1、1civilise v文明化；教化civilisation n文明civilised adj.文明的2ruin n残垣断壁，废墟ruinous adj.毁灭性的ruinously adv.毁灭地3dismiss v拒绝考虑，否定dismissal n摒弃；不予考虑dismissive adj.轻蔑的4abandon v离弃，逃离abandoned adj.被离弃的；被遗弃的abandonment n离弃；遗弃1bury v将埋在下面，覆盖；埋葬，安葬，丧失；掩藏(感情等)；使陷入，把插入The house was buried under ten feet of snow.覆盖Shes 85
2、and has buried three husbands.丧失He had learnt to bury his feelings.掩藏He walked slowly，his hands buried in his pockets.插入2abandon v离弃，逃离；遗弃，抛弃；舍弃；中止；放弃(信念等)He gave the order to abandon the ship.舍弃They abandoned the match because of rain.中止Critics accused him of abandoning his principles.放弃This is a b
3、aby abandoned by its parents.遗弃Words and Phrasescorrespond v相一致；符合；类似于；相当于；通信教材P50Through comparison，he found that the locations of the 117 known Maya cities correspond to the positions of the stars.通过比较，他发现117个已知玛雅城市的位置与恒星的位置相对应。例1Your account of the event does not correspond with/to hers.你对事情的陈述与她
4、说的不相符。例2The two maps of London correspond closely.这两张伦敦的地图很相似。造句 他的行为与观点不一致。His actions do not correspond with/to his ideas.知识拓展(1)correspond with/to与相一致；符合correspond with 与通信(2)corresponding adj. 相应的，相关联的即学即练单句语法填空The translation does not quite correspond to/with the original.You will allow me to c
5、onsider that I correspond with him through you.March and April sales this year were up 8 per cent on the corresponding(correspond)period of last year.bury v埋住；把(某物)掩藏在地下，埋藏；掩盖，遮盖教材P50Based on this，he believed he had spotted an unknown Maya city buried deep in the jungle.基于此，他相信他发现了一个埋在丛林深处的未知的玛雅城市。例
6、1The pirates would often bury gold in the cave and then fail to collect it.海盗们过去常把金子埋藏在那个洞里，可后来却没能取走。例2Hed had to bury his pain over the years.他不得不将痛苦掩藏多年。造句狗把骨头埋在花园里。The dog buried its bone in the garden.知识拓展(1)bury ones head/face in ones hands 用手捂住头/脸bury oneself inbe buried in 埋头于；专心于(2)be buried
7、 in thought 沉思即学即练单句语法填空Buried(bury)in his study，he wasnt aware that all the others had left.Burying (bury)his face in his hands，he tried to control his weeping.小片段填空The girl was sitting on the bench in the park，burying her head in her hands.So she did not notice the thief who stood beside her with
8、his hands buried in the pockets of his dark overcoat.apply vi.申请；适用；请求 vt.申请；应用教材P50They applied this understanding to the Maya calendar，which was accurate to within 30 seconds per year.他们把这种理解应用到玛雅历法中，精确到每年30秒以内。例1The new technology was applied to farming.这项新技术被应用于农业。例2We should try to learn econom
9、ic theory and apply it.我们应努力学习经济理论并能应用。造句这个规则并不能适用于所有的情况。You can not apply this rule to every case.知识拓展(1)apply(to.)for (向)申请apply to do sth. 申请去做某事apply to 适用于(to为介词)apply.to. 把应用于apply oneself to 致力于，集中精力于(2)application n. 请求；申请，申请表；应用applicant n. 申请人即学即练单句语法填空We should apply what we learnt to the
10、 construction of our country.When the time came to make the final decision for a course，I decided to apply for the one that reflected my interest.To my delight，I was chosen from hundreds of applicants(applicant)to attend the opening ceremony.Eventually，however，I won the support of my family，and I se
