1、非谓语动词(1. to do 2.-ing 3.done) l 谓语：说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。它有人称、数、时态和语态的变化。e.g. He works. / He takes care of the baby. - 单谓语或动词短语 He will go to Shanghai. / He didnt go to Shanghai. / He has gone to Shanghai. -情态动词/助动词+ v. You are students. / You look smart. -系动词+表语l 非谓语：无人称，数的变化，不单独作谓语，但保留动词特点，可以有宾语或状语。e
2、.g. He wants to work here. He found the book interesting. She had water delivered to her house.We noticed him enter the building l 非谓语动词 的分类1) to do 不定式2) v-ing as a noun动名词; as adj. or adv. 现在分词3) v-ed 过去分词一般式完成式进行式不定式主动to doto have doneto be doing被动to be doneto have been doneing 形式主动doinghaving do
3、ne被动being donehaving been done过去分词被动donel 非谓语动词的使用条件: 一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时，这些动词就充当了非谓语动词.找出下列句子中的非谓语动词（含短语）1. Tom returned from the managers office, telling me that the boss wanted to see me at once.2. The news meeting, to be held in that hall, has already been crowded with rep
4、orters. 3. I heard the girl singing in the classroom.4. The man talking with my father is Mr. Wang.5. To live is to struggle. (生活就是斗争。)辨析几类情况：一、不定式与动名词做主语：1. 动名词做主语往往表示泛指的、一般的行为; 不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为或将来的动作。 e.g. Climbing mountains is great fun. 爬山很有趣。 To visit China is my next goal. 2. 不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语
5、，把作主语的不定式短语后置。 e.g. It took me only five minutes to finish the job.3. 动名词作主语有时用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句尾。常见于以下句型中： Its use/ good / fun doing Its useful/ nice/ useless doing 1. _ a language requires time and effort. (learn) 2. It is not always easy _ invitations. (refuse) 3. How _ the problem will be discusse
6、d at tomorrows meeting. (solve)4. It takes forty-five minutes _(get) there by bus.5. It is no good _(smoke). You should give it up.二、不定式与动名词做宾语：1. 下列动词后常跟不定式做宾语： want, wish, hope, expect, ask, afford, agree, choose, pretend, decide, happen, learn, offer, refuse, fail, plan, prepare, order, manage, p
7、romise, intend等。e.g. He agreed to get someone to help us. They promised not to break the school rules again. 有以下口诀和顺口溜供参考使用: 决定想做计划需要同意能做被用来做的事 迫不及待下决心做过去常常未能做的事想要干：want, wish, hope, expect, seek, attempt, aim, desire, swear, claim, would like/love早打算：plan, intend, prepare, mean, arrange同意否：agree, p
8、romise, undertake, offer, choose, refuse, afford问问看：ask(ask to do要求做), beg决定了：decide, determine, be determined, make up ones mind尽力干：try, manage(反义词fail), attempt, struggle, strive不愿等：be unwilling, (cant) wait 别装蒜：pretend【注意：口诀内的动词后跟不定式，几乎都有将来意味。】2.在下列动词或动词短语后常用动名词做宾语： admit, advise, allow, avoid, b
9、ear, cannot help, consider, delay, enjoy, finish, give up, imagine. include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, put off, permit, practice, resist, risk, suggest, stand, insist on, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from), keepfrom, stop(from), protectfrom, be e
10、ngaged in, spend(in), succeed in, admit to, be/ get/ become used to, be equal to, devoteto, get down to, look forward to, object to, stick to, take to, see to, lead to, pay attention to等。l 考虑建议盼望原谅consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardonl 承认推迟去设想admit, delay/put off/postpone, fancyl
