1、必修3Unit 4Astronomy：the science of the stars真题在线(2013 湖北高考) 请根据以下提示，并结合事例，用英语写一篇短文。We all know that “sticks and stones may break our bones”，but we should also be aware that words can hurt people，too.注意：无须写标题，不得照抄英语提示语；除诗歌外，文体不限；文中不得透露个人姓名和学校名称；词数为120左右。佳作欣赏My deskmate admires my fluent English very m
2、uch and I usually feel encouraged by his compliments.One day, when we learned the new word “eccentric” in class, we were asked to make a sentence with it.I volunteered to do it by saying “My deskmate is an eccentric boy whose clothes never fit him.” Hearing this, the whole class burst into laughter
3、and my deskmates face turned red.After class, I learned from the teacher that my deskmate would have dropped out of school if he hadnt been helped by others.My mindless words must have hurt him deeply.Not until then did I realize words could be powerful in both positive and negative ways.We should a
4、void hurting others if we cant always be encouraging when we speak.精彩采撷高级词汇记住下列词汇的用法1encourage v鼓舞；鼓励2volunteer to do sth.主动做某事3burst into laughter突然大笑；放声大笑4drop out of 退学5avoid doing sth.避免做某事佳句背诵背诵下列句子，并体会与佳作欣赏中相对应句子的差异My deskmate admires my fluent English so much that I usually feel encouraged by
5、 his compliments.After class, I learned from the teacher that my deskmate would have dropped out of school without help from others.It was not until then that I realized words could be powerful in both positive and negative ways.(对应学生用书第87页)单词速览 1.system n. 系统；体系；制度2theory n. 学说；理论3atmosphere n. 大气层
6、；气氛4fundamental adj. 基本的；基础的5crash vi.& vt. 碰撞；坠落6pull n& vt. 拉(力)；拖；牵引力7float vi.& vt. (使)浮动；(使)漂浮 n. 漂浮物8harmful adj. 有害的9gentle adj. 温和的；文雅的10gravity n. 万有引力；重力11climate n. 气候12violent adj. 猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的violence n. 暴力violently adv. 暴力地；猛烈地13unlike prep. 不同；不像like vt. 喜欢 prep. 相像likely adj. 可能的14puz
7、zle n. 谜；难题 vt.& vi. (使)迷惑；使为难puzzling adj. 令人迷惑的puzzled adj. 迷惑的15exist vi. 存在；生存existence n. 存在；生存【看单词，学构词】在13.unlike一词中，un为前缀，常加在形容词、副词、分词、动词和名词之前。一者表示否定意义，二者可以表示相反的动作。课标词汇中含有该前缀的还有：unable，unbearable，unbelievable，uncertain，uncomfortable，unconditional，unconscious，uncover，uneasy，unemployed，unexpect
8、ed，unfair，unfit，unfortunate，unhappy，unhealthy，unknown，unlikely，unnecessary，unusual，unwilling等。短语快译1in_time及时；终于2give_birth_to 生产；分娩3in_ones_turn 轮到某人；接着4prevent.from 阻止；制止5block_out 挡住(光线)6cheer_up 感到高兴；感到振奋7break_out 突发；爆发8watch_out_for 密切注意；当心；提防句式构建1make itadj./n.to do sth.This produced a chain r
9、eaction，which made_it_possible for life to_develop这就产生了一系列的反应，使得生命就有可能开始发展了。2倍数表达法But when I tried to step forward，I found I was carried twice_as_far_as on the earth and fell over.而当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。3now that既然，由于“Oh，dear，”I cried，“walking does need a bit of practice now_t
10、hat gravity has changed.”“天哪，”我大声说，“重力改变了，看来走路也的确需要练一练了。”4whether.or not是否The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether_the_shape_would_last_or_not地球变得如此激烈动荡以至于不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。(对应学生用书第88页)1exist vi.存在，生存(教材P26)They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years
