1、专题05阅读理解之环境保护类【2021年】(2021全国甲卷B) 话题:黑犀牛现状 词数:267 难度:Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding (繁育) programme, has welcomed the arrival of a rare black rhino calf (犀牛幼崽). When the tiny creature arrived on January 31, she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve. And officials at Port Ly
2、mpne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhinos are known for being difficult to breed in captivity (圈养).Paul Beer, head of rhino section at Port Lympne, said: “Obviously were all absolutely delighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family. Shes healthy, strong and al
3、ready eager to play and explore. Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. Its still a little too cold for them to go out into the open, but as soon as the weather warms up, I have no doubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing every day.”The
4、adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve, but it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild. The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed abou
5、t 32kg. His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.According to the World Wildlife Fund, the global black rhino population has dropped as low as 5500, giving the rhinos a “critically endangered” status.4. Which of the following best describes the
6、breeding programme?A. Costly.B. Controversial.C. Ambitious.D. Successful.5. What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino?A. She loves staying with her mother.B. She dislikes outdoor activities.C. She is in good conditionD. She is sensitive to heat.6. What similar experience do Solio and Kisima h
7、ave?A. They had their first born in January.B. They enjoyed exploring new placesC. They lived with their grandmothers.D. They were brought to the reserve young7. What can be inferred about Porn Lympne Reserve?A. The rhino section will be open to the public.B. It aims to control the number of the ani
8、mals.C. It will continue to work with the World Wildlife Fund.D. Some of its rhinos may be sent to the protected wild areas.【答案】4. D 5. C 6. A 7. D【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在Port Lympne保护区的部分黑犀牛现状。4.推理判断题。通过文章第一段“she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve (她成为该保护区出生的第40头黑犀牛)”以及文章倒数第二段“His m
9、other, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there. (他的母亲、祖母和曾祖母都出生在保护区，至今仍住在那里)”可知，保护区的繁育计划使很多黑犀牛成功存活，可推知，这计划是成功的。故选D项。5.细节理解题。通过文章第二段“Shes healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. (她很健康，很强壮，已经渴望玩耍和探索了)”可知，Paul Beer认为新生的犀牛身体状况很好。故选C项。6.细节理解题。通过文
10、章第一段“When the tinv creature arrived on January 31, she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve. (1月31日，当这头小犀牛来到保护区时，她成为了第40头在保护区出生的黑犀牛)”以及文章倒数第二段“The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. (1月5日，犀牛妈妈Kisima分娩的第一头小犀牛
11、，同时也是第一个出生在Port Lympne，体重约为32公斤)”可知，Solio和Kisima的第一个孩子都是在一月份出生的。故选A项。7.推理判断题。通过文章倒数第二段“it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild (要判断这些小犀牛是否会成为返回野生保护区的好的候选者还为时过早)”可推知，Pon Lympne保护区的一些犀牛可能会被送到野生保护区。故选D项。(2021全国乙卷C) 话题: 艺术家用塑料垃圾制作雕塑作品
12、 词数:299 难度:Youve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage,
13、 forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products. At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, th
14、e sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）of plastic pollution but theyve recently come under fire because most people dont need them to dr
15、ink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw thats part of Von Wongs artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear. In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to i
16、llustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckloads worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like theyd been dumped（倾倒） from a
17、 truck all at once. Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.28. What are Von Wongs artworks intended for?A. Beautifying the city he lives in.B. Introducing eco-friendly products.C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste.D. Reducing garb
18、age on the beach.29. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?A. To show the difficulty of their recycling.B. To explain why they are useful.C. To voice his views on modern art.D. To find a substitute for them.30. What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers?A. Calming.B
