1、Section Grammar & Writing过去完成时的被动语态、直接引语和间接引语阅读下列句子并体会黑体部分的用法1By the time it ended, more than 700 people had been killed and 2,700 had been injured.2By the late 1890s, he had moved to Galveston, where he died in 1899, a year before the hurricane struck.3Coghlan traveled back to Canadaafter he had be
2、en buried in Texas!4She says, “Tom was very kind.”She says that Tom was very kind.5He asked, “Will you go to the party？”He asked whether/if I would go to the party.6She asked me, “When do they have their dinner？”She asked me when they had their dinner.7The teacher said, “About 70% of the earths surf
3、ace is covered with water.”The teacher said that about 70% of the earths surface is covered with water.一、过去完成时的被动语态1构成：hadbeen过去分词2用法：(1) 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的被动动作。常用于before, after, by the time, when等引导的状语从句中谓语动词是一般过去时，以及by, before, until过去的时间点。The project had been completed by the end of 2016.这项工程已于
4、2016年底竣工了。By the time he got to the school, the first period had been finished.等他到学校的时候，第一节课已经上完了。How many buildings had been destroyed when the hurricane ended?飓风结束的时候，有多少座大楼被毁坏了？(2) 在told, said, knew, heard, thought, found等动词后的宾语从句中，表示宾语从句中的动作已被做完时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。He heard that the tickets had alread
5、y been sold out.他听说票已售完。The newspaper reported more than 1,000 people had been killed in the hurricane.报纸报道说有一千多人在飓风中丧生。(3)在It was the first/second .time that .句型中。此句型主句用一般过去时，that引导的定语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时。It was the third time that he had been beaten black and blue.那是他第三次被打得青一块紫一块的。二、直接引语和间接引语直接引述别人的原话，叫
6、做直接引语；用自己的话转述别人的话叫作间接引语。直接引语如改为间接引语，必须在语序、人称、时态和状语方面做相应变化。1直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时由连词that引导。Mary said to her friends，“I dont like computers.”Mary said to her friends that she didnt like computers.2直接引语是一般疑问句，变为间接引语时变成if/whether引导的宾语从句。3直接引语是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时特殊疑问句变为由who, when, where, why, how等疑问词引导的宾语从句(注意：从句中需
7、是陈述语序)。4直接引语是祈使句，变为“主语ask/order/tell/beg等宾语动词不定式”这一句型。He said, “Do it now and dont put it off until tomorrow.”He told me to do it then and not to put it off until the next day.名师点津(1)直接引语变间接引语时，时态的变化如下：直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时一般过去时过去完成时过去进行时过去进行时一般将来时过去将来时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时注意：直接引语是客观真理、谚语或名人名言
8、时，变成间接引语时时态不变。当直接引语中有具体的过去时间作状语时，间接引语仍然用一般过去时。(2)指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等的变化：thisthatthesethosenowthentoday that dayyesterdaythe day beforelast yearthe year beforeagobeforetomorrowthe next daynext monththe next monthhere therecomegobringtake(3)间接引语一般要用陈述语序。.单句语法填空1He said that the novel _ (translate) into se
9、veral languages.2By the end of last year, 10,000 trees _(plant) in that village.3By the time he was 12, my brother _(send) to America.4After the exam, my teacher told me that failure_(be) the mother of success.5When he returned to his hometown, he was surprised to find that great changes _(take plac
10、e) in his hometown.6It was the third time that Tom _ (catch) cheating in the maths exam.7Were you late for the film?Very late.Half of it had been shown by the time we _(reach) the cinema.8The police found that a lot of things in the house _ (steal)9Toms mother told him not _(waste) his time on the c
11、omputer games.10When I phoned Jane, she told me that she _(read) a novel.【答案】1.had been translated2.had been planted3.had been sent4.is5.had taken place6.had been caught7.reached8.had been stolen9.to waste10.was reading.单句改错1As the work was done, he went on to surf the Internet._2It was reported tha
