1、Period ThreeGrammar & Writing一、引导定语从句的关系词1引导定语从句的常用关系词及其用法关系词指代对象在从句中所作成分关系代词who指人主语、宾语、表语whom指人宾语which指物主语、宾语、表语that既指人又指物主语、宾语、表语whose既指人又指物定语as既指人又指物主语、宾语、表语关系副词when指时间时间状语where指地点地点状语why指原因原因状语Thereareoccasionswhen(onwhich) onehastoyield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijingistheplacewhere(inwhich) Iwasborn.北京是
2、我出生的地方。2定语从句中关系词的选用方法一：用关系代词还是关系副词取决于从句中的谓语动词。如果是及物动词，就要用关系代词；如果是不及物动词，要用关系副词。ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.这是我去年待过的山村。Theletterthat/whichIreceivedyesterdaywasfrommyfather.昨天我收到的那封信是我父亲寄来的。方法二：准确判断关系词在定语从句中所作的成分(主语、宾语、定语、状语)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。关系词在从句中作主语、定语、宾语时，应用关系代词(who，whom，that，whic
3、h，whose)；关系词在从句中作状语时，应用关系副词(where作地点状语，when作时间状语，why作原因状语)。3that和which引导的定语从句的区别that和which都是关系代词，都可在从句中作主语或宾语，但两者存在着不同：用that不用which的情况先行词是all，much，few，little，everything，anything，nothing，none，theone等不定代词时先行词被all，few，little，much，every，some，no等词修饰或被theonly，thevery，thesame，thelast，theright，just等限定词修饰时先行
4、词是形容词的最高级或先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时先行词是序数词或其前有序数词对其进行修饰时先行词既指人又指物时主句是who或which等引导的特殊疑问句时用which不用that的情况在非限制性定语从句中用which不用that介词后用which不用that先行词本身就是that时关系代词后有插入语时Weshoulddoeverythingthatisusefultothepeople.我们应该做一切有益于人民的事。WhenwetalkaboutHangzhou，thefirstthatcomesintoourmindistheWestLake.当我们谈论杭州时，首先想到的是西湖。Thisis
5、thesmallestcomputerthatcanbefoundintheworldnow.这是目前发现的世界上最小的计算机。即时跟踪1用适当的关系词填空(1)Theoldtownhasnarrowstreetsandsmallhousesthat/whicharebuiltclosetoeachother.(2)Irememberthedaywhenshefirstcametoourclass.(3)Theytalkedofthingsandpersonsthattheyrememberedintheschool.(4)Isthistheroomwhereyouwerelivinglast
6、winter?(5)Whichisthedressthatfitsmemost?二、“介词关系代词”的用法1“介词关系代词”结构中介词的确定方法。(1)根据从句中的谓语动词或主要的形容词确定介词。Thewitnesstowhomthepolicemenreferredwaskilledlastnight.警察所提到的那个目击证人昨晚被杀了。(2)根据定语从句修饰的先行词确定介词。Idontknowthereasonforwhichhewaslateforschool.我不知道他为何上学迟到。(3)根据句子所要表达的意思确定介词。Thisisthepilotbywhommysonwassaved
7、.这就是那位救了我儿子的飞行员。2“介词关系代词”结构中的关系代词通常用which或whom，不用that。IllneverforgetthedayonwhichIjoinedthearmy.我永远也忘不了我参军的那一天。ThisisthepencilwithwhichIdrawpictures.这是我画画用的那支铅笔。3关系副词where，when，why可替换成“介词which”，介词取决于先行词及“介词which”在从句中的作用。why可替换为forwhich。ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.ThisisthehousewhereIlived
8、twoyearsago.这就是两年前我居住的那个房子。4“不定代词或数词介词which/whom”引导的定语从句说明整体中的部分。Lastweek，onlytwopeoplecametolookatthehouse，neitherofwhomwantedtobuyit.上周只有两个人来看房子，他们两个人都不想买。5“the名词ofwhich”可替换“whose名词”，引导定语从句。Thehouse，thewindowsofwhich(whosewindows) weredamaged，hasnowbeenrepaired.窗子遭破坏的那所房子现在已经修好了。即时跟踪2用适当的关系词或“介词关系
