1、Unit 7 Art Lesson 1 Masterpieces学习目标1. 掌握本节生词及句型的表达与运用。2. 掌握名词性从句的用法。3. 通过课堂练习，对课文内容有更深入的了解。知识运用1. affect词性：_ 意思：_be affected by heat/ cold 中暑/ 着凉be affected by/ with a high fever 发高烧be greatly/ deeply affected 很/ 深受感动have an effect on 对产生影响take effect 生效；奏效come into effect 生效；实行be of no effect 无效的；
2、无用的练习：Never hate your enemies. It will _ your judgement.2. sense词性：_ 意思：_the sense of sight/ smell/ touch 视觉/ 嗅觉/ 触觉the sense of duty 责任感senseless adj. 无意义的；失去知觉的练习：She has a good _ of direction.3. spot词性：_ 意思：_on the spot (=on the scene) 到/ 在现场；当场spot sb. doing sth. 看到某人正在做某事be spotted with 散布，点缀sp
3、otless adj. 极清洁的；非常洁净的练习：His jacket was covered with _ of mud.4. striking词性：_ 意思：_strike vt.& vi.打，击；突然袭击；敲响；报时；给以（深刻）印象be struck by/ with 被击中；(引申义）被打动，迷恋It strikes sb. that (=It occurs to sb. that). 某人突然想到strikeinto ones heart 使某人刻骨铭心be/ go on strike 罢工练习：The most _ feature of the place is its natu
4、ral scenery.5. let out词性：_ 意思：_let sth. out 泄露（信息等），发出（叫喊等）；放宽；放大（衣服尺寸等）；让跑掉let sb. out 放某人出去，释放某人let sb. down 让某人失望let sb./ sth. in 让某人/ 某物进来let alone 更不用说let go of 放开，释放练习：Jane _ unconsciously where she had hidden her fathers birthday present.6. reaction词性：_ 意思：_react v. 作出反应；回应react to对作出反应；回应rea
5、ct against 反抗练习：Whats his _ to the terrible news?阅读探究Sort the expressions into the correct columns. Use them to practice introducing the paintings.The Starry NightThe ScreamThe Empire of Light1. with an expression of fear2. let out a powerful scream3. circles of white and yellow racing across the sk
6、y4. a burning orange-red sky 5. surrounded by the darkness of night6. the night sky with clouds, stars and a moon7. a beautiful house lit by lights from inside8. full of brightness and soft white clouds9. looks directly at the viewer10. a sleeping village and a dark, lonely tree句型梳理 1.（教材P8）His unus
7、ual use of colour has led experts to think that Van Goghs mental illness may have affected his sense of sight.凡高对色彩的不寻常的使用让专家们认为凡高的精神疾病可能影响了他的视觉。may have affected可能（已经）影响了。“情态动词+现在完成时”表示对过去情况的推测。“情态动词+have done”结构的用法（1）must have done表示对过去发生事情所作出的合理或很有把握的推测，意为“想必/ 准是/ 一定”，只用于肯定句中，在否定句中通常被“cant have d
8、one”代替。From what you said, she must have told you all about it.从你所说的来看，她一定把一切都告诉你了。（2）cant have done一般用于否定句中，用于表示对过去所发生事情的推测。could have done用于肯定句时，表示“可能已经做过某事”或“本有能力做某事而未做”。Mr. Smith cant have gone to Beijing, for I saw him in the library just now.史密斯先生不可能去北京了，因为我刚才还在图书馆看见他了。（3）should/ ought to have
9、 done 表示“过去本应该做某事而（实际上）没有做”，含有责备或遗憾的语气；shouldnt/ ought not to have done 表示“某种行为不该发生却发生了”。You should have done more exercise before.以前你应该多进行锻炼。（4）need have done 表示“本需要做而实际未做”；neednt have done表示“本不必做某事而实际做了”。As it turned out to be a small house party, we neednt have dressed up so formally.最后证实那是一个小型的家
10、庭聚会，我们本来不必要盛装打扮的。（5）may/ might have done 表示对过去发生的事情的推测，意思是“也许已经做了某事，可能已经做了某事”，多用在肯定句中，用might时表示语气更加不肯定。You might have read about it in the papers.你可能已经在报上看过这个消息了。2. （教材P9）What makes it striking is that it shows a thin figure with an expression of fear最显著的特点是它展现了一个有着恐怖表情的瘦削身材的人物句中what引导主语从句，What make
11、s it striking作主语，that引导表语从句作is的表语。what引导的名词性从句what在名词性从句中用得非常多，可以引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。当what引导名词性从句时，可以把它看成是某物或某事，而且what引导的从句要看成一个整体，也意指某物或某事。What we are worried about is the time limit. 我们担心的是时间限制。（主语从句）I lived in what you call Ancient Greece and I used to write about the Olympic Games a long time
12、 ago.我住在你们所说的“古希腊”，很久以前我曾写过关于奥运会的文章。（宾语从句）The film will show us what our world will look like in the future.这部电影将向我们展示未来世界的样子。（宾语从句）My question is what effects global warming will have on us.我的问题是全球变暖会对我们产生什么影响。（表语从句）You have no idea what is troubling her.你不知道她在烦恼什么。（同位语从句）辨析比较，that和 what的区别that引导名词
