1、语法专题提升 第一部分 掌握基础词法第一讲名词和数词高考最热点全国卷考频命题热考向高考新变化名词可数名词的复数形式(3年6考)名词的习惯用法、固定短语中的名词、名词的可数与不可数的辨别和名词复数形式的变化2020年全国卷语法填空对名词的复数形式的考查有所减少不可数名词(3年2考)名词的格与名词做定语(3年1考)数词序数词(3年2考)基数词及序数词的基本用法和分数的正确表达考点一 名词的数一、名词的数1规则可数名词的5种复数变化形式变化规则例词一般情况下在词尾直接加sbookbooks，mouthmouths以s, x, ch，sh 结尾的名词在词尾加esglassglasses，boxboxe
2、s，matchmatches，brushbrushes以辅音字母y结尾的名词变y为i再加escitycities，countrycountries，partyparties，factoryfactories以o结尾的名词一般在词尾加sradios, zoos, pianos kilos, photos，有些在词尾加esNegroNegroes, heroheroes potatopotatoes, tomatotomatoes以f, fe结尾的名词一般要变f或fe为v再加eslifelives,knifeknives，wolfwolves,leafleaves，少数直接加sroofroofs，
3、beliefbeliefs2.有些可数名词复数形式不是以加s或es构成，它们的构成形式不规则：变化规则例词变内部元音manmen, womanwomen, footfeet, mousemice, toothteeth词尾加en或renoxoxen, childchildren单复数同形sheep, deer, means (方式；方法), series, Chinese, Swiss指津：fish表示“鱼肉”时，为不可数名词；表示“条数”时，其复数形式与单数形式相同；但表示不同种类的鱼时，其复数形式为fishes。3合成可数名词的复数(1)若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数；若无中心词，则把最后
4、一个词变成复数。passerbypassersby, sisterinlawsistersinlaw, grownupgrownups(2)“man/womann.”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数，如：woman engineerwomen engineers4常考的不可数名词(1)表物质的不可数名词：baggage/luggage(行李)，cash(现金)，meat(肉)，paper(纸张)等。(2)表抽象概念的不可数名词：work(工作)，knowledge(知识)，luck(运气)，scenery(风景)，traffic(交通)等。(3)永远不可数的重点名词：ad
5、vice(建议)，equipment(设备)，fun(乐趣)，furniture(家具)，progress(进步)，news/word(消息)等。5抽象名词的具体化抽象名词(不可数)具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词)surprise惊讶a surprise一件令人惊讶的事success成功a success一个(件)成功的人(事)honour荣誉an honour一个(件)引起尊敬的人(事)failure失败a failure一个(件)失败的人(事)beauty美；美丽a beauty美丽的人或事物pleasure乐趣a pleasure一件乐事6.有些词用复数形式表示祝愿、礼貌或客气等，如
6、：congratulations(祝贺)，regards(问候)，respects(敬意)，thanks(谢谢)，wishes(祝愿)等。7一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式，常见的有：make friends with与交朋友shake hands with. 与握手take measures 采取措施make preparations for 为做准备in high spirits 兴高采烈地题组微练(单句语法填空)12020浙江卷7月Later, they learned to work with the _ (season), planting at the right time and
7、, in dry areas, making use of annual floods to irrigate (灌溉) their fields.22021安徽省高三联考Private businesses account for more than 90 percent of local businesses, with more than 100 _ (company) listed at home and abroad.32021福州市质量检测People are bringing home all kinds of living creatures for companionship
8、 during an unprecedented (空前的) time of social isolation (隔离), and theyre sharing _ (photo) or social media to provide a break from darker news.42021青岛市高三检测If you work in a highrise office building, take the stairs instead of an elevator. Take more _ (break) during the work day and move around.考点二 名词
9、的格与名词作定语1.名词所有格(1)概念：名词所有格用来表示名词之间的所有关系。(2)分类：of所有格a waste of times所有格the boys book双重所有格any friends of yours2.名词作定语名词作定语可以用来修饰另一个名词，表示材料、类别、用途等，作定语的名词有以下三种形式：(1)一般用单数形式。如a stone bridge (石桥)，a meeting room (会议室)，morning exercise (早操)，London Airport (伦敦机场)，a story book (故事书)，a shoe shop (鞋店)；(2)man，wo