12、t more than 1, 000 people had killed in the tornado._3He said that some bridges have washed away._4The teacher asked the students that they were interested in English._5John told me that he is going to see the film a second time._【答案】1.washad been2. killed前加been3havehad been4.thatwhether/if5.iswas自然
13、灾害类文章关于自然灾害的短文属于记叙文或说明文范畴。描述自然灾害首先要说明该灾害的基本情况，然后根据需要选择角度，简明扼要而又重点突出地介绍，力求真实准确，恰如其分。写好自然灾害类文章的关键是实事求是、简明扼要。自然灾害类文章一般包括以下几点：灾害发生的时间、地点等；灾害的危害性及其发生规律；补救措施；经验教训或建议。自然灾害类文章的特点：1时态相对统一：多用一般现在时和一般过去时，有时为了表达的需要会在个别地方采用其他时态。2一般采用客观表述，避免主观色彩。3叙述格式比较固定。通常为：事件描述灾害提出建议等。亮点句式1灾害的发生：There was/is a terrible earthqu
14、ake /flood in.A terrible earthquake/flood hit/struck.happened/took place/broke out.2灾害的影响：Thousands of people were made homeless.The disaster caused.deaths/injuries.The flood/earthquake caused great damage/loss to.3采取措施及建议：At present, fresh water, food and shelters are badly needed.Fortunately, inte
15、rnational societies offered their helping hands shortly after the earthquakedonating clothes, food and medicine.In the meantime, people nationwide are taking an active part in raising money for disaster areas.Measures have been taken to help.写作任务【导学号：91390016】2016年夏天，因为世上最强厄尔尼诺现象，南方发生了严重的洪涝灾害，造成了很大的
16、损失。请根据下面3个方面的内容，写一篇英语短文。1损失：农田被毁，房屋被冲走，很多人无家可归；2洪涝灾害的原因：下雨达数月，森林被砍伐，湖泊被改造成农田；3补救措施：保护河边树木，重建堤坝，还田造湖。词数：100词审题谋篇项目结论体裁说明文话题自然灾害时态一般现在时和一般过去时人称第三人称遣词造句.词汇1发生occur2造成了巨大损失cause_a_great_loss3砍倒_cut_down4变成turn_into5采取措施做某事take_measures_to_do.句式1The flood ruined fields, washed away houses, and made many
17、people become homeless.(用被动语态改写句子)Fields_were_ruined,_houses_were_washed_away_and_many_people_became_homeless.2Finally, some lakes had been turned into fields, and this seriously blocked the waterway.(用定语从句改写句子)Finally,_some_lakes_had_been_turned_into_fields,_which_seriously_blocked_the_waterway.妙笔成
18、篇_【参考范文】In the summer of 2016, a big flood occurred in the south.It was very serious.It caused a great loss.Fields were ruined, houses were washed away and many people became homeless.There are three reasons for the floods.Firstly, it had kept raining for months.Secondly, many forests had been cut d
19、own and the soil was washed away.Finally, some lakes had been turned into fields, which seriously blocked the waterway.Now, some measures have been taken to prevent floods from happening again.The trees along the rivers have been protected.Old dams have been rebuilt and some fields have been turned
20、back into lakes again.学业分层测评.完成句子1到去年年末，(该厂)已经生产了两万辆轿车。By the end of last year, 20, 000 cars _.2我被告知那本书落在那个房间里了。I was told that the book _.3老师告诉我们不要动实验室里的任何东西。The teacher _ anything in the lab.4我问他那天晚上他是待在家里还是去看电影。I asked him_go to see a film that night.5他问他妈妈是怎么找到它的。He asked his mother_ it.【答案】1.ha
21、d been produced2.had been left3.told us not to touch4.whether he would stay at home or 5.how she had found.阅读理解AIn the past hundred years a million people have died in earthquakes, another million have been killed by hurricanes and tornadoes(龙卷风) and 9 million have lost their lives in floods.In addi
22、tion to this many millions more have died as a result of hunger and disease.We should also not forget in many of the worlds countries drought, serious water shortage, is a fact of life, especially in the African Sahel area bordering the Sahara Desert.Scientists and engineers around the world have ma
23、de great advances in earthquake engineering.It is, of course, physically impossible to move cities such as Tokyo and San Francisco that have been built on earthquake belts.But most often it is not the earthquake that kills people.It is the falling buildings, bridges and so on that cause deaths, and
