1、课时作业13Section Introduction, Reading and Vocabulary.单词拼写1It is almost unnecessary to say that the great books are the most _(有影响的) books.2One of the _(原则) of solving problems is to be honest.3The _(重要) of washing ones hands is that it prevents infection.4There are forty students in the class, _(平等地)
2、divided between boys and girls.5I admired him because of his _(善良) to others.6He _(强调)the importance of protecting wild life.7He has a strong _(信仰) that he can succeed in the future.8We will make great efforts to improve the _(秩序) of the tourism market.9He told me that he had had words with the mana
3、ger and had lost his _(职位)10After three years without promotion, he decided hed had enough and _(辞职)答案1influential2.principles3.importance4.equally5kindness6.stressed7.belief8.order9.position10resigned.单句语法填空1The reason _ he gave for being late was _ he overslept this morning.2There was a time _ he
4、was crazy about basketball.3After five days of fantastic space trip, the two astronauts walked out of the spaceship, _ (tire) but happy.4In my opinion, we shouldnt put too much stress _ him; he himself knows how important it is for him to do that well.5As an _ (influent) philosopher with a lot of te
5、achings, Confucius had a great influence _ Chinese people through generations.6They have different religious _ (believe)7He did everything with a full heart. As _ result, he was always successful.8Every one of us wants to live _ peace, but some countries are still _ war with each other.9The number o
6、f boys is equal _ that of girls in the class.10Let us suppose that you are in _ position of _ parent. Would you allow your child to do such a thing?11Only a shortsighted man will lose sight of the _ (important) of education.12When we visited our old house, memories came _ (flood) back.13His parents
7、died when he was five years old, so he was brought _ by his grandparents.14He believes _ God and goes to church every Sunday.15Its nice! Never before _ (I have) such a wonderful meal.Im happy that you like it.答案与解析1which/that; that解析：第一空由which/that引出定语从句，作从句中的宾语；第二空that引出表语从句，无意义，也不充当句子成分。2when解析：句意
8、：有一段时间他对篮球很痴迷。There was a time when.曾经有一段时间，when引导定语从句修饰a time。3tired解析：句意：经过五天神奇的太空之旅，两名宇航员走出了宇宙飞船，很累但却很开心。此处选项应是说明主语的状态的，故用形容词短语作伴随状语。4on解析：put stress on sb. “给某人施加压力”。5influential; on解析：influential adj.表示“有影响力的”，have an influence on表示“对有影响”。6beliefs解析：belief “信仰”。7a解析：as a result “结果”。句意：他全身心去做一切
9、，结果，他总是成功的。8in; at解析：in peace “平静的(地)；安静的(地)”，此处也可用peacefully; at war处于交战状态。9to解析：be equal to “与一样”。10the; a解析：in the position of “处于的位置”；第二空为“数量一”，用a。11importance解析：importance “重要，重要性”。句意：目光短浅的人看不到教育的重要性。12flooding解析：考查现在分词作方式状语。13up解析：bring up “养大，抚养”。句意：他五岁时父母双亡，因此他由祖父母抚养。14in解析：believe in “信仰”。句
10、意：他信仰上帝并且每个周日去做礼拜。15have I had解析：never 等否定副词置于句首，句子采用部分倒装。.阅读理解Choosing the Right Resolution(决定)Millions of Americans began 2014 with the same resolution they started 2013 with, a goal of losing weight. However, setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake.To reach our goal of losing weightthe output，
11、we need to control what we eatthe input(输入). That is, we tend to care about the output but not to control the input. This is a bad way to construct goals. The alternative is to focus your resolution on the input. Instead of resolving to lose weight, try an actionable resolution: “Ill stop having des
12、sert for lunch，” or “Ill walk every day for 20 minutes.” Creating a goal that focuses on a wellspecified input will likely be more effective than concentrating on the outcome.Recently a new science behind incentives (激励), including in education, has been discussed. For example, researcher Roland Fry
