1、时态、语态、主谓一致真题演练1.Silk had become (become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.(浙江真题)解析:本题考查动词的时态。句意:到约公元前100年时,丝绸就已成为丝绸之路沿线交易的主要货物之一。by表示“到某一时间为止”,是完成时的标志。根据句意此处应用过去完成时。2.Is Peter coming?No, he changed(change) his mind after a phone call at the last minute.(重庆真题) 解析:本题
2、考查动词的时态。句意:彼得会来吗?不来了,刚才接到一个电话之后他改变主意了。根据句子的时间状语after a phone call at the last minute可知,彼得改变主意是过去发生的动作,是回答问题者的回忆内容,因此应该用一般过去时。3.The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded (reward) with success in the end.(北京真题)解析:本题考查动词的时态和语态。句意:学生们一直在努力学习功课,他们的付出最终会收获成功的。
3、根据题干内容,前半句用现在完成进行时,表示学生一直在努力,后半句中的时间状语in the end是一般将来时的提示,且efforts与reward为被动关系。4.More expressways will be built(build) in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.(四川真题)解析:本题考查动词的时态与语态。句意:为了促进当地的经济发展,在四川很快将会修建更多的高速公路。从该句的时间状语soon可以得知要用将来时态;并且高速公路是“被修建”,因此要用被动语态。结合以上两点可以得知该句要用将来时态的被动语态,即will be buil
4、t。5.Dashan, who has been learning (learn) crosstalk, the Chinese comedic tradition, for decades, wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.(江苏真题)解析:本题考查动词的时态。句意:大山学习相声中国的传统喜剧形式数十年了,他想把中国相声与西方的脱口秀融合起来。由for decades可知who引导的非限制性定语从句要用完成时,再由主句谓语动词wants可知应用现在完成进行时(has been learning)。6.When wa
5、lking down the street, I came across David, whom I hadnt seen (see) for years.(天津真题)解析:本题考查动词的时态。句意:当沿街散步时,我偶遇了戴维,我们已有好几年没见了。“没见”表示的动作发生在came across之前,且for years是完成时的标志,所以应用表示过去完成的hadnt seen。7.As you go through this book, you will find(find) that each of the millions of people who lived through Worl
6、d Warhad a different experience.(湖南真题)解析:本题考查动词的时态。句意:当你读这本书时,你就会发现那些经历过第二次世界大战的数百万人中的每一个人都有不同的经历。句中as引导的是时间状语从句,从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时,所以主句需用一般将来时。8.It is important to remember that success is (be) a sum of small efforts made each day and often takes(take) years to achieve.(湖南真题)解析:本题考查主谓一致。句意:重要的是要记住,成功
7、是每天所做的一些小小的努力的总和,它常常需要很多年的时间才能实现。此处success是不可数名词,作主语时,谓语动词用单数。9.Excuse me,which movie are you waiting for?The new Star Wars.We have been waiting (wait) here for more than two hours.(北京真题)解析:本题考查动词的时态。句意;打扰了,你们在等着看哪部电影呢?新版的星球大战。我们在这儿等了两个多小时了。结合句意可知,此处表示一直在等待着,并且还有可能继续等下去,故用现在完成进行时(have been waiting)。
8、动词时态的解题思路:定“时”根据题干内容,确定动作发生的时间是过去、现在还是将来;定“体”抓住显性或隐性的时间信息,确定考查的是一般体、进行体、完成体还是完成进行体;定“法”结合题干语境,考虑时间的具体用法或特殊用法,对号入座。注:1. 解决时态类考题时,首先要判断所需成分是否是句子的谓语动词,因为只有句子才有时态,而句子的时态是通过谓语动词的不同形式来体现的。如通过过去式,be doing, have done, will do等来分别表明过去时、进行时、完成时、将来时等。2. 确定属于句子的谓语动词之后,再通过在题干中寻找时间状语,观察上下文提供的语境,以及前后时态的呼应等来判断使用正确的
9、时态。解题的关键在于瞻前顾后,准确捕捉与时间相关的信息。3. 被动语态类考题的解题关键在于判断句子的主语与谓语动词之间是否是被动关系,但是被动语态的考查总是与句子时态一起,即,确定是被动语态之后,还要通过相关的时间状语判断出是哪一种时态的被动语态,这样才能确保答案准确无误。知识讲解常用的九大时态1. 一般过去时 did 表示过去的动作或状态、过去习惯性的动作,在时间或条件状语从句中表过去将来等 2. 一般现在时 do/does 表示经常发生或反复发生的动作、现在或现阶段存在的情况或状态、客观事实或普遍真理、按计划要发生的动作以及在时间、条件或让步状语从句中表将来等3. 一般将来时 l will
10、/shall do表示单纯的将来。shall用于第一人称,will用于各种人称如:I will go shopping this afternoon.l is/am/are going to do 表示现在打算或计划将来要做的事情如:The party is going to be held next month. l is/am/are to do 表示预先安排好的计划或约定表示说话人的意志、意图、指责、义务、命令等表示注定要发生的事情l is/am/are about to do 表示正要或即将要做某事,该结构不与表示具体的将来时间的状语连用4. 过去将来时 would/should do
11、 常用于宾语从句或间接引语中,从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态等如:They asked the boss if they would carry out the plan soon.5. 现在进行时 is/am/are doing 表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事情。 如:I am watching TV.6. 过去进行时 was/were doing 表示过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在发生的动作或按计划过去某一时刻要发生的动作等。 如:In 1980 he was studying in a university.7. 现在完成时 have/has done 表示过去发生的
