1、 becausesinceasfor 这四个词都是表示原因或理由的连接词,但是as,because,since是从属连词,引导原因状语从句,for是并列连词,所引导的不是原因状语从句,而是表示理由的对等句子,是对前面所讲内容补充和说明。在语气上由强至弱依次为becausesinceasfor。because引导的从句多置于句末,表示直接的原因或理由,表示产生那种结果的必然的因果关系,在回答why的提问时,必须用because作答。 如:We stayed at home because it rained因为下雨我们呆在家里。 as与since引导的从句多置于句首,不过as表示十分明显的原因,
2、只说明一般的因果关系,可译为“因为、由于”;而since则表示稍加分析、对方已知的原因,一般可译为“既然”。如: As he was not feeling well,I decided to go there alone由于他身体欠佳,我决定独自去那里。 Since everyone is here,lets start既然大家都到了,咱们就开始吧。 for引导的从句一般放在句末,其前用逗号,它所叙述的理由是间接的,即推测性理由,或是对前面叙述的事实或看法的补充说明。如: There must be nobody in the classroom,for the light is off 教
3、室里一定没有人,因为灯灭了。(推测性理由) believe;believe in believe作及物动词时,其后可跟名词,表示“相信”;后接从句或复合宾语时,表示“认为;料想;相信”等。如: I believe what he says我相信他的话。 I believe that he will succeed我相信他会成功的。 believe in 是一个动介型短语动词,表示“信奉;信仰”(指对某种思想、主张、观念、行动具有信心)和“信任(have trust in)”。如: They believe in God他们信仰上帝。 I believe in having plenty of
4、exercise我相信多锻炼有好处。 believe和believe in后均可接表示人的名词或代词,但含义不同。试比较: I believe in him(I think he is a frustworthy man)我信任他。 I believe him(I believe what he says)我相信他的话。 belief faith trust confidence 都含有“相信”的意思。 belief 指“承认某事是真的, 尽管有或没有确凿的证据”, 如: belief in ghosts.相信有鬼。 faith 指“认为有确凿证据或道理而完全相信”, 如: I have fa
5、ith in his ability to succeed. 我相信他有成功的能力。 trust 指“信赖”、“信任”, 含有“坚定的信念”的意思, 如: enjoy the trust of the people得到人民的信任。 confidence 指“在有证据的基础上相信”, 也常指“自信”、“有把握”, 如: She has great confidence in her success.她对自己的成功充满信心。 besides;except;but 三者都可以用作介词。用于肯定句中时,exceptbut意为“除外(不再有)”;besides意为“除外(还有)”。请比较: All of
6、 them have seen the film exceptbut Wu Dong 除了吴东外,他们都看过了那部影片。 All of them have seen the film besides Wu Dong 除了吴东看过那部影片外,他们也都看过了。 except后接名词、代词、ing或不定式时,可以与but互换;except后接副词、介词短语时,一般不能为but所替换。如: Ill do everything exceptbut cook 除了做饭,我什么事情都干。 This window is never opened except in summer 除了在夏天,这个窗子从不打开。
7、 用在否定句中,三者可以互换。如: There arent any other people to do the work exceptbutbesides you 除了你,没人能做这工作。 be anxious to; be anxious for; be anxious about ;be anxious that be anxious to表示“急于”、“渴望”,其中to是不定式符号,后面接动词原形; be anxious for表示“渴望”,后面接名词或代词时,强调渴望得到某物或渴望了解某事;后面接sbto do sth时,表示“渴望某人能做某事”,其中for sbto do sth是
8、不定式复合结构。 be anxious about 表示“对感到不安”、“为担心”、“为忧虑”; be anxious that表示“渴望”,后面接从句,that从句的谓语动词须用虚拟语气; EXERCISES I the result of the examination We know the result of the examination We Mr Liu to help us with our English Mr Li a new car They arrive home before dark (Key: am anxious aboutfor are anxious to
9、are anxious for is anxious for are anxious to) 1) The girl a new dictionary 2) All the students their results of this examination 3) Everyone know their results of the competition 4) We Mr Zhao to return 5) We she should do her best Key: 1) wasis anxious for 2) are anxious about 3) is anxious to 4)a
10、re anxious for 5) are anxious that be known as; be known for; be known to; be known in be known as 意为“作为而著名”,其后的名词表示一个人的身份、职业等。如: Liu Huan is known as a singer刘欢作为一个歌手而出名。 Were sure youll be well-known as an artist我们相信你会成为一位著名的画家。 be known for 意为“因而著名”,其后所接内容表示某人或物的特点、特长等。如: Guilin is known for her