11、nt in all the paperwork needed for the application(apply)小片段填空Since last year，I have been applying myself to studying(study) the latest technology about planting.I think that we should not only know the theory but also how to apply it to practice.These new technology，if applied(apply)to farming，will
12、 help increase the grain output.I have applied for a fulltime job in the village.To my delight，I was chosen from hundreds of applicants(apply)decline vi.下降；衰弱，衰退；谢绝，婉言拒绝教材P51Yet，within just a couple of generations，it began to mysteriously decline.然而，仅仅几代人之后，它就开始神秘地衰落。例1The economy continued to exhib
13、it signs of decline in September.9月份，经济继续呈现出衰退的迹象。例2This decline in vigour with the passing of time is called ageing.这种随着时间流逝的活力衰退就叫作衰老。造句他的健康状况最近开始恶化。His health has begun to decline recently.知识拓展(1)a decline in.在(方面)的下降in declineon the decline 处于衰退中，下降(2)decline to do sth. 拒绝做某事decline by/to. 下降了/下
14、降到即学即练单句语法填空I dont know why the boy declined to answer (answer)a question.The number of people who run the red light has been on the decline since the new traffic regulations came into effect.The number of tourists to the resort declined by 10% last year to 5 million.小片段填空With his bonus on the decli
15、ne，he decided to stay at home and declined to have(have)a holiday.claim v声称；断言；要求(拥有)；索取；认领 n声明；宣称；断言；(尤指对财产、土地等要求拥有的)所有权；(尤指向公司、政府等)索款，索赔教材P51When Europeans arrived in Central America in the early 16th century to claim its riches，the remaining Maya people were living in small settlements.当欧洲人在16世纪初
16、来到中美洲索要其财富时，剩下的玛雅人就住在小的定居点里。例1Now they are returning to claim what was theirs.如今他们回来索取本属于他们的东西了。例2You should be able to claim the cost from the car insurance.你应该能从汽车保险中索取这笔费用。造句 你可按你的保险索赔你遗忘在火车上的大衣。You can claim on your insurance for that coat you left on the train.知识拓展(1)claim to do sth./that.声称做某事
17、/声称claim to have done sth. 声称做过某事It is claimed that. 据说(2)make a claim for sth. 要求； 对提出赔偿要求即学即练单句语法填空/句型转换As the victim in the accident，I will make a claim for the injuries I suffered.Scientists claimed to have made (make)a major breakthrough in the fight against cancer.It is claimed that he had see
18、n aliens with his own eyes. He claimed to have seen aliens with his own eyeslead to 引起，导致；通向教材P51This is likely to have led to a series of droughts，each lasting for a couple of years，including a “megadrought” around 900 AD.这很可能导致了一系列的干旱，每一次都持续了几年，其中包括公元900年左右的一次“超级干旱”。例1Technological changes will in
19、evitably lead to unemployment.技术变革必然会导致失业。例2This can lead to bodily weakness and muscle wastage.这样可能会导致身体虚弱和肌肉萎缩。造句这可能会导致巨大的压力。This can lead to significant stress.知识拓展lead sb.to do sth.使某人做某事lead sb.to/into n. 带领某人去/进入，使某人得出(观点)lead a.life 过的生活lead the way 引路，带路除lead to外，常见的表示“引起，导致”的词汇还有：cause，resu
20、lt in，bring about，contribute to等。即学即练单句语法填空I want to know what led you to take(take)up acting as a career.The new evidence led to the high official being arrested(arrest)小片段填空His lack of confidence led to a lot of suffering.And the success of his father led him to believe all the roads lead to Rome.