11、.它们也生蛋，在地球上生存了一亿四千多万年。(1)exist in存在于之中exist on靠为生There exists/existed.某地有；存在(2)existence n存在；生存come into existence产生；成立；开始存在There exists a good way to solve the existing problem in geography.有一个解决现存地理问题的好办法。They cant exist_on the money hes earning.他们靠他挣的那点钱无法维持生活。The organization came_into_existence
12、 in 1980.这一机构成立于1980年。2puzzle n谜；难题 vt.& vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难(教材P27)How life began on earth is one of the biggest puzzles that scientists found hard to solve.地球生命如何起源是科学家们觉得很难解决的最大的难题之一。(1)puzzle over/about sth.苦苦思索；仔细琢磨puzzle sth.out琢磨出的答案(2)puzzled adj.迷惑不解的puzzling adj.令人迷惑不解的(朗文P1601)Ive been sitting
13、here puzzling about what to do.我一直坐在这里苦苦思索该怎么办。The puzzled look on her face suggested she didnt understand what I said.她脸上迷惑的表情表明她不明白我说的话。3pull n拉力；拖；牵引力 vt.拉；拖(教材P30)As the rocket rose into the air，we were pushed back into our seats because we were trying to escape the pull of the earths gravity.随着
14、火箭的升空，由于我们在努力挣脱地球的引力，我们被向后推在座位上。pull down拉下窗帘；拆毁；拆掉pull away(汽车等)开走pull out拔出；(列车等)驶出；出站pull in(列车等)驶进；到达车站pull through康复；渡过难关；(使)摆脱困境(朗文P1586)Matt jumped onto the bus just as it was pulling away.车正要开走时，马特跳了上去。They are pulling down those houses to make room for a new hotel.为了给新旅馆腾地，他们正在拆除那些房屋。The po
15、lice car signalled to us to pull_in警车发出信号，要我们驶向路边停靠。4mass n团，块；质量mass常见用法有：in the mass从整体上看，大体而论；a mass of(masses of)大量；许多We should view the problem in the mass.我们应该就整体的观点来看这个问题。They set to work accumulating a huge mass of data.他们已开始积累大量的资料。1in time及时；迟早；终于(教材P25)They were in time to produce carbon，
16、nitrogen，water vapour and other gases，which were to make the earths atmosphere.最终产生了碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。【一词多义】写出下列句子中in time的含义Andy knew he could not reach the house in time.及时Youll succeed in time because you are always working hard.迟早Working hard made him successful in time.终于on time准时；按时i
17、n no time立即；马上at a time一次；每次 at one time曾经；一度at times有时(朗文P2104)Brian usually gets home in time to bath the children.布赖恩通常会及时赶回家给孩子们洗澡。Luckily，I quickly adapted and everything was back in no time.所幸我很快就适应了，不久一切都走上了正轨。Remember that we all climb the ladder of success one step at_a_time记住我们所有人在攀登成功阶梯的时
18、候每次只能攀登一步。2in ones turn轮到某人；接着(教材P26)Thus they have，in their turn，become the most important animals on the planet.于是，他们接着成了这个行星上最重要的动物。by turns轮流；交替地take turns to do sth.轮流做某事It is ones turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事(朗文P2162)I think its our turn to drive the kids to school this week.我想这周该轮到我们开车送孩子们上学了。Mary
19、and Jane drove the car by_turns玛丽与简轮流开车。3cheer up(使)高兴；(使)振奋；感到高兴；感到振奋(教材P31)I cheered up immediately and floated weightlessly around in our spaceship cabin watching the earth become smaller and the moon larger.我立刻感到很高兴，由于失重我在太空舱里飘来飘去，我望着(身后的)地球越来越小，而(前方的)月球越来越大。cheer sb.up使某人高兴/振奋cheer.on为加油cheer f
20、or.为欢呼Cheers！干杯！(朗文P300)Im taking Angie out to cheer her up.我要带安吉到外面转转，让她振作起来。We did our best to cheer him on when he was about to give up.当他将要放弃时我们尽力鼓励他。Lets go and cheer_for our team.让我们去给咱们队加油吧。1(教材P26)This produced a chain reaction，which made_it_possible_for_life_to_develop这就产生了一系列的反应，使得生命就有可能开始
21、发展了。句式分析：本句为复合句，which引导定语从句，定语从句中的it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是不定式短语to develop。(1)it作形式宾语时常用在find/make/think/consideritadj./n.to do/that从句结构中。(2)“make宾语宾语补足语”结构。即：make宾语(2013湖南高考阅读理解A)Big sporting events, concerts and exhibitions can increase the cost of accommodation and make it harder to find a room.大型体育赛事，音乐会和展