11、避免错过继续练avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practicel 否认完成去欣赏 deny, finish, appreciatel 禁止想象去冒险 forbid, imagine, riskl 不禁介意准逃亡 cant help, mind, allow/permit, escapel 难以忍受始反对 cant stand, set about, object tol 想要成功坚持忙 feel like, succeed in, stick to/insist on, be busy/occupied (in)l 习惯放弃有困难 be used/accustomed t
12、o, give up, have difficulty/trouble (in)l 导致专心防道歉lead to, be devoted to, prevent/stop/keepfrom, apologize(to sb.) forl 喜欢花费忍不住 enjoy, spend (time/money),cant helpl 介词+doing 常考介词: at, in, on, of, off, for, from, up, about, without, to 等等 be good/expert at doing sth 擅长做某事 be interested in doing sth. 对
13、做某事感兴趣 insist on doingsth. 坚持做某事 thank sb. for doing sth. 谢谢某人做某事 be tired of doing sth. 厌烦做某事 be afraid of doing sth. 害怕做某事 put off doing sth. 推迟做某事 stop sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事 give up doing sth. 放弃做某事 without doing sth. 没有做某事 think about doing sth. 考虑做某事 What How about doing 做某事怎么样?look forwa
14、rd to doing sth.（盼望） pay attention to doing sth.（注意） be used to doing sth.（习惯于） prefer doing sth to doing sth.（更喜欢） devote oneself to doing sth.（致力于） make a contribution to doing sth.（做贡献）to do doing remember forget (do在后) 要做（do在前）做过stop go on （两个字）两件事 （一个字）一件事like / hate / love一次性 长期 try 尽力做 尝试做 st
15、art / begin一样 一样 e.g. 他们停下来吸烟。They stop to smoke. 我必须戒烟了。I must stop smoking.Although maths is difficult, I will try to study it . (try to do sth. 尽力做某事)The machine couldnt work. Lets try repairing it. (try doing sth. 试着做某事) 1. Now more and more people are busy_ about the Internet. (learn) 2.-Its to
16、o hot. Would you mind _the door? (open) 3. No matter how hard it is, well keep _ until we make it. (try) 4. We couldnt help _(laugh) after we heard the funny story. (laugh)5. He gave us some advice on how _ English. (learn) 6. It s a pay day, and they are waiting _. (pay)7. I dont know whether you h
17、appen , but Im going to study in the U.S.A this September .(hear)8. I forgot _(sign) my name when I finished _ (write) the composition.9. -You were brave enough to raised objections at the meeting. -Well, now I regret _ that. (do) 10 . She cant help _ the house because shes busy making a cake. (clea
18、n) 11.Martin looks so well. Weve never seen him _ so well before. (look)12.My father has decided to stop _ because smoking is bad for his health. (smoke)13. It is kind _ you _(help) me to carry these books. 14. Would you like _(have) some bread or biscuits? No thanks. I dont feel like (eat) anything
19、 now.15. Do you remember me, Tom? Ah, yes, I remembered _ you in JUSCO last year. (see) 三、不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词做表语 1. 表示一定的概念，具有名词的性质时，不定式和动名词可以互换。 e.g. My hobby is collecting/ to collect ancient coins. 2. 若表示具体的、个别的动作或有将来含义时，一般用不定式。 e.g. My wish is to find a part-time job this summer. 3. 现在分词和过去分词作表语具有
20、形容词特征, 也可以作为形容词。但要注意二者的区别：现在分词表主动意义，即“令人有某种感觉的”，多用来修饰物；过去分词含有被动意义，即“人被引起某种感觉的”，多用来指人、人的声音或表情。 e.g. The party was very exciting. They were very excited at the news1. Her wish is _ an engineer. (become) 2.Some peoples greatest pleasure is _. (fish)3. The report was so _(inspire) that they were all _(e
