1、考点06 介词和介词短语 介词在英语中比较活跃,是考生最容易犯错误的语法项目之一。高考对介词的考查将不再局限于单个介词,注重对介词固定搭配中的介词的考查,精细化考查介词短语的辨析。在学习介词时,应重点掌握介词的基本用法,同时注意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法。一、 常见介词的基本用法二、 常见介词辨析三、 介词短语 常见介词的基本用法表时间介词1. at接时间点;in接一段时间;on接具体的时间;by不迟于,在前。at 10:00, at noon, at midnight, at sunrise;on September 2nd, on the morning
2、of May 1st;Ill be back in three hours. 2. in和after后都可以接时间段,表示“在之后”,但in常与将来时连用,after常与过去时连用。We will meet again in two weeks.They finished the task after two days.3. for, since, from的区别(1) “for时间段”表示“某动作或状态持续了多久”,可与现在完成时、过去时或将来时连用。For many years, people have dreamed of electric ears. (2)“since时间点”意为“自
3、从(过去某时)以来”,强调从过去某时延续至今的一段时间,常与现在完成时或现在完成进行时连用。(3)“from(过去)时间点”常与一般过去时连用;“from(现在/将来)时间点”常与一般将来时连用。She began to learn to sing from the age of five.注意:当名词前有this, that, last, next, every, each, some等词修饰时,通常不用任何介词。如this morning;last year。 表方位的介词1. on, over, above, below, under, beneath的区别(1)on表示“在上”,强调两
4、物相接触,仅表示“处于之上”,是静态。(2)over也表示“在上”,但强调覆盖这一物体,表示“越过”某一高度,是动态。(3)above表示位置高于某人或某物,但不一定是正上方,反义词是below。指数量时,一般用 over(more than)表示“超过”,但如果指上下垂直的度量以及海拔高度时,要用 above。(4)below与under 都可表示“低于”。under 主要表示垂直在下的正下方,而 below 则不一定表示正下方。(5)beneath在之下;在的(正)下方;低于They dragged heavy stones with ropes over their shoulders.
5、 Can you see the birds flying above/over the pear trees? The climbers stopped 300 meters below the top of the mountain.2. between与among的区别 (1)between主要用来指两者之间的关系,也可指两者以上的人或物之间的关系,但是主要强调每个个体之间的相互关系。Switzerland lies between France, Germany, Italy and Austria.(2)among用来指没有明确数目的人与人或物与物之间的整体关系。We found a
6、 little house hidden among the trees.工具、手段、方式介词1. by抽象名词/动名词,表示“乘坐交通工具,通过的方式”;by后接的名词需用单数,其前不加冠词或修饰词。by sea/water/rail/road/land/air通过海路/水路/铁路/公路/陆路/乘坐飞机by bike/taxi/plane/ship/boat/train骑自行车/乘坐出租车/乘飞机/乘船/乘火车The man made a living by selling newspaper.Reservation can be made by telephone.2. in表示使用语言、
7、原料、材料等,如:in ink用墨水,in English 用英语,in pencil用铅笔。3. with表示使用有形的器皿、工具,后接具体的名词,如:with a pen用钢笔;with a knife用刀。4. through表示“通过途径/方式/方法等”。Through this activity, we have benefited a lot.归纳拓展:1. 表达“用方式”的介词短语有:in this/that/the same way, by means of, by this/that means, with this/that method。2. 当旅行方式涉及确定特指的交通
8、工具时,用in/on,名词前用冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰。如:in this plane乘坐这架飞机,in a car坐小车,on my bike骑我的自行车,on the horse骑这匹马。3. 表示步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on,如:on foot步行;on horseback骑马;on the camel骑骆驼。【典例】1.(2020江苏省高考真题)Taking on this challenge will bring you _ someone who shares your interests.Ain exchange forBin answer toCin contact wit
9、hDin memory of【答案】C【解析】考查介词短语辨析。句意:接受这个挑战会让你和你有共同兴趣的人接触。A. in exchange for作为交换;B. in answer to回答;C. in contact with接触,与有联系;D. in memory of纪念。根据空后someone who shares your interests及常识可知,此处指“和与你有共同兴趣的人接触”。故选C。2.(2019新课标I卷)Modem methods _ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the
10、 mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform (perform) consistently over a large area.【答案】of/for【解析】考查介词用法。此处tracking polar bear populations作Modern methods的定语,用of 连接,“methods of doing sth.”,意为“的方法”,构成固定结构。或者意为“对于跟踪北极熊的方法”用for。故填of/for。3.【2019浙江卷】But can uniforms help improve school standards? The answer
11、 _ this question is not clear.【答案】to【解析】考查介词。句意:这个问题的答案不清楚。the key/answer to .这是固定搭配,“的答案是”。故填to。4. 【2018浙江】 If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mums home _ dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.【答案】for【解析】考查介词。表示去母亲家去吃饭,表示目的用介词for,故填for。5.