12、动作对现在造成的影响或结果、过去已经开始并持续到现在的动作或状态,常与already,so far,since,up to now,“in the last+段时间”等连用 如:I have made much progress in math in the last three months.8. 现在完成进行时 have/has been doing 表示动作从过去某时开始一直持续到现在(这个动作可能刚停止,也可能还在进行),不少情况下表示与现在状态有联系,有时表示动作的重复等 如:I have been painting the house all the morning9. 过去完成时
13、 had done 表示在过去某个时间前已经完成的动作。如:I had finished the task before you called me.易混点(一) 一般过去时与现在完成时一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态,不涉及对现在的影响;现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的状况。如:We stayed there for two weeks.The ship has sailed for two weeks.一般过去时和表示过去的时间状语连用;现在完成时常和一些不明确的或包括“现在”在内的时间状语或表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的“一段时间”的状语连用,而不与
14、明确的、具体的过去时间状语连用。如:Tom suddenly fell ill yesterday.It has been freezing cold since last week.(二) 过去完成时与一般过去时过去完成时以过去某一时间为起点。表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态;一般过去时以现在时间为起点,表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。如:He told me that he had seen the film the day before.He died three years ago.表示某事继续到过去某时已有一段时间时,用过去完成时;表示两个或两个以上的动作,
15、用and (then),then或but等连接,按照动作发生的顺序表达时,用一般过去时。如:He said he had worked in that factory since 1984.He had lunch and then continued his work.(三) 现在完成时与现在完成进行时在表示“未完成”且与“一段时间”连用时,两者可互换。如:We have lived/have been living here for two years.而现在完成时强调结果,表示完成。如:I have been reading.He has turned off the light.(四)
16、 be going to与will表将来时的区别be going to指主观打算或有客观迹象表明将要发生;will表示没有事先计划而临时的安排或纯粹表将来,与计划无关。如:Im going to attend the meeting.(打算)The cloud is gathering. Its going to rain.(有迹象表明)I forgot to turn off the light. I will go and switch it off.(临时决定)My mother will be 60 next week.(纯粹表将来)被动语态(一) 被动语态的构成英语中的及物动词一般都
17、有主动语态和被动语态两种形式。被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数和句子的时态、语气的不同而变化。 几种常见时态的被动语态形式见下表:(二) 几种主动变被动的规则1. 带双宾语结构的主动语态变成被动语态时,既可将直接宾语变成被动结构的主语(在间接宾语前加to或for),也可将间接宾语变成被动结构的主语。如:My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.An interesting book was given to me (by my friend) on my birthday.I was given
18、 an interesting book (by my friend) on my birthday.2. 主动变被动时,宾语补足语变成主语补足语(位置不变);(作补语的)不定式前需加to。如:The boss made him work all day long.He was made to work all day long (by the boss).3. 短语动词变被动语态时,勿要掉“尾巴”。如:The children were taken good care of (by her).Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid att
19、ention to.4. 情态动词和be going to,be to,be sure to,used to,have to,had better等结构变被动语态时,只需将它们后面的动词原形变为“be+过去分词”。如:Everyone must know this.This must be known by everyone.5. 当句子的谓语为say,believe,expect,think,know,write,consider,report等时,被动语态有两种形式:(1)谓语动词用被动语态,动词不定式作主语补足语。(2)用it作形式主语,真正的主语在后面用主语从句来表示。类似句型有:It
20、 is said/known/suggested/believed/hoped/thought that.(三) 通常不能用于被动语态的动词1. 不能用于被动语态的某些(表示特定意义的)及物动词:fit, have ,hold ,marry,own,wish,cost等。2. 不能用于被动语态的某些及物动词短语:agree with,arrive at/in,shake hands with,succeed in,suffer from,happen to,take part in,belong to等。3. 不及物动词无被动语态,常见的有:appear,die,disappear,end,f
21、ail,fall,happen,last,lie,remain,sit,spread,stand等(四) 主动形式表达被动意义的使用条件英语中,依据执行或承受的关系而出现了主动和被动语态。然而,在实际应用中,却存在着一些习惯上以主动形式表达被动意义的结构。1. look, seem, appear, feel, prove, sound, smell, taste等,用主动形式表被动意义。2. 不及物的动词或短语动词在表达被动意义时,必须以主动的形式出现。如:This happened/took place in the 19th century.Word came that she woul
22、d get married.3. 有些及物动词或短语动词,如cost, hold , last, belong to等,也要以主动的形式表达被动的意义。如:The meeting lasted three hours.4. 一些表示起止或变化的及物动词或短语动词,如begin, start, end, finish, change, improve, hatch, spread, turn into, turn off, shut off, work out, wear out等,在表示一种自然发生的现象或进入一种新的状态时,常以主动的形式表达被动的意义;而突出动作发生的外力时,则仍用被动式。
23、如:Our life is improving/is being improved continuously.5. 不定式作定语时 (置于它所修饰的名词或代词之后,且与其形成逻辑上的动宾关系),如句中有或含有此不定式的逻辑主语,那么,这个不定式则以其主动的形式出现。如:She had only a cold room to live in. 她只有寒舍一间。(to live in修饰其前的a cold room,构成逻辑意义上的to live in a cold room;she则是to live in的逻辑主语)6. 不定式作状语,位于comfortable, difficult, easy