19、. Disturbing.C. Refreshing.D. Challenging.31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. Artists Opinions on Plastic SafetyB. Media Interest in Contemporary ArtC. Responsibility Demanded of Big CompaniesD. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures【答案】28. C 29. A 30. C 31. D【解析】本文是
20、一篇说明文。文章介绍了艺术家Benjamin Von Wong用塑料垃圾制作了一个巨大的雕塑作品，让人们通过这个雕塑重新审视自己与一次性塑料制品的关系。此外他在2018的一件作品“Truckload of Plastic”说明了每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。Von Wong通过用塑料垃圾制造巨型雕塑来唤醒和提高人们的环保意识。28.推理判断题。根据第一段“But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He
21、 builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真的有什么区别吗？艺术家本杰明冯王（Benjamin Von Wong）想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系。)”可知，Von Wong用塑料垃圾制作的雕塑想让人们重新审视与一次性塑料制品的关系，由此可知他做这个雕塑的目的是为了引起公众对塑料垃圾的关注
22、。故选C项。29.推理判断题。根据第三段“Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source(来源) of plastic pollution, but theyve recently come under fire because most people dont need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Eve
23、ry straw thats part of Von Wongs artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.(全球只有9%的塑料垃圾被回收。塑料吸管绝不是最大的塑料污染源，但它们最近却受到了抨击，因为大多数人不需要吸管喝饮料，而且由于它们体积小、重量轻，无法回收利用。冯王作品中的每一根吸管都很可能来自只喝了几分钟的饮料。一旦饮料消失了，吸管也要几个世纪才能
24、消失。)”可知，吸管由于体积小，重量轻，无法回收利用，由此可推知，作者在第三段讨论吸管是为了展示它们回收的困难。故选A项。30.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“In a piece form 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate(说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truck all at once.(在2018年的一个作品中，冯王(Von Wong)想要说明一个具体的统计数字：每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品，冯王和一组志愿者收集了一万多块塑料，然后把它们绑在一起，让它们看起来
25、像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的。)”可知，这个作品以创新的方式让人们了解到塑料垃圾以很快的速度和很大的量倾入海洋，刷新了观众对海洋塑料污染的认知，由此可推断，这个作品会让观众对塑料垃圾进入海洋这件事“耳目一新”。故选C项。31.标题判断题。通读全文，结合第一段“But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? plastic products.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真的有什么区别吗？艺术家本杰明冯王(Benjamin Von Wong)想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品
26、的关系。)”和倒数第二段“In a piece form 2018, at once可知，D项“海洋塑料变成雕塑”符合文章主旨，适合作为标题。故选D项。(2021全国新高考卷C) 话题: 保护水禽 词数:299 难度:When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these preciou
27、s natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl ( 水 禽 ) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of we
28、tlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory ( 迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so
29、 vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by Presi
30、dent Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat fo
31、r inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934 better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp
32、 Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?A. Loss of wetlands.B. Popularity of water sports.C. Pollution of rivers.D. Arrival of other wild animals.29. What does the underlined wo
33、rd “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?A. Acquire.B. Export.C. Destroy.D. Distribute.30. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?A. The stamp price has gone down.B. The migratory birds have flown away.C. The hunters have stopped hunting.D. The government has collected money.31. Which of
34、 the following is a suitable title for the text?A. The Federal Duck Stamp StoryB. The National Wildlife Refuge SystemC. The Benefits of Saving WaterfowlD. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting【答案】28. A 29. C 30. D 31. A【解析】本文是一篇说明文。本文讲述了美国鸭票的故事，由于美国移民的大量流入，对于农地和住房的急需大量的水禽栖息地被破坏导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者
35、只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽。28.细节理解题。根据第一段“Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.”可知，上百万公顷的湿地被抽干用作农地或者修建住房，极大地减少了水禽的栖息地，故可知，栖息地的减少导致了水禽数量的下降，故选A。29.词义猜测题。根据前一句“Native Americans had taken care of
36、 these precious natural resources wisely.”可知，北美的土著人把这些珍贵的自然资源保护的很合理，本句中的“Unfortunately”可知，本句与上一句形成了转折，前一句陈述北美土著人做的好的地方，故可知，本句阐述移民者做的不好的地方，即移民者破坏了这些自然资源，故画线词意思是“破坏”。A. Acquire获得；B. Export出口；C. Destroy破坏；D. Distribute分配。故选C。30.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into t
37、hat Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat.”可知，自1934年起，超过5亿美元进入到了这个基金会，购买了超过500万公顷的水禽栖息地，故可以推出，通过发行鸭票，美国政府获得了大量的资金，故选D。31.主旨大意题。根据全文可知，由于之前不恰当的发展导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽，故可知，本文讲述美国鸭票的故事，故选A。【2020年】(2020全国卷C) 话题:促销海狸鼠皮毛时装 词数:349W 难度:When you we