11、beautiful mountains and rivers桂林因其美丽的山水而闻名。 Mr Geldof is well-known for organizing two big pop concerts on the same day 盖尔多夫先生因在同一天组织两场大型的流行音乐会而出名。 be known to “为所了解知道”,其后接表示人的词语。“(人们都)知道”,其后接动词原形。如: He is known to all in our village村子里的人都了解他。 He was known to have invented many thingsIt was known th
12、at he had invented many things 人们都知道他已经发明了很多东西。 be known in 意为“在某地很著名”。如: He is well-known in the town where he was born 他在自己出生的那个镇子上很出名。 be made ofbe made inbe made frombe made bybe made up of be made of表示“由制成”,指从原料到制成品,只发生了形状变化,没有发生本质变化(属物理变化)。 be made in当后面接时间的数词或名词时,表示“某物何时制造的或何时产的”。当后面接指地点的名词时,
13、表示“某地产某物”。 be made from表示“由制成”,指从原料到制成品,发生了质的变化,已无法复原(属化学变化)。 be made by表示“由制做”,后面接指人的名词或代词,强调动作的执行者。 be made up of表示“由构成(组成)”,强调主语由两部分或两个以上的部分构成或组成。 【练习】用be made in,be made of,be made from,be made by或be made up of填空。 This bike Tianjin This table wood The car 1999 Paper wood The kite my mother The t
14、eamten members 【Keys】was made in; is made of ;was made in ;is made from;was made by;is made up of be used forbe used asbe used by be used for表示“被用作”或“被用来作”,后面接名词或ving,其中for表示目的。 be used as表示“作为而用”或“用作”,后面接名词或动词不定式,强调使用的工具及手段。 be used by表示“由使用”,后面接指人的名词或代词,强调使用者。 【练习】用be used for,be used as或be used b
15、y填空。 A telephone better communication(交流) The motorbike Liu Ming A ruler often a knife by him to cut a piece of paper open 【Keys】is used for;is used by;is,used as be pleased with; be pleased at(或about);be pleased to 1) The manager you before 2) My boss must see you again in HongKong 3) I seeing so m
16、any students present 4) I hear Mr Zhao your article 析: was pleased with。表示“对满意;喜欢”后面通常接指人的名词或代词。 be pleased to。表示“很高兴或很乐意做某事”,其中to是不定式符号,后面接动词原形。 am pleased at(或about)。be pleased at(或about)表示“对(看到或听到的)事感到高兴,”后面接指事的名词或ving。 is pleased at(或about)。解析同。 be to do sth;be about to do sth;be going to do sth
17、 be to do sth表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作,后可跟时间状语。如: Youre to hand in your papers by 10 oclock十点钟以前你得交上试卷。 be about to do sth表示打算或安排即将发生的动作,它通常不与时间状语连用。如: I was about to go out when someone knocked at the door我正要出去,这时有人敲门。 be going to do sth有三层含义: 表示打算、计划或决定要做某事。如: Were going to spend our holidays in Wales this
18、year 今年我们打算到威尔士度假。 用以表示某事物即将发生或很可能发生。如: Im going to be twenty next month 下个月我就二十岁了。 有迹象表明即将发生的动作或状态。如: Look at those black clouds, there is going to be a storm 瞧那些乌云,暴风雨就要来了。 beat; strike; hit strike通常表示“打一下、打若干下”,不一定都是有意的;还有“打动、使着迷、某种想法突然闪现在脑海里”的含义;也可指“打、擦出(火),(蛇、兽)抓,咬,或(钟)敲响”。 hit指“打中”或“对准来打”,“敲打或
19、打击对方的某一点”。 beat着重“连续地打击”。如:殴打或体罚;也指在游戏、竞赛或战争中击败对方;也指“心跳”。 blame; scold blame“责备;责怪”,指某人应对自己不好的行为负责(常与for连用),或将某件不好的事情归咎于他人(常与on或upon连用),往往含有把自己当作评判人来评判某事,没有用言语来进行责骂的意思。例如: He blamed Tom for the failure 他责怪汤姆造成了失败。 Dont blame it on him, but on me 别怪他,该怪我。 scold“责骂”,指唠唠叨叨地数说某人,多用于上级对下级、长辈对晚辈的“责骂”。例如:
20、Dont scold the childIts not his fault 不要责骂那孩子,这不是他的过失。 I hate to scold, son, but you mustnt stay out so late at night 我不喜欢斥责,孩子,可你不该呆在外面那么晚不回家。 blow down; blow in; blow off; blow over blow down表示“吹倒”、“刮倒”;blow in表示“吹进”、“吹入”;blow off表示“吹掉”、“炸掉”、“发泄”;blow over表示“暴风雨吹散”、“过去”、“结束”。 EXERCISES 1) The high
21、 winds yesterday thousands of trees 2) We sometimes had quarrels, but they soon 3) I had my hat by the wind 4) A lot of dust You must clear it away Key: 1) blew down 2) blew over 3) blown off 4) has blown in break up; break down; break out; break into; break in; break away; break through break up表示“
