1、广东南雄县2017高考英语一轮阅读理解自练（五）及答案阅读理解主旨大意题、标题概括题。 (2015年山西太原五中月考)Deborah Cohen is a senior natural scientist at the Rand Corp and the author of the book A Big Fat Crisis: The Hidden Forces Behind the Obesity Epidemic and How We Can End It. According to the book, there are lots of misunderstandings of obes
2、ity.1. If youre obese, blame your genes.Obesity rates have increased. Yet, between 1980 and 2000, the number of Americans who are obese has doubledtoo quickly for genetic factors to be responsible.At restaurants, a dollar puts more calories on our plates than ever before, because restaurant meals us
3、ually have more calorie than what we prepare at home, so people who eat out more frequently have higher rates of obesity than those who eat out less.2. If youre obese, you lack self-control.Research shows that if we are faced with too much information, we have a tendency to make poor dietary choices
4、. Our world has become so rich in temptation that we can be led to consume too much in ways we cant understand. Even the most vigilant(警觉的) people may not be up to the task of controlling themselves.3. Lack of access to fresh fruits and vegetables is responsible for obesity.Although the US Departmen
5、t of Agriculture estimates that fewer than 5 percent of Americans live in the “ food deserts”, about 65 percent of the nations population is overweight or obese. For most of us, obesity is not related to access to more fresh fruits and vegetables, but to the choices we make in supermarkets.4. The pr
6、oblem is not that we eat too much, but that we dont exercise.Michelle Obamas “Lets Move” campaign is based on the idea that if kids exercise more, childhood obesity rates will decrease. But there was no significant decrease in physical activity levels as obesity rates climbed in the 1980s and 1990s.
7、 In fact, although a drop in work-related physical activity may account for up to 100 fewer calories burned, leisure physical activity appears to have increased. The problem is that we eat too much.1. The author mentioned Deborah Cohens book in Paragraph 1 to .A. Introduce the topicB. Draw readers a
8、ttentionC. Introduce the author of the bookD. Advertise the book2. What is the relationship between obesity and the place where you eat?A. The less you eat out, the higher rates of obesity you haveB. The less you eat at home, the lower rates of obesity you have.C. The more you eat out, the higher ra
9、tes of obesity you have.D. The more you eat at home, the higher rates of obesity you have.3. Whats the best title of this passage?A. Four misunderstandings of obesityB. Four rules to help you avoid obesityC. Obesity leads to a big fat crisisD. Lacking self-control leads to obesity语篇解读 本文通过一本书告诉我们关于肥
10、胖的四个误区。1. A 细节推断题。根据第一段According to the book, there are lots of misunderstandings of obesity.可知，根据这本书有许多关于肥胖的误区 ，下面举了四个误区，故选A项。2. C 细节理解题。根据第一个误区中的because restaurant meals usually have more calories than what we prepare at home ,so people who eat out more frequently have higher rates of obesity than
11、 those who eat out less.可知，因为餐馆的菜的热量比家里的菜的热量高很多，因此在餐馆吃的次数越多，获得的热量就越高，故选C项。3. A 主旨大意题。本文讲述通过一本书，提到关于肥胖的四个误区，故选A项。阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A.B.C和D项中，选出最佳选项。(Examinations Exert a Pernicious Influence on Education) We might marvel at the progress made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a persons kn
12、owledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It really is extraordinary that after all these years, educationists have still failed to device anything more efficient and reliable than examinations. For all the pious claim that examinations text what you know, it is common knowledge tha
13、t they more often do the exact opposite. They may be a good means of testing memory, or the knack of working rapidly under extreme pressure, but they can tell you nothing about a persons true ability and aptitude. As anxiety-makers, examinations are second to none. That is because so much depends on
14、 them. They are the mark of success of failure in our society. Your whole future may be decided in one fateful day. It doesnt matter that you werent feeling very well, or that your mother died. Little things like that dont count: the exam goes on. No one can give of his best when he is in mortal ter