21、xcite).4. -“You look pale.” -“I feel a little _. (tire)四、不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词做定语 1. 不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词后，表示未发生的动作或将要发生的某一动作。 e.g. The train to arrive is from London He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 2. 动名词做定语往往说明所修饰词的某种用途，一般放在被修饰词的前面。 e.g. a washing machine （动名词做定语，= a machine which is u
22、sed for washing） 洗衣机 a reading room（动名词做定语，= a room which is used for reading） 阅览室3. 现在分词作定语表示主动、正在进行的动作。过去分词作定语则表示被动、或完成的意义。单个分词或形容词性的分词作定语往往放在被修饰词的前面；分词短语作定语多置于被修饰词后面。 e.g. the rising sun（现在分词做定语，= the sun which is rising）正在升起的太阳 the changing world（现在分词做定语，= the world which is changing）变化中的世界 a mo
23、ving movie 感人的电影 excited voice激动的声音（形容词性分词作定语） fallen leaves 落叶 a broken cup 一个破了的杯子 （过去分词作定语则表示被动、或完成）1. She said she had an important meeting _.(attend)2. He is always the first _ questions. (answer)3. The Beijing Winter Olympics _ in the year 2012 will be a great success. (hold)4. The first textb
24、ooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. (write)5. At present, English is the main subject _ here. (teach) 6. -Who are those people with the banner? -A group _ itself the League for peace. (call)7. The pen _ on the table belongs to me. (lie) 五、不定式、现在分词、过去分词做补足语
25、 1. 接不定式作宾语补足语的动词口诀：请求命令与禁止想要邀请期待鼓励与建议答应告诫允许提醒和帮助打算教导说服与强迫驱使ask/beg sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事 order/command sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事 want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事 invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事 expect sb. to do sth. 期待某人做某事 encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事 advise sb. to do sth.
26、建议某人做某事 promise sb. to do sth. 答应某人做某事 warn sb. to do sth. 告诫某人做某事 allow/permit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事 remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事 help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事 mean/intend sb. to do sth. 打算让某人做某事teach/train sb. to sth. 教/训练某人做某事 persuade sb. to do sth.说服某人去做某事force sb. to do sth. 强迫某人做某事 drive sb
27、. to do sth. 驱使某人做某事 有些感官动词和使役动词，如see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe, look at, listen to, let, have, make, keep, get等后常跟不带符号to的不定式做宾语补足语，常表动作的整个过程。【注意：被动语态中不能省去to】 e.g. We noticed him enter the house. 我们留意到他进了那所房子。 The boss made them work twelve hours a day. 老板让他们一天干12小时工作。l 省略to的情况:v 使役动词和感官动词
28、后：一感二听三让四看feel/ hear, listen to/ let, make, have, / look at, see, watch, noticev had better （not）do sth. 最好(不)做v why not /why dont you do sth.为什么不做?v help sb.（to）do sth.v Would rather do sth.宁愿做v would you please do sth.情态动词+do 助动词+do1.My mother often asks me _ some cleaning on Sundays. (do) 2.Do yo
29、u often hear John _in his room ? Listen! Now we can hear him _ in his room. (sing)3.I watched her _ in the next room last night . (dance)4.Lets _swimming after the exam . (go)5.Youd better _a bus . (catch)6. The doctor advised Lao Li _ more rest. (get)7. Soon they saw the boy _ in the crowd. (disapp
30、ear)8. Birds are seldom heard _ at night. (sing)2. 现在分词做补足语分两种情况： 形容词性质的现在分词作补足语： e.g. I find the book very interesting. 我发现这本书非常有趣。（宾语补足语） The boy is found very annoying. 发现这个小男孩很令人讨厌。（主语补足语） 动词性质的现在分词作补足语：感官动词和使役动词，如see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe, look at, listen to, let, have, make, keep