10、man要与所修饰的名词的数保持一致。如a woman teacher (一位女教师)，two women teachers (两位女教师)；(3)sports, sales, clothes, goods, arts, customs等一般用复数形式。如a sports meet (运动会)，a goods train (货运列车)，a customs officer (海关官员)，a sales manager (销售部经理)。考点三 数词1.序数词一般由基数词加th构成(1)以y结尾的基数词构成序数词时，先把y变为i，再加eth。如the twentieth/fiftieth。(2)不规则
11、的序数词有以下几个：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth。(3)序数词前通常要加定冠词the，但当序数词不表示顺序而表示 “再一”“又一”时，要用不定冠词。2年龄、年代的表达表达“在某人几十多岁”用“in ones逢十的基数词的复数”；表达“在几十年代”用“in the逢十的基数词的复数”。3基数词(1)dozen, score, hundred, thousand, million等表确切数目时不能加s，其前可用数词或several，some修饰，此时其后通常不跟of(后有these，those或代词宾格时可跟of)；(2)表
12、示“数以百万计”“数以千计”等笼统数目时，要加s，其前不能用数词，其后可跟of。(3)基数词可与名词等构成合成形容词，用连字符连接，作前置定语，其中的名词应使用单数形式，如fourhour journey。4分数表达法分子应用基数词，分母应用序数词。分子大于1时，分母应用序数词的复数形式，如twosevenths七分之二。题组微练(单句语法填空)12021衡水中学高三考试Whaling was a primary industry in Australia in the nineteenth and early _ (twenty) centuries but whaling in Austr
13、alia was limited in 1987.22019全国卷Then, when I was in the _(five) grade, I wanted to be a teacher because I liked my English teacher so much. 32021河北省邯郸市高三模拟I remember clearly that when I was on my _(eighteen) birthday, my father gave me a presenta picture book. 语法填空解题技法【典例感悟】12021洛阳市高三统考On Tuesdays
14、and Thursdays she helped out as a volunteer to give aid to people without _ (home)22021濮阳市高三模拟Though Thunberg does not have a magical cure for climate change, she believes that climate change can be affected at a grassroots level by educating friends and electing _ (politician) that support the caus
15、e.32021厦门市第二次质量检查Although the knowledge and education of TCM are declining, Chinese medicines are still around, and some remain the top few _ (choice) of people till today. 42020浙江卷1月For Japan, the _ (number) are more striking22 in 1950, 46 today and 53 in 2050.52018浙江卷Few people I know seem to have
16、 much desire or time to cook. Making Chinese _ (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.【答题微点】语法填空解题“3定向”定向1根据修饰词确定名词的单复数形式1不定冠词a, an后用名词单数形式；2有these, those, several, many, all, both, a pair of, a variety of, different或数词等修饰时名词用复数形式；3名词前有one of, among时用名词复数形式。定向2根据谓语动词确定名词的单复数形式名词作主语时，如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动
17、词原形或are，要考虑用名词的复数形式。定向3根据常识和句意确定名词的单复数形式及数词形式表示两个(或两个以上)的可数名词及并列名词时，名词需用复数形式。语法填空2021陕西百校联盟第一次模拟Household garbage sorting and recycling have become a hot topic in Shanghai because of Chinas first compulsory garbageseparation law 1._ every household and institution shall classify waste into four 2._
18、(category). Those who fail to sort garbage may 3._ (fine) up to 200 yuan.Previously, everything went into one bin, so this change has made many people very 4._ (worry), who said they were struggling to master the details quickly.Now thanks to the efforts of 5._ number of young programmers, discoveri