13、er wanted to see what works best in motivating children to do better in school. In some cases, he gave students incentives based on input, like reading certain books, while in others, the incentives were based on output, like results on exams. His main finding was that incentives increased achieveme
14、nt when based on input but had no effect when based on output. Fryers conclusion was that the incentives for inputs might be more effective because students do not know how to do better on an exam, aside from general rules like “study harder”. Reading certain books，on the other hand，is a wellset tas
15、k over which they have much more control.As long as you have direct control over your goal, you have a much higher chance of success. And its easier to start again if you fail, because you know exactly what you need to do.If you want to cut down on your spending, a good goal would be making morning
16、coffee at home instead of going to a caf， for example. This is a wellspecified actionbased goal for which you can measure your success easily. Spending less money isnt a goal because its too general. Similarly, if you want to spend more time with your family, dont stop with this general wish. Think
17、about an actionable habit that you could adopt and stick to, like a family movie night every Wednesday.In the long run，these new goals could become a habit.1The writer thinks that setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake because_.Ait is hard to achieve for most AmericansBit is focused too much on
18、the resultCit is dependent on too many thingsDit is based on actionable decisions2In Roland Fryers research, some students did better than the others because_.Athey obeyed all the general rulesBthey paid more attention to examsCthey were motivated by their classmatesDthey were rewarded for reading s
19、ome books3According to the writer, which of the following statements is a good goal?A“Ill give up dessert.”B“Ill study harder.”C“Ill cut down my expenses.”D“Ill spend more time with my family.”4The writer strongly believes that we should_.Adevelop good habits and focus on the outcomeBbe optimistic a
20、bout final goals and stick to themCpick specific actions that can be turned into good habitsDset ambitious goals that can balance the input and output答案与解析本文是一篇议论文。制定好目标后，我们应该怎样实现它呢？是夸下海口还是脚踏实地养成好习惯，从而实现自己的目标呢？文章就这一问题展开议论。1B细节理解题。作者提到“将减肥作为一种目标是一个错误”，因为“减肥需要我们控制所吃的食物，但往往我们只注重输出(结果)，而不去控制输入”。故选B项。2D细
21、节理解题。根据第三段中 Roland Fryer 的调查结果可知，基于“输入”激励让学生取得的成就更大，而“输出”激励对学生却没有什么影响，且“输入”在第三段的实验中指“读书”，故答案为D项。3A细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Instead of resolving to lose weight, try an actionable resolution：Ill stop having dessert for lunch.”可知，A项正确。4C作者观点题。文章第二段提到了 an actionable resolution，倒数第二段提到了 a wellspecified actionbased
22、goal 和 an actionable habit，再由第二段的最后一句以及标题“选择正确的决定”也可以看出作者是赞成具体行动的，故答案为C项。.阅读填句How to Succeed in ScienceTo succeed in science，you need a lot more than luck.In my view，you have to combine intelligence with a willingness not to follow conventions when they block your path forward.Thus, these have come
23、to be my rules for success.1_1_That might sound proud，but the fact is that you must always turn to people who are brighter than yourself.Its like playing any game.Even as a child，I never wanted to play games with anyone who was as bad as I was.If you win，it gives you no pleasure.And in the game of s