13、性从句时和what完全不同，也和它在定语从句中完全不同。that在主语从句中不充当任何句子成分，也没有任何含义；而what引导名词性从句时，在主语从句中都要充当一定的句子成分，what可以分解成定语从句中的“先行词+关系代词”，即常说的“先行词+that”。That he has made great progress makes his parents delighted.他取得了很大的进步，这使他的父母很高兴。（主语从句）Its a shame that he has made such a mistake.他犯了这样一个错误，真可惜。（主语从句）What surprised me mos
14、t was that there was a splendid building in the middle of the sea.最令我惊讶的是在大海中间有一座华丽的建筑物。（表语从句）Danby left word with my secretary that he would call again in the afternoon.丹比让我的秘书传话说他下午会再打过来。（同位语从句）语法解析语法：名词性从句在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句，它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。主语从句一、定义在主从复合句中，充当主语的从句，即为主语从句。That she could co
15、me to help us made us very happy.她能来帮助我们使我们很高兴。Whether she will come or not is still a question.她是否会来仍是个问题。二、主语从句的连接词1. 连词that和whether的用法（1）that在从句中不充当句子的任何成分，只起连接作用，但不可省略。That she is still alive is surprising.她还活着，这令人吃惊。That he was admitted into Beijing University made his teachers and parents happ
16、y.他考上了北大，使得他的老师和父母都很高兴。（2）whether在从句中不充当任何句子成分，起连接作用，意为“是否”，不可省略。Whether the plan will be carried out is still unknown.这个计划是否会实施还不知道。Whether we go by train or by boat makes no difference.我们乘火车还是乘船没差别。2. 连接代词（who, whose, whom, what, which, whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever 等）。连接代词引导主语从句，在从句中可以作主
17、语、宾语、表语或定语。What he wants to tell us is not clear.还不清楚他要跟我们说什么。Whoever breaks the law should be punished.无论是谁，只要违法就应该受到惩罚。3. 连接副词（when, where, how, why等）。连接副词引导主语从句并在从句中作状语。When we will have a meeting is an important question.我们何时举行会议是一个重要的问题。Why John was late for the class has been unexplained.约翰为什么
18、上课迟到还没有说明。三、主语从句中用it作形式主语的结构如果主语从句太长，为避免句子结构头重脚轻，我们可用it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在主句谓语部分之后，尤其是当主句的谓语动词是连系动词时。常见的用形式主语it引导的主语从句结构有：1. It+be+形容词+主语从句常用于这种结构的形容词有：necessary, likely, right, wrong, important, certain, clear, obvious, strange, natural 等。It is likely that he is the winner of this game.很可能他是这场游戏的胜利者。Its
19、 obvious that they badly need help.很明显，他们急需帮助。注意：“It +be + necessary/ important/ strange/ natural + that从句”结构中，从句常用“should+do”形式，其中should也可省略。It is necessary that we (should) live a low-carbon life.我们过低碳生活是很有必要的。It is strange that he (should) know nothing about it.真是奇怪，他对这件事情一点也不了解。2. It+be+名词词组+主语从
20、句常用于这种句型的名词有a pity, a shame, a fact, an honour, a/ no surprise, a/ no wonder 等。Its a pity (that) you missed the film.你错过了那部电影真是太遗憾了。Its no wonder that she speaks English so well.难怪她英语说得那么好。3. It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, proved,)+主语从句It is said that the city is where the famous sing
21、er was born.据说，那个城市就是那位著名的歌星出生的地方。It is generally considered that boys are better at science than girls.人们普遍认为男孩子比女孩子更擅长理科。It is reported that President Xi will visit some African countries soon.据报道，习主席不久将访问一些非洲的国家。注意：“It + be + suggested/ advised/ ordered/ requested/ insisted/ required + that 从句”的结
22、构，that 从句应用“should+do”，should也可省略。Its suggested that the old man (should) go to the countryside to have a rest.建议这位老人到乡村去休息一下。It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.有人建议会议延期召开。4. It+不及物动词(appears/ seems/ happens/ occurs to sb., doesnt matter, makes no difference,.)+主语从句It seems to me t
23、hat you disagree to the plan.在我看来，你好像不赞成这个计划。It happened to me that I had been away when he called.他打电话时，我正好不在家。5. It+及物动词+宾语+that从句It surprised us that we were given a chance to study abroad.让我们吃惊的是我们得到了去国外学习的机会。It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey.她的头发在变白，这让她有点担心。四、主语从句的注意事项1. 从句的语序