21、So he told himself to be confident and just do it.rate n速度；进度；比率；率；价格；费用v.评估教材P51Many scientists believe that these droughts were the main reason why Maya civilisation began to collapse at different rates in different places.许多科学家认为，这些干旱是玛雅文明在不同地方开始以不同速度崩溃的主要原因。例1The disease has spread at an alarmin
22、g rate.这种病以惊人的速度传播开来。例2The car was going at the rate of 40 miles an hour.轿车以每小时40英里的速度行驶。造句他正以每小时70英里的速度行驶。He is driving at the rate of seventy miles an hour.知识拓展at any rate(强调事情的真实性)无论如何，不管怎样at this/that rate(informal)照此情形；如此下去birth/unemployment/divorce/crime rate 出生/失业/离婚/犯罪比率rate sb./sth. highly
23、对某人/某事评价高be rated as 被认为即学即练单句语法填空/完成句子I may be away on business next week，but at any rate Ill be back by Friday.At this rate(照这样下去)，well soon be bankrupt.At any rate(不管怎么样)，we must go there.ruin n残垣断壁，废墟；毁灭；失去工作(或地位等)；破产教材P51Its oncegreat cities fell into ruin，leaving various mysteries for later pe
24、ople to solve.它曾经辉煌的城市都毁灭了，留下了各种各样的谜团让后人去解开。例1The scandal brought about his ruin.那件丑闻使他身败名裂。例2The farmers say recent inflation has driven them to the brink of ruin.农民们说最近的通货膨胀使他们濒临破产。造句 这些寺庙已破败不堪。The temples have fallen into ruin.知识拓展fall into ruin 衰败go to rack and ruin 变得一团糟in ruins 毁坏；严重受损；破败不堪即学即
25、练单句语法填空/完成句子Years of fighting has left the area in ruins.The whole city lay in ruins (ruin)after the earthquake，which made them lie awake all night.They let the house go to rack and ruin(变得一团糟)abandon vt.(不顾责任、义务等)抛弃；停止(支持或帮助)；舍弃；逃离n.放任；放纵教材P52But the greatest mystery of all is what caused the Maya
26、to abandon most of their great cities.但最神秘的是什么导致玛雅人遗弃了他们大部分的大城市。例1I decided not to abandon John when he was in such a desperate position.我决定不在约翰走投无路的时候抛弃他。 例2The study showed a deep fear among the elderly of being abandoned to the care of strangers.研究表明，老人十分害怕被丢给陌生人照管。造句 这个婴儿被母亲遗弃了。The baby was aban
27、doned by its mother.知识拓展(1)abandon sb.遗弃某人/停止支持某人abandon sth. 放弃某事/舍弃某物abandon oneself to sth. 沉溺于(某种情感)(2)abandoned adj. 抛弃了的；废弃的；放纵的(3)with abandon 纵情；放任地即学即练单句语法填空They discovered some valuable goods in the abandoned (abandon)house.Snow forced many drivers to abandon (abandon)their vehicles.He aba
28、ndoned himself(he) to despair.小片段填空 One winter morning we came upon an abandoned puppy on the street.I wondered who it was that abandoned such a cute puppy.dismiss v摒弃(想法等)，丢开；把(人)解雇，解职； 使离开；解散(集会等)；拒绝考虑，否定教材P52Although his theory has been dismissed by scholars, it shows how powerful the secrets of
29、Ancient Maya civilisation are among people.虽然他的理论已经被学者们所否定，但它显示了古代玛雅文明的奥秘在人们心中是多么的有影响力。例1Three workers were dismissed for being lazy.三个工人因怠惰而被解雇。例2 The rich man didnt mind at all dismissing a servant from his place.那个富翁对解雇佣人一点也不在意。造句这个男的被解雇了。The man was dismissed from his job.知识拓展dismiss sb. for sth
30、.因为而解雇某人dismiss sb. from 把某人从解雇dismiss sb./sth. from ones mind 试图忘记某人或者某事dismissal n. 解雇，免职即学即练单句语法填空She tried to dismiss him from her mind.His boss dismissed him from his job for making too many mistakes.Do not come back.This is your final dismissal(dismiss)Sentence Patternswhatever引导让步状语从句教材P51Wha
31、tever the reasons，Maya civilisation largely disappeared within the deep jungle.不管是什么原因，玛雅文明基本上消失在丛林深处。句式分析：句子中whatever the reasons 是整个句子的让步状语从句。例1Whatever you do，dont look for a pay increase when you know the company is going through some difficulty.不管你做什么，在知道公司遭遇困境时不要指望加薪。例2Whatever you want to cha
32、t about，well do it tonight.不管你想聊些什么，我们今晚聊个够。造句 不管你在做什么，当你想抽烟的时候就做点别的事情吧。Whatever you are doing，do something else when you want to smoke.知识拓展(1)whatever，whoever，whichever，whomever既可引导名词性从句，也可引导让步状语从句，在引导让步状语从句时，相当于no matter what/who/which/whom。(2)whenever，wherever，however引导让步状语从句时，相当于no matter when/w
33、here/how，意为“无论何时/何地/如何”。“no matter疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句，不能引导名词性从句，可放在主句前或主句后。翻译1无论结果怎样，我们都要微笑着接受，因为我们已经尽全力了。Whatever the result is，we should accept it with a smile，because we have tried our best.翻译2无论距离有多远，我们都感觉彼此很亲近。 However far away we are，we feel close to each other.即学即练单句语法填空Whenever Im unhappy，it is m
