1、Period 2: Learning about Language(Revise the use of Infinitive)Teaching AimsTo discover and learn to use useful words and expressionsTo discover and learn to use useful structuresTeaching ProceduresStep I. Warming up by discovering useful words and expressionsStep II. Discovering useful words and ex
2、pressionsDoing vocabulary exercisesTurn to pages 4-5 and do exercises 1、2、3 and 4.Step III. Reading and discovering useful structuresNow read the text again to find as many examples of the infinitive as you can.The infinitive can be used 1. as the subject2. as the predicative,3. as the object 4. as
3、the object complement5. as the adverbial6. as the attributeThe following is the detailed explanation of the Infinitives:The InfinitivesI. Form:来源:Z&xx&k.ComA: There are six forms of the infinitives:ActivePassivesimple(to do) I want to do the work tonight.(to be done) The work is to be done tonight.p
4、erfect(to have done) Robert appears to have done the work.(to have been done) The project must have been done.continuous(to be doing) Peter must be doing his work now.-perfect continuous(to have been doing) The boy is believed to have been doing the work for the whole day.-B: The full infinitive con
5、sists of two words, to+ verb, as shown above. But after certain verbs and expressions we use the form without to, i.e. the bare infinitive. For example: You had better say nothing.C. It is normally advisable to put any words between the to and the verb, but see split infinitive.D. To avoid repetitio
6、n, an infinitive is sometimes represented by its To.For example: A: Do you smoke? B: No, but I used to (smoke).II. Uses of the infinitive:A. Used as subject:a. An infinitive or an infinitive phrase can be the subject of the verbs, e.g. appear, seem, be etc. 1. To save money today seems impossible. O
7、R It seems impossible to save money. (here It is used as an formal subject. i.e. not real subject) 2. To lean out the windows is dangerous. OR It is dangerous to lean out of the windows.b. Usually infinitive constructions of this type consist of it+ be+ adjective (for sb)+ to do but sometimes a noun
8、 can be used instead of an adjective.e.g. It is difficult (for me) to learn English well./ It is a difficulty (for me) to learn English.c. cost/take + object can also be used. e.g. It cost me 200 dollars to buy these books that I liked most. It took the 200 worker to build the Grand Bridge.B. Used a
9、s object: Some verbs are followed by a to-infinitive but not -ing (eg. agree, aim, ask, appear, be determined, decline, demand, endeavor, fail, hesitate, hope, hurry, manage, offer, plan, proceed, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish , etc.). Some verbs are followed by -ing but not a to- in
10、finitive (eg admit, avoid, consider, delay, deny, detest, dread, envisage, feel like, finish, imagine, miss, recall, resent, risk, suggest).The verbs begin, cease, start and continue can be followed by either a to-infinitive or an ing form with little difference in meaning (eg Even though it was rai
11、ning, they continued to play/ playing).Other verbs can be followed by either a to-infinitive or an -ing form, but there is a difference in meaning.GERUNDINFINITIVEforgetHell never forget spending so much money on his first computer.Dont forget to spend money on the tickets.go onGo on reading the tex
12、t.Go on to read the text.meanYou have forgotten your homework again. That means phoning your mother.I meant to phone your mother, but my mobile didnt work.rememberI remember switching off the lights when I went on holiday.Remember to switch off the lights when you go on holiday. stopStop reading the
13、 text.Stop to read the text.tryWhy dont you try running after the dog?I tried to run after the dog, but I E.g. I regret to inform you that your application has been unsuccessful, to indicate that we are about to do something we are not happy about; Its too late now, but Ill always regret asking John
14、 to do the work. to say we have already done something that we are not happy about.We use the Gerund or the Infinitive after the following verbs. There are two possible structures after these verbs. Gerund: verb + -ing Infinitive: verb + person + to-infinitive adviseThey advise walking to town.They
15、advise us to walk to town.allowThey do not allow smoking here.They do not allow us to smoke here. encourage来源:ZXXKThey encourage doing the test.来源:学|科|网They encourage us to do the test.permitThey do not permit smoking here.They do not permit us to smoke here. We use the following structures with the
16、 word recommend:recommendThey recommend walking to town.They recommend that we walk to town.C. As complement of object:e.g. 1. He wanted me to water the flowers. (Here I would water the flowers) 2. Janet expected me to give her a nice present.D. As attributive: normally after a noun.e.g. 1. I have a
17、 composition to write. (here to write consists of passive, but to be written would not be possible) 2. John has got a letter to mail.E. As adverbial (means purpose after intransitive verb)e.g. 1. A: Why are you going there? B: To see my teacher. 2. I came to the Toms to get my book back.F. How / Wh
18、- word to do:来源:学*科*网1. I showed him how to press the button.2. I asked myself where to go.3. He couldnt decide which (one) to choose.III. Tense & Passive a. present infinitive (meaning future or a plan)1. I decide to do it. = I say to myself, I will do it. (future)2. I am to travel around the world
19、. (a plan)b. present continuous tense.1. We pretended to be reading our books when the teacher came in.2. He seemed to be cooking dinner at five yesterday evening.c. perfect infinitive.1. He seemed to have finished cooking his dinner by seven yesterday.2. Jane is sorry to have kept Jim waiting so lo
20、ng.d. perfect continuous tense.1. He pretended to have been working on the problems for hours.2. They appeared to have been training themselves for an hour.e. present infinitive passive1. The bridge to be built here will be the grandest one in the world.2. The film to be seen by Tom is a great one.f
21、. perfect infinitive passive1. The flowers seemed to have been watered by seven yesterday.2. The mistakes to have been made twice is annoying.IV. Bare Infinitive After modal verbs or some phrase that is considered as a modal verb, also in these structures: see/watch/feel/make/hear/have/notice somebo
22、dy do (to is omitted).I saw Jim enter the classroom at five yesterday.I will have an electrician fix the light. You had better see a doctor.But in the passive voice to wont allowed to be omitted, ie. I was seen to enter the house.I was made to work 12 hours a day.Using structures来源:Z#xx#k.ComDeal with Exercises on Page49.Do Ex2 first and then do Ex3.Ask students to do Ex1 in their exercise-books after class.Step V. HomeworkGo over words and expressions.Go over the grammar.Finish Ex1 on Page 49.