24、：在任何情况下，主语从句都用陈述语序。Whichever of you gets here first will get the prize.你们谁第一个到达这里谁就获奖。Who will take his place is not important.谁将代替他的位置并不重要。2. 主谓一致（1）从句作主语时，主句的谓语一般用单数形式；但what和who引导主语从句时，有时主句谓语的数应与主句中作表语的名词保持一致。What we need is water.我们所需要的是水。What we need are useful books.我们需要的是有用的书。（2）如果由and连接两个或两个以
25、上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句时，谓语动词用单数。When they will start and where they will go have not been decided yet.他们将在什么时候动身以及要去哪里还没定下来。When and where the meeting will be held has not been decided.会议将在什么时候以及在哪里举行还没定下来。3. whether引导的主语从句，如果用了形式主语it,引导词whether可以换成if。如果whether从句在句首或后面直接跟有or not时，不能用if
26、替换。Whether they will sell the house is not yet decided. (此时whether不可换成if)=It is not decided yet whether/ if they will sell the house.（此时whether与if可互换）他们还没有决定是否卖掉这个房子。宾语从句1. 及物动词后的宾语从句I will give whoever needs help a warm support.凡是需要帮助的人我都会给予热情的支持。Could you tell me where the booking office is?你能不能告诉
27、我售票处在什么地方？2. 介词后的宾语从句We are talking about what well do next.我们正在讨论下一步我们要做什么。She always thinks of how she can work well.她总是在想怎样把工作做好。3. 形容词后的宾语从句sure, certain, glad, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied, sorry 等表示情感的形容词后可接宾语从句。Were pleased that we have once again overcome the difficulty.真是高兴，
28、我们再次战胜了困难。Im not sure whether theyll agree to such a plan.我不确定他们是否同意这样一个计划。4. 由不同连词引导的宾语从句（1）that引导的宾语从句that引导宾语从句时无词义，也不充当任何成分，且在口语或非正式文体中常可省略。She said that she admired Meng Peijie very much.她说她非常佩服孟佩杰。She decided that she was going to be a nurse.她决定将来成为一名护士。 that作宾语从句的引导词时可省略，但当一个句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时，
29、引导第二个和以后几个从句的that不可省略。He said (that) Mrs. Wang was kind and that we could turn to her for help.他说王太太很善良，我们可以向她求助。They told us (that) there would be a meeting that afternoon and that we all should attend the meeting.他们告诉我们那天下午会有一个会议，并且我们都应该参加这个会议。 在可以接复合宾语的动词之后,如think, make, consider等，可以用it作形式宾语，而把真正
30、的宾语从句后置，在这种情况下that不能省略。I made it clear that I was determined to carry out the plan.（that不能省略）我已表明决心执行这个计划。I think it a pity that you could not come.你不能来，我深深惋惜。 主句谓语和宾语从句之间有插入语时，宾语从句前的that不能省略。He announced, believe it or not, that he would never forgive her.信不信由你，他宣布他绝不会原谅她。 在 demand, order, suggest,
31、 decide, insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+动词原形”。I insist that she (should) do her work alone.我坚持要她自己工作。The policeman demanded that the gate should be shut.警察命令把大门关上。（2）whether/if引导的宾语从句从属连词whether/if作“是否”讲时，常用在ask, care, find out, know, wonder等动词（短语）后引出带有疑
32、问意义的语从句，从句中仍保持陈述语序，whether或if不充当句子分。I dont know if/ whether he will go to the cinema this evening.我不知道今晚他是否会去看电影。Do you know whether/ if any decision has been arrived at?你知道是否已经做出决定了吗？以下只能用whether引导宾语从句的情况： 作介词宾语时，只能用whether引导宾语从句。I havent settled the question of whether Ill go back home.我还没有决定是否回家。
33、It depends on whether you can do the work well.那取决于你是否能将工作做好。 whether与or或or not连用时，不可用if替换。She doesnt know whether she should get married now or wait.她不知道是现在就结婚还是等等再说。I wonder whether or not we should make it clear that weve lost this game.我在想我们是否应该说清楚我们已经输了这场比赛。 动词doubt用于肯定句式，其宾语从句用whether引导。I doub
34、t very much whether he is coming.我非常怀疑他是否要来。We still doubt whether what he said is true.我们仍旧怀疑他说的话是否是真的。（3）连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever和连接副词when, where, how, why这些连接词都有词义，除引导从句外，还在从句中充当一定的成分，可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。这种宾语从句有疑问意义，但不是疑问句，不能用疑问语序，而要