15、ror, or after a sleepless night, yet this is precisely what the examination system expects him to do. The moment a child begins school, he enters a world of vicious competition where success and failure are clearly defined and measured. Can we wonder at the increasing number of drop-outs: young peop
16、le who are written off as utter failures before they have even embarked on a career? Can we be surprised at the suicide rate among students? A good education should, among other things, train you to think for yourself. The examination system does anything but that. What has to be learnt is rigidly l
17、aid down by a syllabus, so the student is encouraged to memorize. Examinations do not motivate a student to read widely, but to restrict his reading; they do not enable him to seek more and more knowledge, but induce cramming. They lower the standards of teaching, for they deprive the teacher of all
18、 freedoms. Teachers themselves are often judged by examination results and instead of teaching their subjects, they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques which they despise. The most successful candidates are not always the best educated; they are the best trained in the techniqu
19、e of working under duress. The results on which so much depends are often nothing more than a subjective assessment by some anonymous examiner. Examiners are only human. They get tired and hungry; they make mistakes. Yet they have to mark stacks of hastily scrawled scripts in a limited amount of tim
20、e. They work under the same sort of pressure as the candidates. And their word carries weight. After a judges decision you have the right of appeal, but not after an examiners. There must surely be many simpler and more effective ways of assessing a persons true abilities. Is it cynical to suggest t
21、hat examinations are merely a profitable business for the institutions that run them? This is what it boils down to in the last analysis. The best comment on the system is this illiterate message recently scrawled on a wall: I were a teenage drop-out and now I are a teenage millionaire.1.The main id
22、ea of this passage isA examinations exert a pernicious influence on education.examinations are ineffective.C examinations are profitable for institutions.D examinations are a burden on students.2.The authors attitude toward examinations isAdetest.approval.C critical.D indifferent.3.The fate of stude
23、nts is decided byA education.institutions.C examinations.D students themselves.4.According to the author, the most important of a good education isA to encourage students to read widely.to train students to think on their own.C to teach students how to tackle exams.D to master his fate.5.Why does th
24、e author mention court?A Give an example.For comparison.C It shows that teachers evolutions depend on the results of examinations.D It shows the results of court is more effectise.Vocabulary1.pernicious 有害的，恶性的，破坏性的2.knack 窍门，诀窍3.embark 乘船，登记4.write off 勾销，注销。确认某食物已损失或无效5.syllabus 教学大纲6.cram 塞入，把某物塞
25、进，突击式学习（尤指应考），以注入方式教人7.duress 威胁，逼迫8.stack 堆，垛9.scrawl 写/画（的内容不工整，不仔细）潦草的笔迹，七扭八歪的字10.script 讲稿，剧本，脚本，笔试答卷11.cynical 愤世嫉俗的，自私得为人不齿的12.boil down 熬浓，浓缩，归纳难句译注1. For all the pious claim that examinations test what you know, it is common knowledge that they more often do the exact opposite.【参考译文】尽管所有那些虔诚
26、的说法说考试能测定你所知道的东西，但其结果常常是适得其反，这是众所周之的常识。2. As anxiety-makers, examinations are second to none.【结构简析】second to none固定搭配，义：不亚于任何人或事物。【参考译文】（测）考试作为忧虑的制造者，真是出类拔萃。3. induce cramming诱人采用突击式学习方式。Cram尽力塞入，应试突击学习。EX: cram for a chemistry test.为应付化学考试而临时抱佛脚。Cram pupils以填鸭式教学生。4. Yet you have to mark stacks of
27、hastily scrawled scripts in a limited amount of time.【参考译文】他们不得不在限定的时间内，给一大堆匆忙涂写而成的笔试答卷批分。5. And their word carries weight.【参考译文】可他们的话/文字（这里指分数）有份量（有影响）。6. This is what it boils down to in the last analysis.【参考译文】这就是最终分析所归纳的一切。写作方法与文章大意 这是一篇类似分类写作的文章。罗列了考试种种恶果。作者首先指出考试难以测定人的真正能力和水平，反而是适得其反。二是考试是忧虑的制
28、造者，因为它决定了人的成败命运。三是考试促使学校进行应试技巧教育，否定了教会人独立思考、扩大视野。四是教师或者说测试人又累又饿，犯错误，还得在限定时间披阅成堆的试卷，他们的压力和考试者一样很大，而他们的话分数有份量，审判官的裁决，你有权上诉，而他们的裁决一笔定终身。 最后引用“辍学者成为百万富翁”来点明测试这种形式对教育的坏影响。答案详解1. A 考试对教育具有有害的影响。文章第一段就点明：考试是测试记忆的好方法，是测试在巨大压力下快速工作的技巧的好方法，却测不出一个人的真正能力和水平。第三段集中指出：考试不是促进学生广泛阅读，反而限制其阅读；考试不能使学生追求更多的知识，而是诱导学生进行应付