38、re trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didnt cross your mind.But some ecologists and fashion (时装)enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria(海狸鼠).Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nut
39、ria fur made into clothes in different styles.“It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free furunless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year,” says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5
40、 a tail.Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild.“The ecosystem down there cant handle this non-native species(物种).Its destroying the environment.Its them or us,” says Michael Mas
41、simi, an expert in this field.The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades,but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s,the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana.He says its not easy to convince people that nutri
42、a fur is green, but he has no doubt about it.Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year, so part of Moutons job these days is trying to promote fur.Then theres Righteous Fur and its unusual fashions.Model Paige Morgan says,“To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without so
43、meone throwing paint on themI think thats going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable.Shes trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria
44、 fashions to show it is eco-friendly.28.What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn?A.To promote guilt-free fur.B.To expand the fashion market.C.To introduce a new brand.D.To celebrate a winter holiday.29.Why are scientists concerned about nutria?A.Nutria damage the ecosyste
45、m seriously.B.Nutria are an endangered species.C.Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals.D.Nutria are illegally hunted.30.What does the underlined word “collapsed” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?A.Boomed.B.Became mature.C.Remained stable.D.Crashed.31.What can we infer about wearing fur in New York accordi
46、ng to Morgan?A.Its formal.B.Its risky.C.Its harmful.D.Its traditional.【答案解析】时装设计师正在把海狸鼠的皮毛做成时装进行促销,这不是犯罪。因为海狸鼠属于美国的外来物种,它们正在毁坏着美国的环境和生态系统。28.选A。推理判断题。根据第二段Cree McCree说的话“谈论没有罪恶的皮毛听起来很疯狂除非你理解每年海狸鼠正在毁坏大片的湿地。”可以推断,在新奥尔良和布鲁克林举办的时装展是为了促销海狸鼠的皮毛做成的时装。故选A。29.选A。细节理解题。根据第三、四段可知,科学家关心海狸鼠是因为它们正在严重地毁坏美国的生态系统,破坏
47、环境。故选A。30.选D。词义猜测题。collapsed所在的句子的意思是:皮毛交易使海狸鼠在数十年中得到控制,但是海狸鼠市场在20世纪80年代后期崩溃了,这种和猫一样大的动物疯狂繁殖。collapse表示“崩溃,(价格、货币等)暴跌”,crash也有此意。故选D。31.选B。推理判断题。根据最后一段中Morgan说的话“为了给人们一种无罪恶感的选择,那就是他们可以穿海狸鼠皮毛时装,没有人会指责他们我认为指责是大规模的事情,至少在纽约是这样的。”可以推断出,在纽约穿皮毛时装会遭到严厉的反对,所以在纽约穿这样的衣服是很冒险的。故选B。(2020全国卷D) 话题:人类进化 词数:305 W 难度:
48、We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago.As scientists look deeper into our genes (基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years.People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes.Cattle-r
49、aising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptationnot to air or to food, but to the ocean.A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast A
50、sia have evolved into better divers.The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines.They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, theyve also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters.“They are simply a stranger
51、 to the land,” said Redney C.Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.Dr.Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines.They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish.“We were so amazed that they could stay underwater muc
52、h longer than us local islanders,” Dr.Jubilado said.“I could see them actually walking under the sea.”In 2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau.She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical ch
53、aracteristics that made the task easier for them.“It seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population,” said Dr.Ilardo.She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.32.What does the author want to tell us by the examples in Paragraph 1?A.
54、Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers.B.New knowledge of human evolution.C.Recent findings of human origin.D.Significance of food selection.33.Where do the Bajau build their houses?A.In valleys.B.Near rivers.C.On the beach.D.Off the coast.34.Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau?A.