12、2017全国卷After school she plans to take a year off to model fulltime before going to university to get a degree _ engineering or architecture. 【答案】 in【解析】考查介词。get a degree in是固定搭配,意为“在方面获得学位”。6.【2016全国新课标III】Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally e
13、at 50 their hands.【答案】with考查介词【解析】句意:在印度,大部分人还是用传统的吃饭方法用手拿,with表示具体工具的名词,故填with。 常考介词的辨析 1. about,on,of 关于on多用于慎重的、正式的语言交际场合。常见于学术上的论文或演说等题目,可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读,有论及之意。 about表示的内容多为普遍、不那么正式,有述及之意。of作关于讲,表示提及、涉及某人(事)时,只表示事情存在或发生,并不涉及详情;有时与about意义相近,但有时意义很不同,常与动词know、hear、learn(听说)、speak、talk、think、tell等连用。
14、 2. except,except for,except that,but,besides,beside except除之外,指不包括,后面常接名词、代词(人称代词常用宾格),还可接介词短语、副词和动词不定式,此时相当于but,但不定式常不带to。 except for除了,只有,意思和except一样,主要指说明基本情况后,而在细节上加以修正,后面常接名词性短语。 except that除了,只是,意思和except、except for一样。但在用法上,其后常接名词性从句,也可接when、where等词引导的其他从句。 but所含除外的意思不如except明确。but多用在代词(主要是不定
15、代词、否定代词和疑问代词)之后。 besides表示除外还有,所排除的事物常包括在所述范围之内。另外,besides可用作副词,相当于also,有而且,加之,何况之意。 beside也是介词,表示在附近,只不过形似besides,容易相互混淆。 如果在区别前后有同类的词语时,就用except,否则就用except for。3. including,included including是一个介词,意为包括,它一般放在包括对象的前面。 included是一个过去分词,意为包括。它一般用于被动语态中,也可放在包括对象的后面。 4. in,later,during 都与时段名词搭配 in作介词,同时段
16、名词搭配,即in + 时段名词,一般用于将来时。 later表示以后,常同时段名词搭配,即时段名词 + later,常与过去时连用。 during作介词时,同时段名词搭配,即during + 时段名词,常与现在时或将来时等连用。5. in,with,by 用 with通常指用具体的或有形的工具、器官等,有时也表示用某种手段、音调等。 by作介词表示用时,一般指用方式、手段等。后面常接动名词或名词,后面接名词时,该名词前面一般不加修饰语。 in指用语言、字体、墨水、体裁、风格、方式、现金、顺序等。【典例】1(2020天津高考真题)For my fifth birthday, my mother
17、baked me a cake _ a monkey.Ain the shape ofBbeyond the reach ofCat the mercy ofDon the side of【答案】A【解析】考查介词短语辨析。句意:我五岁生日的时候,妈妈给我烤了一个猴子形状的蛋糕。A. in the shape of呈形状;B. beyond the reach of超出的能力之外C. at the mercy of 受的支配;D. on the side of拥护,站在的一边。蛋糕是猴子“形状”的。故选A。2.2017全国卷In 1863 the first underground passe
18、nger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometres and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and _ work.【答案】from【解析】考查介词。与前面的介词to一起来表示上下班(to and from work)。3. 【2019北京卷】First celebrated_ 1970,the Day now includes events in more
19、 than 190 countries and regions(地区).【答案】in【解析】 in 考查介词的用法,年份前面应该加介词in。4.【2016四川】The mother continued to care for the young panda 47 more than two years.【答案】for 【解析】句意:妈妈继续照顾小熊猫两年多。此处表示一段时间,故填for。5.【2013湖南卷】When kids in parts of the world want to play, they often make soccer balls out of trash tied t