31、, get等后可以跟表示动作性质的现在分词作补足语，表示“正在或持续做某事”。 e.g. I see him passing by a bank. 我看见他正经过一家银行。（宾语补足语） He was seen working in the garden. 有人看见他正在花园里干活。（主语补足语）感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel + do表示动作的完整性， +doing 表示动作的进行性。1. He kept me _ for many hours. （wait）2. Mother caught the boy _
32、in the corner. (smoke)3. Having read the Emperors New Clothes, we all found it _(interest)3. 过去分词(done)做宾语补足语，说明宾语的性质或状态，与宾语一起构成复合宾语，其前的宾语是它的逻辑主语。 若是及物动词的过去分词，既表示被动，也可以表示动作已经完成（即先于谓语动词）。 若是不及物动词的过去分词，则只表示完成。 句子由主动变被动时，宾语补足语相应的变为主语补足语。 The boss found his plan carried out successfully. The boy was fou
33、nd lost in the forest. Have you heard this song sung in Japanese? (宾补) This song is often heard sung everywhere in China. (主补)1. I need this chapter _ before tomorrow. (rewrite)2. When she returned home, she found the window open and something _. (steal)3. There was so much noise that the speaker co
34、uld not make himself _. (hear)六、不定式、现在分词、过去分词做状语 1. 不定式做状语，主要表示目的、结果、原因以及评论性状语。 不定式往往放在系表结构后面，表示产生某种情绪或状态的原因。 e.g. She was surprised to see Jim walk in. 看到吉姆进来，她很惊讶。 不定式可以单独作目的状语，有时为了强调目的性 在不定式前可以加上in order, so as。 e.g. To succeed, one must first of all believe in himself. In order to keep warm, we
35、shut all the windows. 不定式表结果，常用在too to, enough to结构中。 有时不定式前加上only，表示出人意料的结果。 e.g. The child is old enough to dress himself. We hurried to the station only to be told that the train had left. The husband left his wife, never to return. 有些不定式是用来表示说话者的观点或态度的，放在 句子之外，修饰整个句子，我们称之为评论性状语。 e.g. I have neve
36、r seen such a person, to tell you the truth. To cut a long story short, we disagree. 长话短说，我们不同意。1. I have enjoyed my visit here. Ill be very sorry _. (leave) 2. I went to see him, only _ him out. (find)2. 现在分词做状语可表示时间、原因、结果、伴随、方式、目的以及作评论性状语等。 现在分词的一般式作时间状语，往往表示动作与谓语动词同时发生或相继发生。现在分词的完成式作时间状语，往往表示动作先于
37、谓语动词发生。 e.g. Hearing the news, they all jumped for joy. Having finished his speech, he answered our questions. 作原因状语： Living far from the school, I have to get up early in the morning. 作结果状语，常位于句尾，前面的主句表示原因，后面的分词短语表示直接造成的结果。 e.g. The fire lasted a whole night, causing great damage. 作伴随或方式状语，表示与谓语动词同
38、时发生的另一动作。 e.g. Following Tom, we started to climb. 我们跟随汤姆开始爬山。 She came riding a brand-new bike. 她骑着一辆崭新的自行车来的。 现在分词作目的状语往往具有伴随性，多放于句尾，且 与主句间用逗号隔开。 e.g. Jane kept silent, trying not to show her feelings. 作评论性状语，有些惯用的分词短语在句中可以独立存在，它们用来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度、观点等。 常见的有： generally speaking一般说来 strictly speaking严
39、格说来 roughly speaking大致说来 narrowly speaking狭义上说 judging from/ by由判断 e.g. Judging from her accent, she must come from Australia. 1. _ the cry for help, people immediately rushed out of the rooms. (hear)2. _ Hello, he reached out his hand. (say)3. His parents died, _ him an orphan. (leave)3. 过去分词在句中可作时
40、间、原因、条件、伴随、方式等状语。 过去分词作时间状语可置于句首，也可以置于句尾， 有时还可以置于主语和谓语之间。 Asked about his address, the boy didnt respond. Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent. 作原因状语，常置于句首。 Infected with the H1N1, the little boy was separated from the other children. 作条件状语： United, we stand; divided, we fall. 合则立，分则败。 作伴随或方式状语：The pop star hurried up to her car, followed by her fans.1. _ from the tallest building, the whole city looks very beautiful. (see)2. _ with the past, our life is much better. (compare)