29、考试的突击式学习。他们降低了教学水平，因为他们剥夺了老师的一切自由。常常以考试结果而不是所教课程来评定老师，是他们不得不以他们所轻视的考试技巧来培训学生。第二段和第四段也涉及其后果。B.考试无效。这是考试后果的一个方面。C.考试对教育机构有利。这也是一个方面。D.考试对学生是一种负担。2. C 批评的。第一段中作者明确指出，考试方法依旧，不能测出人的能力和水平。第二段点名，这种无用的考试决定人生的成败。第三段说考试最成功的考试者经常不是最佳的受教育者，他们是在胁迫下最佳获得考试技巧者，而好的教育应能培养人的独立思考。第四段涉及阅卷者又累又饿，常犯错误，不得不在限定时间披阅一大堆匆忙中七扭八歪写
30、出的卷子。最后一句“我过去是一个是来岁的辍学者，现在我是一个年轻的百万富翁”画龙点睛地指出，考试指挥下的教育的失败。这一切都说明作者对考试的批评态度。A.嫌恶，厌恶。此答案从意义上说是对的。但语法不通，因为这是个东西，而is后要求是名词或形容词。B.赞成。D.漠不关心的。3. C 考试。答案在第二段，考试是最终忧虑制造者，那是因为许多事情取决于考试：它们是我们社会中成功或失败的标志。你的未来可能全取决于这决定性的一天。A.教育。B.教育机构。D.学生自己。4. B 培养学生进行独立思考。第三段第一句话点明：好的教育应该是培养学生自己独立思考。A.鼓励学生广泛阅读。教学生如何应考。C.教学生如何
31、应考。D.掌握自己命运。5. B 作对比，答案在最后一段倒数第二句“审判官裁决后，你有权力上诉，而披阅考卷人给分后，学生可没有上诉权”后面又谈及“一想到考试只对进行考试的机构有礼，未免太自私了。这酒是最终分析归纳的东西。”所以作者呼吁，可定还有许多更简便，更有效的评估人真正能力的方法。A.给出一个例子。C.表示老师是由考试结果评定好坏。这是第三段讲的不分内容，教师他们自己常由考试结果而不是所教课程优劣来评定。所以他们不得不对学生进行应试技巧教育，降低教学水平。D.表明审判官裁决更有效。阅读理解。阅读下列短文, 从给的四个选项 (A、B、C和D) 中, 选出最佳选项。FRIDAY, Dec5,
32、2008College students who think all-night study sessions will help them remember facts might want to get some sleep insteadThats the message from a new study that finds that as you sleep, the mind consolidates the things you learn during the day Study participants who learned how to play a video game
33、 in the morning or evening did a better job the next day after a nights rest, apparently because their brains were actively absorbing what theyd learned as they sleptThe finding shows that sleep is not just a passive state when no information is coming in, said Howard Nusbaum, a professor of psychol
34、ogy at the University of ChicagoFor the study, the researchers recruited 200 college studentsMost of them werent very familiar with playing video gamesSome of the participants learned how to play the games in the morning, while others learned in the eveningThe researchers then tested the subjects on
35、 the video games 12 hours later and 24 hours laterThose who took part in the morning training sessions showed an average eight-percentage-point improvement in their performance immediately after trainingThey performed more poorlyscoring four percentage points better12 hours laterBut they scored 10 p
36、ercentage points better the next morningIf we train you in the morning and come back at the end of the day, you forget some of what you learned, Nusbaum saidBut if you sleep after that, it restores some of what you learned The students who took part in the evening training sessions performed better
37、the next morning after sleeping, than they did after being trainedThe role that dreams play in the learning processif anyisnt clearBut some dreams could serve as a kind of practice for the brain, Nusbaum saidIf you play a video game a lot, and youre playing in your dreams, maybe that could help you
38、learnJerry Siegel, professor at the Center for Sleep Research at the University of Calfornia, Los Angeles, said going without sleep hurts performance, but hes not convinced that sleep itself actively contributes to learning If you take a break for a few hours, it can easily be shown that learning di
39、d occur, because performance is better at the start of a new learning session than it was at the end of the initial session, he saidNo sleep needs to occur for this to happen Still, Siegel suggested that sleep before learning a skill is crucialFor long-term retention, it is more important to be well
40、 rested and therefore attentive when you are doing the learning than afterwards, he saidIt is even better if you dont have to choose and get your natural amounts of sleep every day 9What does the underlined word want （in Paragraph 1） mean? AlackBwish CdesireDneed 10What is mainly talked about in thi
41、s text? AThe effect of video games on learningBThe relation between sleep and learningCThe role of dreams in the learning processDThe difference between morning and evening trainings11What would be the best title for the text? ASleep strengthens learningBDreams clearly help learningCA break before l
42、earning is betterDVideo games improve performance12Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? ATraining in the morning showed better results at onceBLearning wont occur during sleeping without dreamsCSleeping well helps to absorb what one learnedDStudying all night helps to remember more facts【参考答案】 9-12 DBAC