19、ng the proper classification for each piece of household waste has become as simple as taking a photo 6._ calling someone using your smartphone.They have applied speech and image recognition technologies 7._ apps and other smartphone services to guide Shanghai residents through the garbageseparation
20、 rules.Most of the apps and services, which 8._ (begin) springing up last month in app stores, on messaging tool WeChat and mobile payment service Alipay, allow users to type in the name of waste 9._ (identify) which category it belongs to. Many apps also use speech and image recognition to make the
21、 process much easier, but their creators say they will disappear in time with the Chinese 10._ (become) more accustomed to the rules.语法专题提升 第一部分掌握基础词法第一讲名词和数词突破高考重点点拨易错易混考点一1答案与解析：seasons考查名词的单复数。根据常识和语境可知，人们开始按照季节更替来种植庄稼，故填seasons。2答案与解析：companies考查名词的数。句意：民营企业占当地企业的90%以上，有100多家公司在国内外上市。根据空前的数字100可
22、知，空处填company的复数形式，故填companies。3答案与解析：photos考查名词的数。photo为可数名词，前面没有冠词，故应用复数形式。4答案与解析：breaks考查名词复数。前面定语为more，意为更多的，后接名词复数。考点三1答案与解析：twentieth考查数词。句意：在19世纪和20世纪早期，捕鲸是澳大利亚的主要产业表示“在世纪”时，通常用序数词，故填twentieth。2答案与解析：fifth考查数词。表示“五年级”应用序数词。3答案与解析：eighteenth考查数词。表示“第十八个生日”应用数词。刷经典试题明晰解题技法语法填空解题技法1答案与解析：homes考查名
23、词的复数。分析句子可知，此处表示“没有住宅的人们”，home意为“住宅”时是可数名词，根据前面的people可知，这里指不止一个住宅，且home前面没有修饰词，所以应用其复数形式。2答案与解析：politicians考查名词的数。结合上下文可知，此处意为“选举政治家”，故应用名词作elect的宾语，且该名词作为定语从句的先行词，又由定语从句的谓语动词support判断主语that指代复数名词，故politician是复数，故填politicians。3答案与解析：choices考查名词的数。句意：尽管人们对中医的了解和对中医的教育在减少，但中药仍在流行，直到今天，有些中药仍是人们的首选。few
24、修饰可数名词的复数形式，choice的复数是choices。4答案与解析：numbers考查名词的单复数。根据下文的are可知这里需要填写number的复数形式。5答案与解析：dishes考查名词单复数。dish是可数名词，其前无限定词，故用其复数形式dishes。对点跟踪检测提升应试能力语法填空【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。随着上海垃圾分类条例的实施，垃圾分类和回收成为上海的热点话题。中国年轻的程序员利用声像识别技术，将垃圾分类的工作变得如拍照或使用智能手机打电话一样容易。1答案与解析：that考查同位语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导同位语从句，作前面名词词组“Chinas first c
25、ompulsory garbageseparation law”的同位语，解释说明该名词词组， 空处在从句中不充当句子成分，应用that引导该同位语从句。2答案与解析：categories考查名词的单复数。category为可数名词，根据该句中的“four”可知，该处用复数形式。3答案与解析：be fined考查动词的语态。句意：那些没能进行垃圾分类的人可能会被罚高达200元。分析句子结构并根据句意可知，该句主语Those和动词fine之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。4答案与解析：worried考查形容词。分析该句结构可知，宾语为many people，空处作make的宾语补足语，故用形容词wo
26、rried。5答案与解析：a考查冠词。“a number of”为固定搭配，意为“许多”。该处指“许多年轻的程序员”。6答案与解析：or考查连词。根据语境可知，空处前后是选择关系。该处表示与拍照片或者使用智能手机打电话一样简单。故用连词or。7答案与解析：to考查固定搭配。“apply.to.”为固定搭配，意为“将应用于”。该处表示将声像识别技术应用于应用程序和其他智能手机的服务。8答案与解析：began考查动词的时态。根据该句中的“last month”可知，此处陈述的是过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。9答案与解析：to identify考查非谓语动词。该处表示允许用户输入垃圾的名称以识别它属于哪一类， 据此可知，此处作目的状语，故用动词不定式。10答案与解析：becoming考查非谓语动词。分析该句结构可知，空处为the Chinese的补足语，the Chinese和动词become为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词形式becoming。
