1、（原创精品）2013年普通高考英语科语法知识网络专题06 动词时态和语态1. 常用常考的动词时态和用法：（以do为例）名称构成用法一般现在时do/does,( 连系动词is/am/are )1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等。2.主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。Ill go there after I finish my work.If it rains tomorrow,I wont go there.3.在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。There
2、goes the bell.铃响了。There comes the bus.汽车来了。Here she comes.她来了。一般过去时did,( 连系动词was/were)表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。现在进行时is/am/are doing1.表示正在进行的动作。2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。He is working as a teacher tomorrow.从明天起他要做老师。My father is coming to see me this Satur
3、day.这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。3.代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.长江江水滚滚向东流。The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。过去进行时was/were doing1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示）He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行They were still working when I left.3.用在两个过去进行
4、时动作同时发生I was writing while he was watching TV.4.表示过去将来动作He said she was arriving the next day.现在完成时has/have done1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，说话时已完成的动作。I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room.2.表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for.”, “since.”表述的一段时间状语连用。He has learned English for six years.They have wo
5、rked here since they left college.3.表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/has gone to”。 Where is Li Hua? He has gone to the reading-room.She knows a lot about Shanghai.She has been there.4.短暂动词（即瞬间动词），join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,star
6、t,break out等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。不能说：He has joined the army for three years.要翻译“他已参军已经三年了。”可采用“ago法”He joined the army three years ago.“延续法”He has been in the army for three years.“since法”It is/has been three years since he joined the army.过去完成时had done1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。He had shut the door
7、 before the dog came up.Everything had been all right up till this morning.2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。We had expect
8、ed that you would be able to win the match.将来完成时will/shall have done用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短语，when,before引起的时间状语连用。We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.现在完成进行时has/have been doing用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（还要继续下去）的动作。He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.过去完成进行时had been d
9、oing表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，还将继续下去。一般将来时will/shall dois/am/are going to dois/am/are（about）to do一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况（详见下面2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较）过去将来时would/should dowas/were going to dowas/were（about）to do1.相对于过去某一时刻而言即将发生的动作或存在的状态He told me he would go to Beijing.他告诉我他将去北京。I was told that he was
10、going to return home.有人告诉我他准备回家。2. would do(表示过去的习惯)总是,总会,常常He would sit silent for hours. 他常常接连好几个小时默默地坐着。2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较将来时用 法例 句1be + doing 进行时表将来go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe? 2be about to + 动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后
11、面一般不跟时间状语I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close.3be to + 动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见Were to meet at the school gate at noon.4一般现在时表将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来The meeting starts at five oclock.The plane leaves at ten this evening.3.容易混淆的时态比较项 目区 别例 句一般过去时与现在完成时的比较现在完成时强调过去动作
12、对现在产生的影响或造成的结果We havent heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _ to her?A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened说明：说话者强调Jane 目前的状况.Mr. Lee, who _ as a carpenter for over 10 years, is now a very famous statesman in this country. A. has workedB. had workedC. workedD. works
13、 (只说明他过去当过木匠不涉及到现在) 一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态Hello, I _ you were in London. How long _ here?A. dont know; were you B. hadnt known; are youC. havent known; are D. didnt know; have you been说明：didnt know 强调见面前不知道I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较着重表示动作的结果时，用现在完成时I have read that b
14、ook.我读过那本书了。（知道那本书的内容）着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则用现在完成进行时Hi, Tracy, you look tired. I am tired. I _ the living room all day.A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted 说明：强调动作从过去到现在的延续现在进行时与过去进行时的比较现在进行时表示现在某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作I dont really work here. I _ until the new secretary _.A. just
15、 help out; comes B. have just helped out; will comeC. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come说明：指目前一段时间正在发生的动作, until 引导的是时间状语从句,动词需用一般现在时。过去进行时表示某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作 Hey, look where you are going! Oh, Im terribly sorry. _. A. Im not noticing. B. I wasnt noticing. C. I havent noticed.
16、 D. I dont notice.说明：对话的后者显然是在解释刚才不小心冒犯对方时正在做的事情.一般过去时与过去进行时的比较一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态Tom_ into the house when no one _.A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed说明：slip和notice 为同时发生的动作，因此B、C为错误选项，slipped指过去有结果的动作（他溜进去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜进去的
17、一刹那发生的情况（没有人注意）。过去进行时表示某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作.He _ a book about China last year, but I dont know if he _ it.A.wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finishedC. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish说明：正确选项为B. 从I dont know if he has finished it.推断，他去年一直在写。II. 动词的被动语态常用被动语态构 成常用被动语态构 成1一般现在时am/is/
18、are done6过去进行时was/were being done2一般过去时was/were done7现在完成时have/has been done3一般将来时shall/will be done8过去完成时had been done4过去将来时should/would be done9将来完成时will/would have been done5现在进行时am/is/are being done10含有情态动词的can/must/may be done注意事项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to, use
19、d to,have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示：It is believed that It is generally considered that It is said that It is well known that It mu
20、st be pointed out that It is supposed that It is reported that It must be admitted that It is hoped that被动语态的句型1.常见句式是：主语（受动者）be过去分词（by施动者）：He was scolded by the English teacher.2.主语get过去分词其它成分：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.使用这种结构不能带有“by施动者”3.带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的
21、主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。She lent me a bike.被动：I was lent a bike(by her). A bike was lent to me(by her).4.情态动词be过去分词：This problem must be worked out in half an hour.5.双重被动式：主语被动式谓语不定式的被动式其它成分These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.The murderer was ordered to be shot.下面
22、主动形式常表示被动意义1.不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash等。This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。 These books sell well.这些书好卖。The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。 Meat wont keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。2.一些连系动词的主动式形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,fe
23、el,prove,turn out等。The apples taste good. The flower smells wonderful.The news proved/turned out true. Cotton feels soft.不可变为被动语态的几种情况1.I teach myself French.不可变为Myself is taught French.因为反身代词不可作主语。2.We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us.因为相互代词不可作主语。3.He lost hear
24、t.不可变为Heart was lost by him.因为象lose heart,make a face,keep silence,lose in thought这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式。4.She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by her.因为象take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态。含有短语动词在被动语态中介词不能丢Much attention must be paid t
25、o your handwriting.特别注意以下句子的结构：Every minute must be made full use of to study Englsih.下面词或短语没有被动态：leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等