55、They could walk on stilts all day.B.They had a superb way of fishing.C.They could stay long underwater.D.They lived on both land and water.35.What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Bodies Remodeled for a Life at SeaB.Highlanders Survival SkillsC.Basic Methods of Genetic ResearchD.The Worlds Bes
56、t Divers【答案解析】该篇文章介绍了研究人员发现为适应海洋生活而进化成更好的潜水者的巴瑶人以及他们的生活方式等。32.选B。推理判断题。根据第一段As scientists look deeper into our genes, they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years.可知,下面的例子都是为了进一步说明研究者在深入地研究我们的基因,发现了过去几千年人类进化的现象。故选B。33.选D。细节理解题。根据第二段中They have traditionally lived o
57、n houseboats; in recent times, theyve also built houses on stilts in coastal waters.可知,他们把房子建在沿海水域的支柱上。故选D。34.选C。细节理解题。根据第三段中We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders可知,他惊奇的原因是巴瑶人能在水下待很长的时间,甚至比当地人待得时间还要久。amazed与astonished同义,意为“惊奇的”。故选C。35.选A。主旨大意
58、题。根据文章第二段On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptationnot to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers.可知,巴瑶人为适应海洋生活而进化成更好的潜水者,故本文主要介绍了适应海洋生活的身体。【2019年】(2019浙江6月卷C) 话题:大树数量
59、骤减词数:314 难度:California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s,according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor (因素).The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46,000 square miles of California forests,the new
60、 study finds.No area was spared or unaffected,from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles.In the Sierra high country,the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.Ma
61、ny factors contributed to the decline,said Patrick Mclntyre,an ecologist who was the lead author of the study.Woodcutters targeted big trees.Housing development pushed into the woods.Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for reso
62、urces (资源).But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010,Mclntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.The loss of big trees was g
63、reatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage.The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed,taking into account such things as rainfall,air temperature,dampness of soil,
64、and the timing of snowmelt (融雪).Since the 1930s,Mclntyre said,the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures,which cause trees to lose more water to the air,and earlier snowmelt,which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.27.What is
65、 the second paragraph mainly about?A.The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.B.The increasing variety of California big trees.C.The distribution of big trees in California forests.D.The influence of farming on big trees in California.28.Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be ba
66、d for big trees?A.Ecological studies of forests.B.Banning woodcutting.C.Limiting housing development.D.Fire control measures.29.What is a major cause of the water shortage according to Mclntyre?A.Inadequate snowmelt.B.A longer dry season.C.A warmer climate. D.Dampness of the air.30.What can be a sui
67、table title for the text?A.Californias Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?B.Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California SoonC.Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?D.Patrick Mclntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California【答案解析】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了加利福尼亚大树数量骤减,气候的变化似乎是主要的原因。27.选A。主
68、旨大意题。根据第二段首句可知研究发现,加利福尼亚的大树数量下降了百分之五十。后面列举数目,主要说明数量急剧下降。可知大树数量急剧下降的严峻形势。故选A。28.选D。推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources可知声势浩大的对野火的控制,使得加利福尼亚的森林,长满了一些小树,它们和(大树)竞争资源。故对大树有坏处。故选D项。29.选C。细节理解题。根据最后一段中the
69、biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures可知这个州缺水的一个最大的因素就是气温的升高。故选C项。30.选A。主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了加利福尼亚大树数量的急剧减少,并介绍了其中的一个主要原因。故选A项。(2019北京卷 D) 话题:气候变暖与海洋词数:274 W 难度:By the end of the century,if not sooner,the worlds oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming
70、 climate,according to a new study.At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物)called phytoplankton.Because of the way light reflects off the organisms,these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface.Ocean colour varies from green to blue,depending on the ty
71、pe and concentration of phytoplankton.Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas,while reducing it in other spots,leading to changes in the oceans appearance.Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface,where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)into the ocean while giving off oxygen.Whe
72、n these organisms die,they bury carbon in the deep ocean,an important process that helps to regulate the global climate.But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the oceans warming trend.Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth,since they need not only sunlight