9、代词”填空(1)Sheshowedthevisitorsaroundthemuseum，theconstructionofwhichhadtakenmorethanthreeyears.(2)Themantowhomyoutalkedjustnowwillchairthemeetingtomorrow.(3)Theresnoreasonforwhich/whywedontattendtheparty.三、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别如下：限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句和先行词关系密切(起修饰限制的作用，删掉后影响整个句子意思的表达)和先行词关系不密切(
10、起补充说明的作用，删掉后不影响整个句子意思的表达)不用逗号隔开一般用逗号隔开可用that引导不可以用that引导只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分既可以修饰先行词，也可以修饰主句或主句的一部分即时跟踪3用适当的关系词或“介词关系代词”填空(1)Iwalkeduptothetopofthehillwithmyfriends，where/onwhichweenjoyedasplendidviewofthelake.(2)Pleasepassmethebook，whosecoverisblue.(3)Manypeopletriedtoleavethecountry，wheretherew
11、asmuchviolenceandaseriousshortageoffoodsupply.(4)Adictionaryisabookwhich/thatgivesthemeaningofwords.(5)ThescientistwontheNobelPrizeinchemistry，whichmadehimfamousallovertheworld.四、as/which引导的非限制性定语从句as引导非限制性定语从句时，修饰整句话或整件事位置较灵活，也就是说可置于所修饰的句子前面，插在句子中或放在句子后。一般译为“正如，就像”。which只置于所修饰的句子后。一般译为“这件事；这一点”。Asw
12、eallknow，smokingisharmfultohealth.我们都知道，吸烟有害健康。Hefinishedthetaskaheadoftime，whichisveryimportanttous.他提前完成了任务，这对我们很重要。即时跟踪4用适当的关系词填空(1)MarywasmuchkindertoJackthanshewastotheothers，which，ofcourse，madealltheothersupset.(2)Asisannouncedintodayspaper，theyhavesucceededinsolvingmanyproblemsinaccordancewit
13、hthenewtheory.(3)Theairqualityinourcity，asisshowninthechart，hasdeclinedoverthelastthreemonths.(4)RecentlyIhaveboughtaniPad3onthewebsiteofT，ofwhichthepriceisveryreasonable.用适当的关系词填空1IdskippednearbyGuilin，adreamplacefortouristsseekingthelimestonemountaintopsanddarkwatersoftheLiRiverthat/whicharepictur
14、edbyartistsinsomanyChinesepaintings.(2015全国)2Whenharvestcamearound，hewasalreadysellingherbs，vegetablesandcottoninthemarketwherepeoplefromthetownsmetregularly.(2015广东)3OppositeisSt.PaulsChurch, whereyoucanhearsomelovelymusic.(2015北京)4Asthesmallestchildofhisfamily，Alexisalwayslongingforthetimewhenhesh
15、ouldbeabletobeindependent.(2015陕西)5Thebooksonthedesk，whosecoversareshiny，areprizesforus.(2015四川)6Thebossofthecompanyistryingtocreateaneasyatmospherewherehisemployeesenjoytheirwork.(2015天津)7Thenumberofsmokers，asisreported，hasdroppedby17percentinjustoneyear.(2015江苏)8Someexpertsthinkreadingisthefundame
16、ntalskilluponwhichschooleducationdepends.(2015安徽)9Itisatrulydelightfulplace，whichlooksthesameasitmusthavedone100yearsagowithitswindingstreetsandprettycottages.(2015湖南)10ChinaTodayattractsaworldwidereadership，whichshowsthatmoreandmorepeopleallovertheworldwanttolearnaboutChina.(2015福建)11Pleasesendusal
