1、Period Learning notes for Word power & Grammar and usage【Learning goals】1. Learning some new words: alternative2. Learning grammar虚拟语气（二）【Language focus】1. (P57) alternative adj. 可供替代的 n. 可供选择的事物1) 别无选择地干某事 have no alternative/choice/option but to do 2) 除了等待下一班汽车之外，他别无选择。3) You have the alternative
2、of staying or leaving. 4) 他们正在寻找可替代能源。They are searching for .【Grammar】虚拟语气（二）一、混合虚拟条件句当主句动作发生的时间与if引导的条件从句动作发生的时间不一致时，我们可以用混合虚拟条件句。(1) If we _ (start) early yesterday afternoon, we _ (be) in the hotel now.(2) _ you _ (follow) my advice, you _ (not be) in trouble now.二、虚拟语气的其它表达方式1、我们可以用otherwise、or
3、或以with、without、but for开头的短语代替if从句表示隐含的虚拟语气(1) _ (要是有更多的钱), I could help more people in need. (2) _ (要不是有来自联合国的帮助), those women wouldnt have been able to set up their shop2、我们还可以用even if、as if、as though和if only（要是就好了）引导非真实条件句。(1) Nicholas is smiling _ (似乎他一无所知) about it.(2) Mike talks _ (好像去过) the Gr
4、eat Wall before.3、虚拟语气还用在wish、would rather和Its (high / about) time后面的从句中。(1) - Id like to see a film tonight, Mum.- _ (我想你别去了。 别忘了，期末考试快到了).(2) How I wish I _ (我主修医学而不是历史) when I was at college! （主修：major in sth.）4、在一个“坚决要求（insist）”，两个“命令（order, command）”， 三个“建议（suggest, advise, recommend）”，四个“要求（de
5、sire, demand ,request, require）”等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“(should) 动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。Some countries suggested that a UN meeting (should) be called to discuss the problem of global warming.The situation required that everyone (should) be present.l 在表示提议，建议，命令，要求等名词，如: advice, decision, demand, desire, order,
6、plan, request, recommendation, suggestion等后面的表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语同样用should + do（should 可省略）表示虚拟。The teacher gave the demand that we (should) finish the project within this week.His suggestion is that the question be discussed at the next meeting.l 在it is strange (necessary, important，natural) that引导的从句中或在
7、it is a pity/ a shame that引导的从句中表示“理应、应该、竟然”等意思时，用虚拟语气。(1) They ordered that for every tree cut down _ (要栽种另两棵树). (2) It is necessary, absolutely, that _ (归还所有借图书馆的书) this morning.(3) The idea is that the nation _ (先发射无人宇宙飞船探索外层空间).5、我们也可以使用以下结构表示虚拟语气。was / were going to do; was / were to have done等
8、。*- You didnt come to my birthday party yesterday evening.- I _, but I had an unexpected visitor.【Feedback】1. Everything _ if Albert hadnt called the fire brigade.A. will be destroyed B. will have been destroyed B. would be destroyed D. would have been destroyed2. If you hadnt gone with Tom to the p
9、arty last night, _.A. you would meet John already B. you wont have missed JohnC. you will have met John D. you would have met John3. Supposing this ship _, do you think there would be enough life jackets for all the passengers?A. was sinking B. has sunk C. were to sink D. sunk4. The insects would de
10、vour all our crops and kill our flocks and heads, if _ for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.A. it is not B. it were not C. were it not D. they were not5. The teacher suggested that each student _ a plan for the vacation.A. made B. make C. makes D. will make6. Frankly, Id rather you _
11、 anything about it for the time being.A. do B. dont do C. didnt do D. will not do7. After the way she treated you, if I _ in your place.A. be B. am C. was D. were8. The idea is that the nation _ an unmanned spacecraft to explore the planet first.A. sent B. sends C. send D. must send9. Its high time
12、you _.A. start to work B. would start to work C. started to work D. had started to work10. “If I hadnt practiced when I was younger,” the musician says, “I _ able to play so well now.”A. wouldnt be B. wont be C. wouldnt have been D. couldnt have been11. It is imperative that you _ there in person.A.