24、cience or life，the highest goal isnt simply to win；its to win at something really difficult._2_2Take risks.To make a huge success，a scientist has to be prepared to get into deep trouble.If you are going to make a huge jump in science，you will very likely be unqualified to succeed by definition. _3_
25、This can be more than personally upsetting.3Never do anything that bores you.My experience in science is that someone is always telling you to do things，and then leave you alone.Im not good enough to do well in something I dislike._4_Its very hard to succeed if you dont want to be with other scienti
26、stsyou have to go to key meetings where you spot key facts that would have escaped you.And you have to chat with your competitors，even if you find them objectionable.So my final rule is：_5_AMeet challenges with great courage.BIf you cant stand to be with your real peers，get out of science.CPut anoth
27、er way，its to go somewhere beyond your ability and come out on top.DBe sure you always have someone to save you from a deep mess.EAvoid foolish people.FIn fact, I find it hard to do well in something I like.GBesides，you even have to be prepared to disbelieve your scientific heroes.答案与解析1E根据后一句话可知，作者
28、认为只有和比自己强的人在一起才能学到东西，所以建议和比你自己更聪明的人在一起，而不要和愚蠢的人在一起，虽然这听起来很骄傲。故选E。2C根据前一句话可知，作者认为在科学或生活的游戏中，最高的目标不是简单地去获胜；而是为了成功地做好一些非常困难的事情。换句话说就是，要通过克服困难而超越自己的能力，使自己变得名列前茅。该项是对前一句话的进一步解释。3G根据前一句话可知，作者认为如果你要在科学上有一个巨大的飞跃，很有可能你就要勇于打破常规。此外，甚至也要准备好怀疑你心中的科学英雄。也就是要勇于怀疑权威。4F根据前一句话中的“do well in something I dislike”提示可知，该题答
29、案为F。表明在科学研究中，对于自己不喜欢的事情人们做不好，但是对于自己喜欢的事情人们也不一定做好。5B根据前一段的内容可知，作者建议要和其他科学家交流，从而发现自己忽略的关键事实。甚至要和你的竞争对手交流，即使你觉得他们令人反感。也就是说，如果你无法忍受与你真正的同龄人在一起这样做，你就不要进行科学研究了。故选B。.语法填空There is a wonderful story about Jimmy Durante, one of great singers. _1_(ask) to be a part of a show for some old World War soldiers, he
30、 told them he was very busy and he could afford only a few minutes, _2_ he would come if they wouldnt mind his singing one short song and immediately leaving for his next appointment. Of course, the shows director agreed _3_ (happy)But when Jimmy got on stage, something surprising happened. He went
31、through _4_ short song and then stayed. The applause grew louder and louder and he kept _5_ (stay). Pretty soon, he had been on stage _6_ fifteen, twenty, and then thirty minutes. One of his _7_ (assist) behind the stage stopped him and said，“I thought you had to go after a few minutes. What happene
32、d？”Jimmy answered，“I did have to go, but I can show you the reason why I stayed. You can see for _8_ (you) if you look at the front row.”In the front row were two men, both of _9_ had lost an arm in the war. One had lost his right arm and the other had lost his left. Together, they were able to clap
33、, and that was exactly what they _10_ (do), loudly and cheerfully.1_2._3._4._5_6._7._8._9_10._答案与解析1Asked考查非谓语动词。句意为：Jimmy应邀为一些二战老兵演出，他告诉他们自己很忙，只能抽出几分钟的时间，但是如果他们不介意他唱一首短歌便立刻离开赶赴下一场演出的话，他会到场。句中已有谓语动词told，设空处应用非谓语动词；ask和其逻辑主语he之间是动宾关系，故用过去分词表被动。故填Asked。2but考查连词。句意见上一题解析。根据句意可知，前后两个分句之间是转折关系，故用连词but连接。
34、3happily考查词性转换。句意为：当然，演出的导演很高兴地同意了。设空处修饰谓语动词agreed，应用副词。故填happily。4the考查冠词。句意为：他唱完了这首短歌然后留了下来。设空后的short song特指上文提到的short song，故填定冠词the。5staying考查非谓语动词。句意为：掌声越来越大，他继续留了下来。keep doing sth.意为“继续做某事”，为固定搭配。故填staying。6for考查介词。句意为：很快，他在舞台上呆了15、20分钟，然后是30分钟。设空后为时间段，应用介词for。7assistants考查词性转换及名词单复数。根据设空后的动作st
35、opped him and said可知，该空需填表示人的名词；且前面有one of修饰，应用复数形式。故填assistants。8yourself考查代词。句意为：如果你看看前排，你也能看到。设空处与主语you同指一人，应用反身代词。故填yourself，for yourself意为“你亲自”。9whom考查定语从句。句意为：在前排有两个人，他们两个都在战争中失去了一只胳膊。分析句式结构可知，both of _引导定语从句，先行词为two men，且设空处在从句中作of的宾语，故用宾格whom。10were doing考查动词的时态。句意为：他们一起合作才能够拍手，那就是他们正在做的事情，大声地欢呼着。根据句意可知，此处指吉米杜兰特演出时正在发生的事情，应用过去进行时。故填were doing。