17、ltheinformationthatyouhaveaboutthecandidatefortheposition.(2014陕西)12Englishisalanguagesharedbyseveraldiversecultures，eachofwhichusesitdifferently.(2014天津).单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1Havingteainthelateafternoonprovidesabridgebetweenlunchanddinner，thatmightnotbeserveduntil8oclockatnight.(2013新课标全国，短文改错)thatwhich
18、2There，Katiawillintroducemetosomeofherfriends，oneofwhohasbeentoChinaseveraltimes.Ijustcantwait.(2011重庆，短文改错)whowhom3Itturnedouttobeherowncup，thatshedleftontheshelfbymistake.(2010陕西，短文改错)thatwhich【文体指导】本单元的写作目标是要描写一种动物，这类文章属于说明文的范畴，以“说明”为主要表达方式，用来介绍动物的类属、生活习性、生存状态、外貌特征等，可对描述的对象作总体的概括介绍，给人以直观的总体认识，然后进
19、行具体说明，目的在于使人知道、了解此种动物。所以，文章多用一般现在时。文章应合理安排结构，注意行文的条理清晰，在动笔之前要想好描述顺序，句与句之间怎样衔接，段与段之间怎样联系。【常用句式】1Thesnake/tiger.isa.animalthatlivesin.2Lions/Tigers.have.shoulders，stronglegsandpowerfuljaws.3Aguidedogisadogespeciallytrainedtoguideablindperson.4Inrecentyears，.hasbeendevelopingrapidly.5Itwasreallyanimpre
20、ssivevisit.6Imsurepeople.willworkharderto.7Itisoureagerhopethatpeoplewho.will.8Itislovedby.【写作任务】根据下列要点提示写一篇描述大象的短文：1大象是最大的陆地动物，出生时一般重90公斤，身高1米左右。当12岁成年时，它的身高达3米多，以后不再生长。大象呈灰色，有长长的鼻子，在嘴的两侧各有一根长长的象牙。2大象通常集体生活在一起，彼此互相照顾。3多年来人们利用这种强壮的动物来搬运重物。注意：1.短文须包含以上所有内容，但不要逐字翻译；2可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。参考词汇：象牙ivorytusk象鼻tr
21、unk【审题谋篇】第一步明确要求本文要求写一篇描述大象的短文，即根据提示写一篇关于大象的说明文。第二步确定段落本次写作的正文可分为三部分。Part1对大象进行总体概括介绍，并从身高、体重方面进行描述，给人以直观的总体认识。Part2对大象的具体特征和生活习性作进一步的描述。Part3对大象的用途进行介绍。第三步词汇热身1不再not.anymore2成群结队ingroups3关心，照顾carefor4继续做某事continuetodosth.第四步句式升级1它重达90公斤，一出生就有一米多高。(一般表达)Itweighsninetykilogramsandisaboutonemeterhighw
22、henitisborn.(句式升级)Weighingasmuchas/uptoninetykilograms，itisonemetrehighwhenborn.(现在分词作状语)2大象通常成群结队的活动而且互相照顾，作为一种温顺的动物而闻名。(一般表达)Theelephantusuallymovesingroupsandcaresforeachother，anditisknowntobeagentlecreature.(句式升级)Usuallymovingingroupsandcaringforeachother，theelephantisknowntobeagentlecreature.(现
23、在分词作状语)【连句成篇】Theelephantisthelargestanimalonlandtoday.Itweighsninetykilogramsandisaboutonemetrehighwhenborn.Whenitis12yearsold，itisoverthreemetrestallanddoesnotgrowanymore.Theelephantisusuallygreyincolor，havingalongtrunkwithlargeivorytusksoneachsideofitsmouth.Usuallymovingingroupsandcaringforeachoth
24、er，theelephantisknowntobeaverygentlecreature.Formanyyearspeoplehaveusedthestrengthofthesepowerfulanimalstomovetreesandheavylogs.Theelephanthasbeenandisatoolforpeopletodomanythings.Theelephantisandwillcontinuetobeoneofthegreatestcreaturesmanhasevercomeintocontactwith.Itssize，beautyandpowerwillforeverbeusefultoman.