1、专题二长难句突破1.(2020课标全国)Data about the moons composition, such as how ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether (it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.1.答案much;its第一个逗号前是句子的主语部分,中心词是Data。第二个逗号后的could help是句子的谓语动词,whether引导的是宾语从句。ice作为“冰”讲时是不可数名词,应该用much修饰。第二个空表
2、达:它的(中国的)计划,应该用形容词性物主代词its修饰。2.(2020全国新高考)The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, (form) the core collection of the British Museum opened in 1759.2.答案formed;that/which句意:例如,Hans Sloane爵士收集的八万件藏品成了大英博物馆的核心藏品,该博物馆于1759年开放。分析句子结构可知,句子的主语是objects,第一个空是句子的谓语动词,根据语境可知,时态为一般过去时,故填form
3、ed。第二个空引导的是定语从句,修饰先行词the British Museum,关系词在从句中充当主语,应该用关系词that/which引导。3.(2020浙江)Later, they learned to work with the (season), planting at the right time and, in dry areas, (make)use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.3.答案seasons;making句意:后来,他们学着随着季节的变更劳作,在合适的时间种植,在干旱地区,充分利用每年的洪水来灌溉农田。第一个
4、空:一年有四季,所以要用season的复数形式。第二个空:句中已经有了谓语动词learned, make和句子的主语they是主动关系,故填making。高考文章(阅读理解、七选五、完形填空、语法填空)中往往会出现一些结构较为复杂的题干较长的句子,这些句子会给学生造成理解障碍。学会用正确的方法去分析这类句子的结构,准确翻译,使上下文语义通顺,尤其是当阅读理解的答案与这些句子有关时,解决这类句子的能力会让学生应对自如。语法填空也是如此。方法一据谓语,找主语一般情况下,我们可以根据谓语动词来确定其主语。而且,如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语动词,则该句可能是并列句或复合句(并列谓语动词的情况
5、除外)。典例 People feared that weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory would encourage illegal hunting and hurt elephant populations.分析that 引导宾语从句,从句中谓语动词是encourage和hurt,根据逻辑关系可知,encourage和hurt 的主语是动名词短语weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory。句意二十一年来,象牙交易一直被明令禁止,人们担心削弱这一禁令会助长非法捕猎,导致大象数量
6、减少。方法二提主干,去枝叶一般情况下,一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息,从句、状语和定语等所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来,就不能完全把握句子的核心意义,从而导致思维混乱,主次不分。典例 Economists from the University of Sussex analysed findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a 15-year research project charting the fortunes of a group of thousands of te
7、enagers who attended high schools in the US in the mid-1990s.分析句子主干为Economists analysed findings。from the University of Sussex作Economists的定语;from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health作findings的定语;a 15-year research project作the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health的同位语;chart
8、ing.作project的定语;who引导定语从句修饰teenagers。句意来自苏塞克斯大学的经济学家们分析了国家青少年健康纵观研究的研究结果,这项研究是一个历时15年的研究项目,它记录了数千名在美国20世纪90年代中期上中学的青少年中的一组青少年的财产情况。方法三寻关联,辨逻辑一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句,而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果我们找准这些关联词,就能够弄清楚句与句之间的逻辑关系,弄清楚主句的意义和各从句的意义,则长句就容易理解了。要掌握此方法必须对英语中常见的关联词熟记于心。典例 Whether you get along well with
9、your professors or not has a huge effect on your self-growth as it is a measure of how well you can respect authority and obey requirements.分析此句为主从复合句,句中Whether引导主语从句,as 引导原因状语从句,how well 引导的宾语从句作介词of 的宾语。句意你与教授相处得是否融洽对你自身的发展有着巨大的影响,因为这是衡量你是否尊重权威和服从要求的标准。方法四看搭配,防分隔有时一个长句或难句由一个或多个搭配构成,而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象
10、。考生若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目,则对句意的理解就会产生偏差。典例 Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products, to some degree, their main selling points and emphasize it in their advertising.分析本句是一个“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”的句型,此句型中含有“make+宾语+宾补”的复合结构,即“使成为”,只不过宾语和宾补被“to some degree”隔开了,从而增加了理解难度。句意从某种程度上来说,
11、一些公司把生产的卫生的、安全的产品当作它们的主要卖点,并在广告中强调这一点。总之,在碰到长句和难句时,要根据实际情况灵活运用上述方法,在平时阅读过程中要加强对长句和难句的句法分析训练。有时要综合使用几种方法才能正确理解句意。典例The fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another does not mean that they do not experience emotions.分析本句的主干为The fact does not mean th
12、at.,其中,that they do not experience emotions 是宾语从句,作mean的宾语。that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another 为fact 的同位语从句,其中as do members of another 是状语从句,助动词do 位于主语members of another 前形成倒装,主语后省略了express their emotions。句意一种文化背景下的人不像另一种文化背景下的人一样直率地表达他们的情感,这一