35、用陈述语序。I dont know what the little girl likes.我不知道这个小女孩喜欢什么。Could you tell me which job I should take, please?请你告诉我我应该选择哪种工作，好吗？5. 使用宾语从句应注意的几个问题（1）宾语从句的语序。宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序，即“主语+谓语+宾语+其他”。Can you tell me how I can get in touch with the famous doctor?你能告诉我怎样与那位著名的医生取得联系吗？（2）宾语从句的时态。如果主句的时态是一般现在时，宾语从句可以
36、用相应的任何时态；如果主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态；如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理，其时态常用一般现在时。He said that he had been to New York.（从句是过去完成时）他说他曾去过纽约。Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound. （从句陈述的是客观事实）老师说光比声音传播得快。（3）当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。I dont think the young ma
37、n will accept the advice.我认为这个年轻人不会接受这个建议。I dont think he can finish the work on time.我认为他无法按时完成工作。（4）有些动词（短语），如 enjoy, love, like, hate, appreciate, take, hide, see to, insist on, depend on, rely on等带宾语从句时，习惯上在从句前加形式宾语it。I hate it when people ask me for money.我不喜欢别人向我借钱。I will appreciate it if you
38、can give me a hand.如果你能帮我一把，我会很感激。表语从句在复合句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。表语从句位于主句中的系动词之后。1. that引导的表语从句连接词that在从句中只起到连接作用，不作任何成分。The trouble is that I have lost his address.问题是我把他的地址弄丢了。What I particularly dislike about this lesson is that it is really boring.我特别不喜欢这节课是因为它的确令人乏味。2. whether引导的表语从句连接词whether起连接作用，意为“是否
39、；究竟；到底”，在句中不作任何成分。What he wants to know is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow morning.他想要知道的是我们到明天早上能否完成工作。The question is whether you can do the work well.问题是你能否做好这项工作。3. 从属连词 as, as if/ though 引导的表语从句It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.听起来好像有人在敲门。The pencil seems as though it w
40、ere broken when it is parly put in the water.当把铅笔的一部分放入水中时，它看上去好像断了。4. because, why引导的表语从句Thats because he didnt understand me. （Thats because强调原因）那是因为他没有理解我。Thats why he got angry with me. （Thats why.强调结果）那正是他对我生气的原因。注意：reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时，要用that引导，不宜用because。The reason why I was sad was that h
41、e didnt understand me.我难过的原因是他没有理解我。The reason why he asked for two days leave is that he had to take care of his sick son.他请了两天假的原因是他要照顾他生病的儿子。5. wh-疑问词引导的表语从句连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever和连接副词where, when, how, why引导的表语从句。The problem is who we can get to replace h
42、er.问题是我们能找到谁去替代她。The question is how he did it.问题是他是如何做这件事的。Their difficulty is where they can raise enough money.他们的困难是他们到哪里能筹到足够的钱。6. 主语是表示建议、命令、要求、计划（suggestion, advice, order, request, proposal）等的名词，那么表语从句应该用虚拟语气，即should后接动词原形，should可以省略。My suggestion is that we (should) leave the village right
43、now.我的建议是我们应该立刻离开这个村子。His request is that they (should) stay here for the night.他请求他们在这里待一晚。同位语从句在复合句中，跟在一个名词后对其作进一步解释说明的从句叫同位语从句。能跟同位语从句的名词有fact, news, idea, truth, doubt, belief, hope, problem, information, wish, promise, answer, possibility, question, evidence, report, explanation, suggestion, co
44、nclusion等抽象名词。Theres a feeling in me that well never know what a UFO is.我有一种感觉，我们永远都无法知道不明飞行物是什么。I dont like the idea that money is everything.我不喜欢认为金钱就是一切的观点。一、同位语从句的连接词引导同位语从句的词有连词 that, whether，疑问代词who, which, what和疑问副词where, when, why, how等。1. 由连词that, whether引导的同位语从句。that, whether引导从句，但在从句中不作成分
45、，不能省略。that无意义；whether有“是否”之意。They heard the news on the radio yesterday that a typhoon was coming.昨天他们从收音机里听到台风要来的消息。The problem whether he will be sentenced for drunk driving isnt clear.他是否会因酒后驾驶而被判刑这一问题还不清楚。2. 由疑问代词who, which, what引导的同位语从句。疑问代词在从句中作主语、宾语或定语。The question who should go abroad requir