73、and carbon dioxide to grow,but also nutrients.Stephanie Dutkiewicz,a scientist in MITs Center for Global Change Science,built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century.In a world that warms up by 3,it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans would occu
74、r.The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer.But in some waters,such as those of the Arctic,a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton,and these areas will turn greener.“Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changing
75、,”she said,“but the type of phytoplankton is changing.”And why does that matter?Phytoplankton are the base of the food web.If certain kinds begin to disappear from the ocean,Dutkiewicz said,“it will change the type of fish that will be able to survive.”Those kinds of changes could affect the food ch
76、ain.Whatever colour changes the ocean experiences in the coming decades will probably be too gradual and unnoticeable,but they could mean significant changes.“Itll be a while before we can statistically show that the changes are happening because of climate change,”Dutkiewicz said,“but the change in
77、 the colour of the ocean will be one of the early warning signals that we really have changed our planet.”42.What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?A.The various patterns at the ocean surface.B.The cause of the changes in ocean colour.C.The way light reflects off marine organisms.D.The effor
78、ts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton.43.What does the underlined word “vulnerable” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A.Sensitive. B.Beneficial.C.Significant. D.Unnoticeable.44.What can we learn from the passage?A.Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem.B.Dutkiewiczs model aims to pr
79、oject phytoplankton changes.C.Phytoplankton have been used to control global climate.D.Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener.45.What is the main purpose of the passage?A.To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes.B.To analyse the composition of the ocean food chain.C.To explain t
80、he effects of climate change on oceans.D.To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton.【答案解析】本文是一篇科普文。一份研究表明,到本世纪末,全球气候变暖会导致海洋更蓝更绿,并分析了原因。42.选B。主旨大意题。文章第一段主要说明了研究的结论;第二段具体分析了原因,故选B。43.选A。词义猜测题。由下句可知气候变暖改变了海洋的主要特征,影响浮游生物的生长,因为它们不仅需要阳光和二氧化碳才能生长,而且需要养分,可知本句主要是说浮游生物对气候的变化很敏感。beneficial “有益的”;signific
81、ant “非同一般的”;unnoticeable “不被注意的;忽略的”,根据语境可知选A。44.选D。推理判断题。由第四段可知在一些海域变暖会使浮游生物的生存条件更加成熟,而这些地区将变得更绿。故选D。45.选C。目的意图题。本文主要说全球气候变暖会使海洋更蓝更绿并分析了原因,故选C。(2019天津6月卷 C) 话题:生态系统词数:402难度:How does an ecosystem(生态系统)work?What makes the populations of different species the way they are?Why are there so many flies a
82、nd so few wolves?To find an answer,scientists have built mathematical models of food webs,noting who eats whom and how much each one eats.With such models,scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs.Most food webs,for instance,consist of many weak links rather than a few str
83、ong ones.When a predator(掠食动物)always eats huge numbers of a single prey(猎物),the two species are strongly linked;when a predator lives on various species,they are weakly linked.Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term.If a predator can e
84、at several species,it can survive the extinction(灭绝)of one of them.And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare,the switch allows the original prey to recover.The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction.Mathe
85、matical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable,where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems.In the 1960s,scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other
86、 speciesincluding species they did not directly attack.And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true.In the ocean,we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale,while on land,we killed off large predators such as wolves.These acti
87、ons have greatly affected the ecological balance.Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models.Ideally,the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borde
88、rline.Prevention is key,scientists say,because once ecosystems pass their tipping point(临界点),it is remarkably difficult for them to return.46.What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs? A.The living habits of species in food webs.B.The rules governing food webs
89、 of the ecosystems.C.The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems.D.The differences between weak and strong links in food webs.47.A strong link is found between two species when a predator.A.has a wide food choiceB.can easily find new preyC.sticks to one prey speciesD.can quickly move to