22、打碎”、“变坏”、“分解”、“终止”、“破裂”。 break down表示“瓦解”、“分解”、“失败”、“出故障”、“破坏”、“拆毁”。 break out表示“爆发”、“突然发生”。 break into表示“强行进入”、“闯入”、“破门而入”、“打断(谈话、讨论)”、“突然起来”。 break in表示“闯入”、“打断”、“插嘴”,其中in是副词。 break away表示“脱逃”、“脱离”、“突然离开”、“革除”、“戒除”,常与from连用。 break through表示“战胜”、“突围”、“穿过而出现”、“突破”。 练 He said his computer Those old c
23、ars will be for scrap(废铁) Last night somebody Mr Browns house and took away many things A fire after we had gone home The boy often while his parents are speaking You must from bad habits After the heavy rain the sun the clouds A thief and stole a lot of things last night Tom the motor bike which he
24、 bought five years ago The ice began to on the river (Key:had broken down broken up broke into broke out breaks in break away broke through broke in broke down break up) bring on;bring in;bring out bring on 使发生;引起;端上(饭菜)。如: Tom often brings on meals and his brother,Jim picks up the dishes after meal
25、s 汤姆常常端上饭菜,(而)他弟弟吉姆饭后收拾碗碟。 The sudden cold weather brought on his cold again 天气突然变冷,使他再次感冒。 bring in 引来;引进;吸收。如: His new business brings in 1,000 dollars 他的新生意使他赚了一千美元。 We also brought in some words from English 我们也从英语中吸收了一些词汇。 bring out 取出;说出;阐明;出版。如: He brought out his gun and pointed at me他掏出枪来指着
26、我。 Bring out the meaning more clearly请把意思讲清楚些。 They have brought out a set of childrens books他们出版了一套儿童读物。 bring down; bring back; bring up; bring in bring down表示“使倒下”、“减少”、“降低(价格、温度)”; bring back表示“使回想起”、“归还”、“带回来”; bring up表示“呕吐出”、“养育”; bring in表示“把引进来”、“赚入”、“获利”、“把拿进来”、“吸收”。 EXERCISES 1) Her singi
27、ng memories of my mother 2) They also some words from their own languages 3) The wind a number of trees 4) He all he had eaten 5) Can you try to get them to the price 6) All library books must be before June 25 7) Mr White 500 a week 8) You must manage to the temperature Key: 1) brings back2) brough
28、t in 3) brought down 4) brought up 5) bring down 6) brought back7) is bringing in8) bring down broad; wide 两者都表示两边或两点之间的距离都有“宽的”之意, 但broad着重某物覆盖面的范围 (如肩、背、胸等的宽),还可表示“宽宏大量”;wide着重指边沿间相隔的距离以及“广泛”之意。如: Looking at the new-type camera, the young man with broad shoulders was surprised with his mouth wide
29、open. 看着那个新型相机,那个肩宽背阔的年轻人惊奇得张大了嘴巴。 Hes a broad-minded person; hell never be disappointed by such a small failure 他是个心胸宽广的人;决不会因为那么一次小小的失败而感到失望。 buthowever 这两个连词都有“但是,可是,然而”之意。but连接两个分句或有关部分,表示转折或逻辑上的对比关系,使用最广,口语中更为常见。如: We love peace but we are not afraid of war我们热爱和平,但我们并不害怕战争。 however转折意味比but弱,连接的
30、两个分句或有关部分的关系较为松弛,后一部分常起附带说明或衬托作用。however常以插入语形式出现在句子中间,前后用逗号隔开,也可置于句首或句末。如:Later,however,he decided to go可是后来他决定去了。 by oneself;oneself by oneselfalone,without help。强调“在无他人或他物的情况下”或“无帮助的情况下”; oneself作同位语,表示强调本人。 试比较: If you come to my house,Ill cook for you myself 如果你来我家,我将亲自下厨。(强调亲手为你做饭) Can you coo
31、k by yourself now? 你现在能单独做饭了吗?(强调无他人协作) by sea;by the sea by sea意为“走海路;坐轮船”,其中by表示乘坐交通工具或行走方式,by与名词间不可用冠词;by the sea意为“在海边”,其中by表示“在旁边”,by与后面的名词间常有冠词修饰。如: They will go to America by sea 他们将坐轮船去美国。 There is a small village by the sea海边有个小村庄。 请比较下面类似有这样区别的短语: by ship 乘船 by a ship 在一艘轮船旁边 by land 从陆路 by the land 在岸边(在陆地旁边) by taxi 乘出租车 by the taxi 在出租车旁边 by road 从陆路 by the road 在路边