13、 are B. were C. be D. will be12. The atomic structure is, _, a miniature solar system.A. as it is B. as if they were C. as it were D. as if are13. We required that the machine parts _ cast iron.A. is made of B. be made from C. be made of D. is made by14. The management urged that the cost of product
14、ion _.A. to be further reduced B. was further reduced C. be further reduced D. should further reduced15. The business is risky. But _ we would be rich.A. should we succeed B. we should succeed C. might we succeed D. would we succeed16. I wish our teacher _ to give another test. I havent got prepared
15、 yet.A. isnt going B. werent going C. will not going D. could have gone17. I wish I _ to the movies with you last night.A. went B. did go C. could go D. could have gone18. Id rather _ rudely to her.A. that you wont speak B. your not speaking C. you not speak D. you didnt speak19. If I _ in the twent
16、y-first century, I _ my vacation in a very different way.A. should live; would spend B. will live; should spendC. are living; should have spent D. will be living; would have spent20. It is required that the machine _ as frequently as necessary.A. be oiled B. must be oiled C. is oiled D. will oil21.
17、His English teacher recommends that he _ a regular degree program.A. begins B. begin C. will begin D. is beginning22. We prefer that the plan _ before being put into execution.A. is fully discussed B. must be fully discussed C. be fully discussed D. will be fully discussed23. What do you think of hi
18、s proposal that improvements _ in the old type of vacuum cleaner?A. be made B. will be made C. would be made D. will have to be made24. The doctors advice is that the patient _ about his real physical condition.A. be not told B. not be told C. will not be told D. must not be told25. _, we could not
19、have finished the work on time.A. If they do not help us B. Was it not for their helpC. Should they offer to help us D. But for their help26. If we had been more careful, we _ much better results now.A. got B. had got C. would be getting D. would have got27. Henry _ a rich man today if he had been m
20、ore frugal in the past.A. would be B. is C. will be D. was28. They thought it desirable that an armed guard _ in readiness.A. stands B. stand C. stood D. would stand29. All science students, _, should have a good foundation in basic sciences.A. whether they are future physicists and chemistsB. they
21、are future physicists of chemistsC. they should be future physicists of chemistsD. be they future physicists or chemists30. Sally cant have written home, or _ the letter by now.A. Ill get B. Ill have got C. Id have got D. Id get31. I should very much like to have gone to the party but I _.A. am not
22、invited B. was not invited C. shall not be invited D. am not being invited32. There is a general understanding among the members of the Board of Directors that chief attention _ to the undertaking that is expected to bring in highest profit. A. is given B. gives C. should be given D. must be given33
23、. One of the requirements for a fire is that the material _ to its burning temperature.A. be heated B. is heated C. would be heated D. to heat34. -“Did you go to see the football match yesterday?”-“No. I didnt feel well, but I would have gone if I _.”A. did B. have C. would D. had35. If we had known
24、 that she had planned to arrive today, we _ her at the bus station.A. may have met B. might meet C. may meet D. might have met36. Were safer in a train than we would be if we _ any other way.A. traveled B. had traveled C. travel D. have traveled37. He told me how he had given me shelter and protecti
25、on without which I _ of hunger and cold.A. would be died B. would have died C. would die D. will have died38. _ today, he would get there by Friday.A. Was he leaving B. If he is leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves39. Had electronic computers not been invented, many problems of space flight _
26、.A. could be not solved B. could not be solvedC. could not have been solved D. could not have solved40. He is a poorly learnt man. But he acts as though he _.A. is B. were C. should be D. seems like41. The driver looked over the engine carefully lest it _ on the way.A. goes wrong B. go wrong C. went
27、 wrong D. would go wrong42. _ the fog, we should have reached our destination.A. Because of B. In spite of C. In case of D. But for43. The old man went to office on foot, but he _ by bus.A. might have gone B. ought have gone C. could have gone D. should be gone44. He is working hard for fear that he
28、 _ to pass the exam.A. fails B. may fail C. should fail D. would fail45. She put on her glasses in order that she _.A. can see B. saw C. had seen D. might see46. Whatever _ well go ahead.A. had happened B. will happen C. might happen D. may be happened47. If I _ out of ink, I might have finished wri
29、ting the paper.A. hadnt run B. shouldnt run C. didnt run D. havent run48. But for your advice, I _ into trouble.A. would get B. got C. might have got D. should get49. _ for the traffic jam, I should have covered fifty miles.A. Had it been B. Had it not been C. It had not been D. It not had been50. Were it not for the adoption of the open policy, things _ they are today.A. would never be B. could have been C. would never have been D. didnt have第 5 页