his mother couldnt fall asleep because they remembered something happened 25 years ago when the author bought a tree with his paper route money.(要点3) His
35、mother remembered what she said that day to his father and felt sorry for that.(要点4)C阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。These days our society develops rapidly and forces people to rush.It appears that people have got used to being in a hurry.However，it is better for people to take their time and live their
36、life at a slower pace than to hurry to get things done.The main reason that convinces us to oppose doing work in a hurry is the possibility of doing wrongs in a rush.When people do their jobs or take actions in a hurry，they cannot make a sound decision and probably regret later.As the saying goes，“H
37、aste makes waste.”We should think carefully before making a decision and do our work less quickly.We should not make mistakes by doing work hurriedly.Slowing down the pace of life helps people enjoy their life better.For example，taking a train to some place certainly will take more time than taking
38、a plane.However，taking a train makes people have enough time to get to know a lot of new friends.Besides，it allows people to fully enjoy the beautiful scenery along the way.On the contrary，being in a hurry will make us lose chances in enjoying our life.Finally，slower life pace provides better health
39、y conditions for us.As is known to all，taking actions in a hurry bothers people and raises their stress.People think if they are not in a hurry，they will become a loser and that annoys them.Being in a hurry can hurt people both physically and mentally.According to some studies，people who have a slow
40、er pace suffer fewer diseases，tend to be happier and live much longer than those whose life is tense，even if the former finish jobs more slowly than the latter.In short，working quickly will bring about more material benefits to make our society more advanced.However，much stress cant bring enjoyment，
41、friends and health，which are much more important than money and other material advantages.Therefore，take your time and live your life at a slower pace. 【写作指导】本文是一篇议论文。本文的要点应主要包括以下内容：一是解释作者的观点：生活节奏慢要比生活节奏快好，有三个原因；二是将上述提到的三个原因当作三个要点分别阐述：一是做事情匆忙会增加犯错的可能性；二是匆匆忙忙的生活无法让人享受生活的乐趣；三是做事情匆忙会增加人的压力，这对人的健康有害；最后一
42、个要点是进行总结：简而言之，生活节奏慢要比生活节奏快好。【参考范文】To live life at a slower pace is better than to live life in a hurry.There are three reasons for this.(要点1) Firstly，doing things in a hurry will raise the possibility of making mistakes.(要点2) Secondly，being in a hurry will not give people enough time to enjoy their
43、life.(要点3) Thirdly，doing things in a hurry raises peoples pressure and therefore is bad for their health.(要点4) In brief，it is better for people to live life at a slower pace than to live life in a hurry.(要点5)D 【导学号：38144020】(2017浙江“七彩阳光”联盟3月)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。I cant decide what I want to eat
44、 for dinner tonight.Do I feel like Italian food or Thai food？Indian or Chinese？American or Turkish？I dont need to travel around the world；all these choices are available in a typical inner city in Australia.Australian food has many different cultural influences.Over the past century，people from many
45、 countries have come to Australia.These migrants(移民) have contributed to the melting pot，that is，Australian food.“Whether youre after modern，traditional or exotic flavors，Australias eclectic dining scene offers a wide range of the worlds great cuisines(菜肴)，”the Visit Victoria website noted.Some Aust
46、ralian families may restrict their diet to the basic “meat and three veg”meal：one sort of meat(chicken，beef，lamb，and so on)，along with three different types of vegetables(usually potatoes，peas and carrots)But most people enjoy the variety.If I were to pick four meals that every Australian eats，they
47、would be Italian spaghetti bolognaise(意式肉酱面)，Chinese fried rice，British fish and chips and Thai green chicken curry.Chinese students in Australia find it easy to get a Chinese meal.Cities like Sydney have large Chinatowns，but many towns in the country also have a Chinese takeaway restaurant.Popular
48、AustralianChinese dishes may not always seem authenticHoney Chicken，for examplebut you can still find dumplings and noodles.Even so，Australia has its own，very Australian savory(可口的)dish：meat pie.Its a real classic！The dish is on the menu at every house party and sporting venue(场所)，and is eaten every
49、 morning after a big night.And who could forget desserts？We Australians often fight with New Zealanders over who has the rightful claim to the pavlova(奶油水果蛋白饼)and lamington(拉明顿巧克力椰丝方形蛋糕)desserts，both equally delicious and sweet. 【写作指导】文章主要是关于澳大利亚饮食的多元化现象。本文段落比较分散，但是其中心主旨还是很明确的。阅读时注意几个相关中心的把握。【参考范文】V
50、arious choices of food from around the world are available in a typical inner city in Australia.(要点1)Different cultural influences contribute to Australian foods.(要点2)But some Australian families may restrict their diet to meat and three veg while most enjoy its variety.(要点3)Though Chinese dishes are easy to get in Australia，Australians have their own special dishes：meat pie and desserts.(要点4)