24、, good, hard, heavy, important, necessary, nice, ready等形容词之后时,此不定式常以主动的形式表达被动的意义。如:The music is nice to listen to.7. too.to.句型中,不定式也常以主动的形式表达被动的意义。如:Some of the stars are too far away to see.8. to blame, to let常以主动的形式表达被动的意义。如:We dont have any spare rooms to let now.9. 表示“某物/人需要被”的意义时,动词need, want,
25、require的后面既可接不定式的被动式,也可接动词-ing形式的主动式 (表达被动的意义)。如:Does the flower want to be watered? = Does the flower want watering?10. be worth后面的动词-ing形式必须用主动的形式来表达被动的意义。如:The teacher even said Edison was not worth teaching.11. 动词-ing形式往往具有主动的意义,但missing却具有被动的意义(我们最好把missing看作是一个单纯的形容词)。如:My watch is missing.=My
26、 watch is lost/gone主谓一致主谓一致主要遵循三个原则:语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。(一) 谓语动词用单数的情况1. 动词-ing形式短语、不定式短语、名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数。如:To do morning exercises is useful for our health.2. 表示时间、距离、金钱、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语作主语且表示总量时,谓语动词用单数。One hundred miles is too far to travel on foot.3. 一般用and连接的两个单词或短语作主语时,谓语动词用复数,但当and连接的词作
27、整体考虑,或在意义上指同一个人或物时,谓语动词用单数。如:The secretary and headmaster of the school was present at the meeting.(1)类似的还有:law and order 法制; soap and water 肥皂水; a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子; fork and knife 刀叉; the needle and thread 针线; trial and error 反复尝试,不断摸索; horse and carriage 马车; bread and butter 奶油面包。 (2)当由and连接的两个
28、单数名词作主语,且名词前有every, each, no, many a等修饰时,谓语动词用单数。如:Every boy and every girl was given a book.No teacher and no student is interested in the movie.4. 表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.5. 有些作主语的名词在形式上是复数,意义上是单数,根据意义一致原则谓语动词用单数。如:The news is a great encou
29、ragement to us.(二) 谓语动词用复数的情况1. 由and, both.and连接的并列主语,以及由both, a few, many, several等修饰语修饰的名词作主语,谓语动词通常用复数形式。 2. 集体名词police, public, cattle, class, youth后常用复数形式的动词。如:The Chinese people are hardworking and brave.The cattle are grazing in the sunshine.3. 某些形容词前面加定冠词表示一类人,作主语时,谓语动词用复数。如:In many films, t
30、he good are well rewarded and the bad are punished.The rich are not always selfish.4. 表示数量的复数名词+of+名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数。如:Large quantities of fruit are shipped all over the world from China today.(三) 谓语动词可用单数,也可以用复数的情况1. 就近一致原则 这种情况下,谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近该动词的主语的单复数,存在这种情况的主要有以下几种可能:(1) 由连词either.or.;neither.
31、nor.; whether.or.; not only.but (also); or 等连接的并列主语。如:Not only you but also he is wrong.(2) 在倒装结构中,谓语动词的数与后面的第一个主语一致。如:There is an apple, two bananas and some oranges on the plate.2. 主语后跟with, together with, along with, as well as ,like, besides, including, in addition to, but, except, rather than等引
32、导的修饰说明性词组时,谓语动词的单复数随主语的数而定。如:E-mail, as well as phone calls, is playing a very important part in daily communication.3. 关系代词作主语的定语从句中,谓语的数要与先行词一致。如:I, who am your friend, hope to see you every day.4. 一些表示数量的短语与名词连用时候,谓语动词的数取决于名词的数,名词是复数,谓语动词用复数,反之就用单数。这些短语包括:a lot of/lots of; plenty of; half of; two
33、-third (three-fourth.) of; eighty(ten, twenty.) percent; part of; the rest of; none of等。如:Two-thirds of people present are women.5. 集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语表示的意思和数,当表示整体的时候,谓语动词就用单数,当强调集体中的个体的时候,谓语动词就用复数。这些集体名词有:army, audience, band, government, group, flock, police, public, staff, team, troop, crowd, firm, family等。如:My family is a happy family.My family are all music lovers.6. 单数可数名词作主语,若前面被many a, more than one等修饰时,谓语动词用单数。如:There is more than one possible explanation.