90、 another place48.What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline? A.The prey species they directly attack will die out.B.The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.C.The living environment of other species will remain unchanged.D.The population
91、s of other species will experience unexpected changes.49.What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4? A.Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems.B.Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats.C.Species of commercial value dominate other species.D.Industrial ac
92、tivities help keep food webs stable.50.How does an early-warning system help us maintain the ecological balance? A.By getting illegal practices under control.B.By stopping us from killing large predators.C.By bringing the broken-down ecosystems back to normal.D.By signaling the urgent need for takin
93、g preventive action.【答案解析】本文主要向我们说明了生态系统以及保护生态系统的重要性。46.选B。细节理解题。根据第二段的With such models,scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs.可知,利用这种模式,科学家们已经发现了在食物网中的一些关键的规则。故选B。47.选C。细节理解题。根据第二段的When a predator always eats huge numbers of a single prey,the two species are strongly l
94、inked可知,如果一种掠食动物一直大量吃单一的动物种类,它们就是紧密相连的。故选C。48.选D。推理判断题。根据第三段的Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable,where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems.可知,当顶层的掠食动物稍微有变化时,整个生态系统就会有很大的影响。由此可知,如果顶层掠食动物的数量减少,其他物种的数量也会有出乎意料的变化。故选D。49.选A
95、。推理判断题。第四段例子旨在阐明,人类的没有计划的活动会在很大程度上影响生态系统的平衡。故选A。50.选D。推理判断题。根据最后一段的Prevention is key可知,预防是关键,一旦生态系统超出了临界点恢复是很难的。故选D。(2019江苏高考B) 话题:火山历史 词数:357 难度:In the 1960s,while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park,Bob Christiansen became puzzled about something that,oddly,had not troubled
96、anyone before: he couldnt find the parks volcano.It had been known for a long time that Yellowstone was volcanic in nature thats what accounted for all its hot springs and other steamy features.But Christiansen couldnt find the Yellowstone volcano anywhere.Most of us,when we talk about volcanoes, th
97、ink of the classic cone(圆锥体) shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro, which are created when erupting magma(岩浆)piles up.These can form remarkably quickly.In 1943, a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land.In one week he was the confused owner of a cone five hundred fee
98、t high.Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across.Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth, all but a few hundred of them extinct.There is, however, a second less-known type of volcano that doesnt involve mountain
99、 building.These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack,leaving behind a vast hole, the caldera.Yellowstone obviously was of this second type, but Christiansen couldnt find the caldera anywhere.Just at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by tak
100、ing photographs of Yellowstone.A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blow-up for one of the visitors centers.As soon as Christiansen saw the photos, he realized why he had failed to spot the caldera; almost the whole
101、park2.2 million acreswas caldera.The explosion had left a hole more than forty miles acrossmuch too huge to be seen from anywhere at ground level.At some time in the past Yellowstone must have blown up with a violence far beyond the scale of anything known to humans.58.What puzzled Christiansen when
102、 he was studying Yellowstone?A.Its complicated geographical features.B.Its ever-lasting influence on tourism.C.The mysterious history of the park.D.The exact location of the volcano.59.What does the second paragraph mainly talk about?A.The shapes of volcanoes.B.The impacts of volcanoes.C.The activit
103、ies of volcanoes.D.The heights of volcanoes.60.What does the underlined word “blow-up” in the last paragraph most probably mean?A.Hot-air balloon.B.Digital camera.C.Big photograph.D.Birds view.【答案解析】本文为记叙文。讲述了二十世纪六十年代Bob Christiansen在研究黄石公园的火山历史时,奇怪地发现到处看不到火山的影子,原来,这儿的火山并不是像我们大部分人想象的那种圆锥体形状的高耸的样子,而是
104、一个巨大的洞,这个洞太大了以至于从地面上的任何地方都看不见。58.选D。细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句But Christiansen couldnt find the Yellowstone volcano anywhere.可知,他困惑的是到处看不到火山。故选D。59.选A。主旨大意题。本段讲述了两种形状的火山,一种是通常人们所理解的由火山岩浆堆积形成的圆锥体,还有一种极具爆发力的火山,它们会在一个大裂缝中爆裂,留下一个巨大的洞,故选A。60.选C。词义猜测题。根据第三段Just at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitud
105、e cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone.A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blow-up for one of the visitors centers.可知,美国国家航空和宇宙航行局为测试一些新的高海拔照相机而拍摄了黄石公园的照片。一位深思熟虑的官员把其中的一些照片副本转交给了公园管理部门,认为他们可能会将其放大以供其中一个游客中心展示。故可知,此处意为将照片放大,选C。