24、such a happening can be greatly reduced by better building programs.Finally, perhaps we need to consider the natural disaster that we are causing ourselves.Through our mismanagement of the planets resources we have sped up the dying out of hundreds of sorts of plants and animals, at the same time po
25、ssibly destroying our own longterm surroundings for life.Maybe this is one_disaster that could be prevented if we are willing to act with a sense of responsibility.1_people have been killed in natural disasters in the past 100 years.AMore than 11 millionB11 millionC10 millionDMore than 1 million【解析】
26、推理判断题。地震、飓风、龙卷风和洪涝灾害都属于自然灾害， 再加上其他自然灾害造成的死亡人数，所以在过去的100年里，自然灾害所造成的死亡人数也就超过了11 million。故A符合推理。【答案】A2Which of the following hasnt killed people?AEarthquakes and floods.BHurricanes and tornadoes.CDroughts and water shortage.DNone of the above.【解析】细节理解题。文章的第一段谈到了A、B、C所说的自然灾害所造成的死亡人数，由此得出答案D。【答案】D3Accord
27、ing to the text, we can say that_.Aearthquakes can be prevented from happeningBcities built on earthquakes can be moved in timeClosses and deaths caused by earthquakes can be reduced with human effortsDnothing can be done with earthquakes【解析】推理判断题。由第二段可知，地震中人们的死亡并非都是地震本身造成的，更多的是倒塌的建筑物、桥梁等造成的，因此人们可以通
28、过改进建筑物的构造等大大减少死亡人数。故C符合推理。【答案】C4What does the underlined “one disaster” in the last paragraph refer to?AEarthquakes.BMans mismanagement of natural resources.CThe text doesnt tell us.DAll of the disasters mentioned.【解析】词义猜测题。本句中one disaster应是指代上文所谈到的人类对于自然资源的不合理使用。B符合句意。【答案】BBIt was the first time th
29、at Benny had travelled on his own.As he stood with his luggage at the checkin for the flight to Singapore, he felt very nervous.“Youll be fine，” said his dad.“Nothing ever happens on flights nowadays！”Soon it was time to board the aircraft.Benny quickly found his seat and settled down next to an old
30、 lady.They started chatting and the lady told him that her name was Mrs.Pang, and that she was on her way to London to visit her son.As the aircraft rushed down the runway, Benny could see that Mrs.Pang was holding onto the chair in front of her, and that she had her eyes shut tight.Although he felt
31、 rather anxious himself, he said, “Dont worry, Mrs.Pang! Nothing ever happens on flights nowadays！” Soon the plane was up in the sky and Benny and his neighbour were enjoying their drinks and the meals which the cabin crew (乘务人员) brought round.Suddenly, the plane began to rock from side to side.The
32、meal trays (托盘) slid around on the little tables and the “Fasten seat belts” sign came on.The pilot told everyone that they must stay in their seats.Mrs.Pang was holding onto something againonly this time it was Bennys hand that she was holding!“Dont worry, Mrs.Pang，” Benny began to say.But then he
33、stopped.What could he say? He just patted her hand and tried to look confident.It took some time before the plane got back to good weather but finally the passengers were told that everything was back to normal.Benny started to watch a film and Mrs.Pang seemed to go to sleep.Suddenly, the plane roll
34、ed and without any warning, dropped down.Many people cried out as their belongings fell to the ground.Mrs.Pang also gave a scream and held Benny tightly againthis time with two hands! But the plane kept going.The pilot announced that it was just an air pocket (气穴) and there was no danger.As they lan
35、ded at Singapore airport, Mrs.Pang turned to Benny and said, “Thank you very much for your help, Benny.Now please tell me what you said at first.”“Dont worry! Nothing ever happens on flights nowadays！” laughed Benny.【语篇解读】本文讲述了Benny第一次独自坐飞机旅行的奇特经历。5Why was Benny nervous at the checkin?AIt was his fi