20、ogether with string. “because the areas used for playing fields are often rough and rocky, millions of real balls go flat(变瘪) _49_24 hours,” says Tim Jahnigen, a California businessman.【答案】within【解析】考查介词的用法。在24小时之内,数以百万计的真球就会变瘪。 介词短语 1与介词in搭配的常用短语in a way在某种程度上 in no way没门 in the way挡住道路in vain徒劳in
21、general 通常,大体上in detail 详细地in turn 轮流in return 作为回报in need 需要in time 迟早;及时in advance提前,事先;in case如果,万一;in charge主管,负责;in common共有,共同;in demand有需要;in doubt不确定,不肯定;in effect实际上;in fact事实上2与out of搭配的常用短语out of date/time 过时/过期out of question 毫无疑问out of the question 不可能out of shape 变形out of fashion 不流行ou
22、t of order 出了故障out of reach 遥不可及out of date过时;out of curiosity出于好奇3“in名词of”常用搭配in honor of 为纪念in charge of 负责;掌管in terms of 依据;就而言in praise of 赞扬in favor of 支持;赞同in need of 需要in view of鉴于;in spite of尽管;in case of如果,万一4与介词at搭配的常用短语at no time 决不at a time 一次/每次at one time 一度/曾经at times 不时地/有时at ones re
23、quest 应某人的要求at a loss 不知所措at length详尽地;at sea茫然;at will随意;at work在上班;at war处于战争状态;at ease放松;at table在吃饭;at risk处于危险中5.与beyond搭配的常用短语beyond ones power超出某人的权力范围;beyond ones reach够不着;beyond description难以形容; beyond words无法用语言形容;beyond doubt无疑,肯定;beyond recognition认不出来6.of名词of value有价值的;of help 有帮助的;of i
24、nterest 有趣的;of benefit 有益的;of use有用的7其他常考短语on behalf of 代表by chance/accident 偶然after all 毕竟;别忘了regardless of 不管,不顾on the whole 总的说来on the contrary 相反【典例】1.【2019新课标III卷】We were first greeted with the barking by a pack _63_ dogs,seven to be exact.【答案】of【解析】考查介词。“a pack of”意为“一群”。故填of。2. 2014新课标全国卷When
25、 the bus finally came, we all hurried on board. I got a place next _ the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk.【答案】to【解析】next to在旁边。3.【2013广东卷】The only reason a man would sell sale 21 a lower price would be because he was desperate for money. And anyone who took advantage of that situation wo
26、uld be showing a lack of respect 22 the sweat and struggle of the man who worked very hard to produce it.”【答案】at【解析】考查介词的用法。这是固定配搭,at a price/ speed“以一个(样的)价格/速度”。这里,sell/ buy sth. at a (low/ high) price“以一个(高/低的)价钱出售/买到某物”。本句句义:一个愿意用较低价钱出售盐的人的唯一原因是因为他非常需要钱。【答案】for4.(2019天津卷单项选择)_ all the problems, several of the players produced excellent performances.A. According toB. Instead of C. In addition toD. In spite of【答案】D【解析】考查介词词组。句意:尽管存在所有这些问题,几个运动员还是表现很好。A. according to据(所说); 按(所报道);B. instead of代替,作为的替换;C. in addition to另外,加之,除之外;D. in spite of 尽管,不管。故选D。