13、事实并不意味着他们没有这些情感。单句填空1.The friendship grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV.1.答案that/which考查定语从句。句意:我们的友谊产生于拍摄那部电影的经历以及四年后的骗中骗,它的根源在于,尽管有年龄上
14、的差异,但我们都来自戏剧和电视直播的传统。本句为主从复合句。设空处引导的是定语从句,修饰先行词The friendship;引导词在从句中作主语,所以要用关系代词that/which引导。2.At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity,(preserve) only those modes of thought that seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.2.答案preserving句意:然而,在青
15、春期末期,大脑关闭了一半的(思维)能力,只保留了那些在人生的头十年左右似乎最有价值的思维模式。本句是一个主从复合句。设空处是非谓语动词作状语,表示伴随情况。设空处动作与其逻辑主语the brain之间是主动关系,应该用v.-ing形式。故填preserving。3.Many experts suggest that the child raised in an environment there are many stimuli(刺激物) which develop his ability for appropriate response will experience greater int
16、ellectual development.3.答案where句意:许多专家认为,如果一个孩子在有许多刺激物的环境中长大,这些刺激物能够发展他的适当反应能力,那么他的智力就会得到更大的发展。本句为主从复合句。句子的主干为:Many experts suggest that.,其中that引导的是宾语从句,raised in an environment是过去分词作定语,修饰the child。 there are many stimuli(刺激物)是定语从句,修饰先行词environment,即there are many stimuli(刺激物)in the environment.关系词在
17、从句中作状语,所以要用关系副词where引导。4.makes this debate unique is that every meal we eat is at its very core. And that fact means one thing: its an issue to be discussed not only around policy tables, but dinner tables.4.答案What句意:这场辩论的独特之处在于,我们吃的每一顿饭都是这场辩论的核心。这一事实意味着一件事:这不仅是政策制定会上应该讨论的问题,也是饭桌上应该讨论的问题。第一句是一个主从复合句
18、。主句的谓语动词是系动词is。设空处引导的是主语从句,引导词在从句中充当主语,所以要用what引导。注意首字母大写。5.Whatever you decide to do in the way of part-time or vacation work while youre at university, make sure you take the following issues into consideration before committing yourself.5.答案that句意:在大学期间,关于兼职或假期工作,无论你决定做什么,在作出决定之前一定要考虑到以下问题。本句是主从复
19、合句。逗号前是Whatever引导的让步状语从句,其中包含一个while引导的时间状语从句。主句是祈使句,设空处引导的是宾语从句,从句意思完整,结构正确,所以要用that引导。6.The most important idea behind the kind of party planning (describe) here is that it brings parents and children closer together.6.答案described句意:这里描述的这种派对计划背后最重要的理念是,它让父母和孩子的关系更亲密。本句是主从复合句。主句的谓语动词是系动词is,主语是The
20、most important idea, 系动词is后是that引导的表语从句。根据语境可知设空处是非谓语动词作定语,修饰前面的名词idea,两者之间是被动关系,应该用过去分词形式。故填described。7.In general, womens friendships with each other rest on shared emotions and support, mens relationships are marked by shared activities.7.答案but/while句意:一般来说,女人相互的友谊基于相互分享情感和支持,但男人之间的关系以共同参与社会活动为特征
21、。本句是由连词连接的两个并列分句,两个分句在意思上是转折或对比关系,所以要用连词but或while连接。遇到长难句时,能通过阅读句子准确分析出句子结构是解决问题的关键。先确定主句及从句是谁,注意从句套从句时要弄清楚句与句之间的逻辑关系,再找主句及从句的主干(主、谓、宾、表),然后找主句及从句的枝叶(定、状、补)等。.分析下列长难句并写出每句的译文1.(2019课标全国)If you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province, you could be eligible(符合条件) for this program, which
22、 provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training.分析:本句为。句首为If引导的,which引导,对先行词program进行补充和说明。翻译:1.答案分析:主从复合句;条件状语从句;非限制性定语从句翻译:如果你是住在这个省某个地方的青少年,你就符合这个项目的条件,这个项目提供为期八周的带薪工作和培训。2.(2019课标全国)However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too, does it really matter where my
23、motivation lies?分析:本句为。if引导的由并列连词and连接的并列分句构成;does it really matter where my motivation lies为句,其中it为,where my motivation lies为。翻译:2.答案分析:主从复合句;条件状语从句;主;形式主语;主语从句翻译:然而,如果别人在这个过程中受益,而我也得到了一些奖励,那么我的动机是什么真的重要吗?3.(2019课标全国)Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem,
24、 readying a workable solution to test in space.分析:本句为。主干为,his students.in space为省略了连接词that的,readying a.in space为现在分词短语作。翻译:3.答案分析:主从复合句;Gordon says;宾语从句;伴随状语翻译:戈登说,他的学生每天都与美国国家航空航天局的工程师们就这个问题发电子邮件,为太空测试的可行性办法做好准备。4.(2019课标全国)A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly
25、different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 025 drops of water or juice as a reward.分析:本句为。to associate.letters 为不定式短语作,with 025.as a reward为。翻译:4.答案分析:简单句;宾补;方式状语翻译:一组研究人员以零至二十五滴水或果汁作奖励来训练三只恒河猴将26个明显不同的符号关联起来,这些符号由数字和认真挑选过的字母组成。5.(2018课标全国)Some language experts believe that 1