34、y friend who cheers me up.As young people，we are supposed to work hard and enjoy our work，no matter how ordinary it is.Wherever they looked，they saw nothing but ruins after the terrible earthquake.Whatever she says will not make any difference to our arrangements.leave宾语宾语补足语教材P52Meanwhile，the rise
35、and fall of this civilisation must also leave us thinking about our own past，present and future.同时，这个文明的兴衰也必须让我们思考自己的过去、现在和未来。句式分析：此句中的us 是leave 的宾语，thinking about.是us 的补足语。例1If you leave the water running when you dont use it，you are wasting.如果不用水时你还让水一直流着，你是在浪费。例2Dont leave the light on when you a
36、re not in the room.当你不在房间时，别让灯开着。造句别让她在雨中等你。Dont leave her waiting for you outside in the rain.知识拓展(1)leave宾语名词/形容词/副词/介词短语(2)leave宾语分词(3)leave宾语不定式(4)leave宾语where引导的地点状语从句/as引导的方式状语从句在leave的复合结构中，宾补为现在分词时，通常表示主动、进行的动作；宾补为过去分词时，通常表示被动、完成的动作；宾补为不定式时，通常表示动作尚未发生。翻译1使我失望的是她让我一个人完成这项工作。What disappoints m
37、e is that she leaves me to finish the work by myself.翻译2把东西放在能够再次找到的地方，你们应该把这一点作为一条规则。You should make it a rule to leave things where you can find them again.即学即练单句语法填空/完成句子Hearing the bad news，he hurried home，leaving the books lying(lie)open on the table.Youd better leave the door open (open)to let
38、 in fresh air.He had to go home，leaving the work unfinished (finished)You should leave the lawyer to settle(settle)the problem.If the clothes dont fit you，please leave them where they were(请放回原处)教材P50The fact that Maya society was technologically primitive makes its achievements all the more incredi
39、ble and mysterious.分析：这句话的主语是the fact，the fact 指的是(或者说内容是)Maya society was technologically primitive，这句话的宾语是its achievements，all the more incredible and mysterious 起补充说明作用。译文：玛雅社会在技术上是原始的，这使得它的成就更加不可思议和神秘。教材高考1.They applied this understanding to the Maya calendar，which was accurate to within 30 seco
40、nds per year.(2018全国卷).we had to write a paper on how we plan to apply what we would learn in class to our future professions.2.Its oncegreat cities fell into ruin，leaving various mysteries for later people to solve.(2019全国卷)Does Kilimanjaro deserve its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of
41、 tourists ruining the atmosphere of peace？.单句语法填空1Your letter got buried(bury)under a pile of papers.2The written record of the conversation doesnt correspond to/with what was actually said.3Im writing to apply(apply)for the position as a student volunteer.4The number of robberies in the area is in
42、decline.5She claimed(claim)damages from the company for the injury she had suffered.6Eating too much sugar can lead to health problems.7The city is now in ruins(ruin)8Dont leave him waiting(wait)outside in the rain.9Yesterdays match was abandoned(abandon)because of bad weather.10Whatever decision he
43、 made I would support it.短语填空fall into ruin；make a discovery；correspond to；take back；apply.to.1In science，it is important to be the first person to make a discovery2His expenses do not correspond to his income.3How can I apply theory to practice?4They let the palace fall into ruin5I apologize to you
44、，now I will take back what I said.课文语法填空Many people show an 1.increasing(increase)interest in Maya civilisation.Extending south from Mexico into Central America，it 2.has been surrounded(surround) by mystery since its rediscovery in the 19th century.Firstly，the Maya built 3.impressive(impress)palaces
45、 and temples.Secondly，Maya people have 4.a good understanding of mathematics and astronomy.Thirdly，the calendar they made is very accurate.Above all，they have a true writing system，5.which contained more than 800 characters，some signs representing animals，people and objects and 6.others representing
46、 syllables.Sadly，Maya civilisation began to mysteriously decline.Many factors contribute 7.to its collapse.For one thing，Maya people reduced their ability 8. to deal(deal)with natural disasters by changing the landscape.For another，fewer tropical cyclones were likely 9.to have led(lead) to a series of droughts，and each 10. lasted(last) for a couple of years.Whatever the reasons，the rise and fall of Maya civilisation leaves us many things to think about.