36、rst flight.BHe had too much luggage.CHe had never travelled alone before.DHe didnt want to go to Singapore【解析】细节理解题。由第一段第一句话“It was the first time that Benny had travelled on his own.”可知，Benny感到紧张是因为这是他第一次独自旅行。【答案】C6How did Mrs.Pang feel throughout the flight?AExcited.BWorried.CSurprised.DThankful.【
37、解析】推理判断题。由全文的介绍，特别是第四段的“Mrs.Pang was holding onto the chair in front of her, and that she had her eyes shut tight.”以及第六段的“Mrs.Pang was holding onto something again”以及第九段的“Mrs.Pang also gave a scream and held Benny tightly again”来看，Mrs.Pang在整个旅程中都很紧张。【答案】B7Why did Benny stop speaking to Mrs.Pang when
38、 the plane rocked?AHe didnt want to talk to her.BHe was too tired and fell asleep.CShe was too busy holding the seat.DHe couldnt tell her that nothing had happened.【解析】推理判断题。由第七段“He just patted her hand and tried to look confident.”可推知。【答案】D8Why did Benny laugh in the end?AHe knew that what he said
39、was untrue of their flight.BHe thought what Mrs.Pang did was funny.CHe was happy to be in Singapore.DTheir flight was great fun.【解析】推理判断题。由全文故事可知，Benny笑是因为他知道他说的话是不真实的。【答案】A.语法填空阅读下列材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。Several days before July 28,1976，many strange things happened in Tangshan.They were si
40、gns for the earthquake.1._ people in the city of Tangshan didnt think much of these.At 3：42 am.on July 28,1976，the 2._ (great) earthquake of the 20th century happened in Tangshan，Hebei Province，China.In fifteen terrible seconds，a large city lay in 3._ (ruin)The number of people who were killed or 4.
41、_(injure)reached more than 400,000.Nearly everything was destroyed，5._ (include) hospitals，factories，buildings，dams，railway tracks，etc.Water，food and electricity were hard 6._(get)People wondered how long the disaster would last.Not all hope was lost.The army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan 7._(he
42、lp) the rescue workers，and some of them and doctors 8._(trap) under the ruins.9._ (slow) the city began to breathe again.From then on，every year on July 28，we would honour those who died in the terrible disaster and those 10._ helped the survivors.【答案】1.But 2.greatest3.ruins4.injured5.including 6.to
43、 get 7.to help8.were trapped9Slowly10.who.短文改错【导学号：91390035】假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号()，并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉。修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：1.每处错误及其修改均限一词；2只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。During the past years of high school, I have had
44、a lot of unforgettable experiences.One of them was when my class prepared to a group singing competition of our school.In order to win competition, we went all out for it.During the two weeks before the competition, we use every chance to practice singing in my free time, and our music teacher offer
45、ed to helping us improve our singing skills.Although the job needed lots of time and patience, but every participant took it serious and did their best.Thank to our hard work, we won first prize.Hearing the excited news, we were all wild with joy.The moment we got the prize, an old say hit mindNo pa
46、ins, no gains.【答案】During the past years of high school, I have had a lot of unforgettable experiences.One of them was when my class prepared a group singing competition of our school.In order to win competition, we went all out for it.During the two weeks before the competition, we every chance to p
47、ractice singing in free time, and our music teacher offered to us improve our singing skills.Although the job needed lots of time and patience, but every participant took itand did their best. to our hard work, we won first prize.Hearing the news, we were all wild with joy.The moment we got the prize, an old hit mindNo pains, no gains.