26、0,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.分析:本句为。句中that引导,作believe的;when引导。翻译:5.答案分析:主从复合句;宾语从句;宾语;时间状语从句翻译:一些语言专家认为,10,000年前,当世界上仅有五百万到一千万人时,人们之间大概说12,000种语言。.语法填空阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。AHave you ever experienced t
27、hat moment 1 youre so tired that you feel as if everything was going backwards rather than pushing forward?Then something amazing happens,and its 2a sudden burst of energy from waking up in the morning.That is strength. Our life is always full of kinds of 3(difficulty).For me,I have had a long perio
28、d of time when I was lost, 4(hope),depressed(情绪低落的) and angry with the world.I was just 5 ordinary and poor person.Because of the social relationship,I always wanted to fit in with others and be like someone else.For what reason?It has taken me so long to figure it out,6(simple) because it gave me t
29、he purpose and made me feel I was worth something. In life,its much easier 7(give) in to others and follow someone,rather than make your own path and stand out.Why?Because of fear,many people are afraid of 8(judge) and put down.However,everyone has a voice full of greatness.No one can ever control w
30、hat you feel and what you do.Fear is not your enemy 9 your friend.You can do great things no matter who you are.Whatever you do or get in life,remember what 10(matter) most is how you see yourself.Youre powerful,and you should never forget it.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.答案语篇解读本文是一篇议论文。你有没有经历过那样的时刻在你疲惫不堪的时候
31、,感觉一切都在倒退,而不是向前?然后奇怪的事情发生了,就好像你早上起来突然爆发出一种能量。1.when考查关系副词。根据语境和上下文可知,此处是由关系副词when引导的定语从句,修饰先行词moment。2.like考查介词。根据上下文语境可知此处应该用介词like。3.difficulties考查名词。由上文的kinds of可推断,此处应该用名词difficulty的复数形式。4.hopeless考查形容词。根据句意和下文的depressed和angry可判断,此处应该用形容词,且表示消极的含义,故填hopeless。5.an考查冠词。ordinary and poor修饰单数名词perso
32、n,且ordinary以元音音素开头,故用不定冠词an,表示泛指。6.simply考查副词。根据句子结构可知,此处应该用形容词simple的副词形式simply修饰because引导的原因状语从句。7.to give考查非谓语动词。根据句意和句子结构可知,此处应该用动词不定式短语to give.作真正的主语,it为形式主语。8.being judged根据语境可知,many people是judge的逻辑宾语,故要用被动形式,又因为前面是介词of,故用being judged。9.but考查固定结构。此处与上文的not一起构成not.but.结构,意为“不是而是”。10.matters考查主谓
33、一致。根据语境和句子结构可判断,remember之后是宾语从句,该宾语从句中又含有what引导的主语从句,且what在主语从句中作主语,动词matter应该用第三人称单数形式,即matters。B(2020山东东营一中质检)How to prevent being infected with the virus? There are a number of standard hygiene(卫生) practices11have been recommended to protect against infection and 12(far) spread. These include cov
34、ering your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing with a medical mask, tissue or flexed elbow; avoiding contacting those who are unwell13(close); the appropriate use of masks and personal protective 14(equip), especially in a healthcare setting; washing hands regularly with water and soap 15alcoho
35、l-based hand sanitizer(洗手液). Action that can be taken to prevent infection from16animal source includes avoiding unnecessary unprotected contact with animals; washing hands after contact with animals or animal products, and ensuring that animal products are cooked thoroughly before they17(consume).1
36、8is important to stay home if youre feeling unwell. But if you have a fever, cough, and difficulty19(breathe), seek medical care early and share your previous travel history 20your healthcare provider. 11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.答案语篇解读本文为说明文,主题语境是人与自我。文章介绍了防止感染病毒的几种方法。11.that/which考查定语从句。限制性定语从句的
37、先行词为practices,指物,而且定语从句中缺主语,故使用关系代词that或which。12.further考查形容词的比较级。此处表示“进一步的传播”,表示程度上更进一步,使用far的比较级further。13.closely考查副词。 修饰动词contact需用副词,故此处填closely。14.equipment考查名词。形容词personal和protective修饰名词,表示“个人防护设备”,故使用equip的名词形式。equip的名词形式equipment为不可数名词,故填equipment。15.or考查连词。句中soap与alcohol-based hand sanitiz
38、er构成选择关系,故使用连词or。16.an考查冠词。此处表示泛指,意为“动物来源”,而且animal以元音音素开头,故使用不定冠词an。17.are consumed考查被动语态。在before引导的时间状语从句中,they与consume构成被动关系,故填are consumed。18.It考查代词。空格处作形式主语,to stay home为真正的主语,故填It。19.breathing考查非谓语动词。have difficulty (in) doing sth.意为“做某事有困难”,介词in可以省略,故填breathing。20.with考查介词。固定搭配share sth. with sb. 意为“与某人分享某物”。