46、ed consideration.（who在从句中作主语）谁会出国这个问题还需要考虑。I have no idea which one I should choose.(which 在从句中作定语）我不知道该选哪一个。He has no idea what he should do next.(what在从句中作宾语）他不知道下一步要做什么。3. 由疑问副词when, where, why, how引导的同位语从句。疑问副词在从句中作时间状语、地点状语、原因状语和方式状语。I have no idea when he will be back from Shanghai.（when在从句中作时
47、间状语）我不知道他何时从上海回来。I still have no idea why they left the party without a word last night.（why在从句中作原因状语）我仍然不知道昨晚他们为什么没说一句话就离开了宴会。It remains a mystery how it happened.（how 在从句中作方式状语）那事是怎么发生的仍然是个谜。The question where we will go to spend our holiday has not been discussed.(where在从句中作地点状语）我们要去哪里度假这一问题还没被讨论
48、。二、使用同位语从句应注意的几个问题1. 当主句的谓语较短，而同位语从句较长时，为避免头重脚轻，同位语从句常后置，构成分隔式同位语从句。Word came that the famous scientist would come to see us.有消息传来，那位著名的科学家要来看望我们。The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.他想到玛丽可能生病了。名词doubt后可跟同位语从句，若用于肯定句中时用whether引导；若用于否定句中时则用that引导。There is no doubt that prices wil
49、l go up.毫无疑问物价会上涨。There is some doubt whether they will come to help us.他们是否能来帮助我们还不确定。注意，表达“是否”的概念时，要用 whether而不用if引导同位语从句。I have no idea whether she likes the film.我不知道她是否喜欢这部电影。2. 名词 suggestion, order, demand, command, request, desire, proposal等后的同位语从句要使用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“should+do”，should可省略。The gener
50、al gave the order that the soldiers (should) cross the river at once.将军下达了战士们立即过河的命令。Wed better accept his suggestion that we (should) start right now.我们最好接受他的建议，立刻动身。三、同位语从句与定语从句的区别1. that既可引导同位语从句也可引导定语从句。在同位语从句中that为连接词，仅起连接作用；在定语从句中that为关系代词，既起连接作用，还在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语等。The information that they got
51、yesterday has no use. （定语从句）他们昨天得到的信息没什么用处。We have received the information that they may have left the country. （同位语从句）我们已经得到消息，他们可能已经离开了这个国家。2. wh-类引导词引导同位语从句有其本身的疑问含义；引导定语从句没有疑问意思。We had no idea who on earth did it.（同位语从句）我们不知道究竟是谁干的这事。The girl who I met just now.is one of my students.（定语从句）我刚才见的
52、那个女孩是我的一个学生。3. 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定；而同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.（同位语从句）对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。The fact that we knew just now shocked all of us.（定语从句）我们刚刚了解的事实使我们很吃惊。4. 同位语从句对应的名词一般为抽象名词，而定语从句的先行词没这方面的限制。He is strongly for the idea that
53、silence might be beneficial to our health.（同位语从句）他十分支持这种观点：安静可能对我们的健康有好处。The gift that he gave me on my birthday is a lovely bag.（定语从句）我生日时他给我的生日礼物是一个可爱的包。练习：1. It suddenly occurred to him _ he had left his key in the office.2. It is difficult for us to imagine _ life was like for slaves in the anci
54、ent world.3. The best moment for the football star was _ he scored the winning goal.4. Life is _ happens to you while you are busy making other plans.5. You can never tell _ close you may be to victory.6. Modern science have given clear evidence _ smoking can lead to many diseases.7. From space, the
55、 earth looks blue. This is _ about seventy percent of its surface is covered by water.8. When the news came _ the war broke out, he decided to serve in the army.答案知识运用1. affect 2. sense 3. spots 4. striking 5. let out 6. reaction阅读探究 The Starry Nightcircles of white and yellow racing across the skyt
56、he night sky with clouds, stars and a moona sleeping village and a dark, lonely tree The Screamwith an expression of fearlet out a powerful screama burning orange-red sky looks directly at the viewer The Empire of Lightsurrounded by the darkness of nighta beautiful house lit by lights from insidefull of brightness and soft white clouds语法解析1. that 2. what 3. when 4.what 5.how 6.that 7. because 8.that