22、览会使住宿费用上升，找房间更困难。I made it a condition that everybody must be on time.我提出一个条件，人人都要准时。You may find_it_hard to accept your illness.你可能觉得难以相信自己患病。2(教材P31)But when I tried to step forward，I found I was carried twice_as_far_as on the earth and fell over.而当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。句式分析：
23、句中as far as是一个同级比较结构，twice表达一种倍数。倍数的表达方式：(1)“A倍数形容词或副词的比较级thanB”，表示“A比B大(长、高、宽等)多少倍”。(2)“A倍数as形容词或副词的原级asB”，表示“A是B的多少倍”。(3)“A倍数the size/height/length/width，etc.ofB”，表示“A是B大(高、长、宽等)的多少倍”。(4)“A倍数what从句”表示“A是的多少倍”。(5)“A倍数asmany/muchn.asB”，表示“A是B的多少倍”。This table is twice bigger than that one.This table
24、is 3 times as big as that one.This table is 3 times the size of that one.这张桌子是那张的3倍大。(朗文P2104)Sue earns five times as much as I do.苏挣的钱是我的5倍。The worlds population has grown to more_than_six_times_what_it_was_in 1800.目前世界人口与1800年相比已经增长到当时的六倍多。.单词拼写1What _(使迷惑不解)me is why they didnt show up.2Do you be
25、lieve God _(存在)?3A great _(块)of rock had fallen from the cliff and now blocked the road.4From these observations we conclude that the moon has little or no _(大气层)5You push and Ill _(拉)【答案】1.puzzled2.exists3.mass4.atmosphere5.pull.选词填空cheer up；break out；in ones turn；block out；give birth to；get the ha
26、ng of；in time1He _ at once when I promised to help him.2They got to the airport by taxi just _ for their flight.3The other day my pet cat _ a new little cat.4When it was _，he was very nervous.5Press the button when the light goes on，and youll soon _ it.【答案】1.cheered up2.in time3.gave birth to4in his
27、 turn5.get the hang of.完成句子1这把尺子是那把尺子的三倍长。This ruler is _ that one.2她居然不想去，我觉得奇怪。I _ strange that she doesnt want to go.3既然天气那么好，我们开车去兜风吧。_，lets go for a ride.【答案】1.three times as long as/three times the length of2.find it3.Now(that)the weather is fine(对应学生用书第91页)主语从句用适当的连接词填空1The actor said _ hed a
28、ccept the role in the play depended on the plot of it.【答案】whether2_ is known to us is that theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice.【答案】What3In a modern society full of fierce competitions，_ a person does is not always the same as _ he says.【答案】what；what4It makes his life quite differ
29、ent _ he has received higher education abroad.【答案】that5_ he will come to the part has excited every one of us.【答案】That6_ the work can be completed on time is doubtful.【答案】Whether7_ will be in charge of the project hasnt been decided yet.【答案】Who8_ we should go there must be settled.【答案】How/When话题(十四)
30、科普知识环境保护【写作素材】提示：黑体部分用本单元词汇表达。1在这条河流的两岸有许多重工厂。_2有些已经对环境造成损害。_3去年，有家工厂曾经发生剧烈的爆炸。_4当地人们都陷入巨大的恐慌中。_5听到已经及时采取措施阻止污染的进一步恶化，他们都感到兴奋。_6有可能明年这些重工厂要搬走。_【连句成篇】可选用which引导的非限制性定语从句，as a result，more importantly等将以上句子连成一篇短文_【参考范文】There exist many plants along the river，some of which are harmful to the environment
31、.Last year，one of them exploded violently；as a result，the local people got into a great panic.Hearing that some measures had been taken in time to prevent the pollution from getting bad to worse, they all cheered up.More importantly，there is a chance that these plants will be moved next year.(对应学生用书
32、第92页)技法3利用上下文逻辑关系，选择恰当的关联词高考完形填空最常考的五种逻辑关系是并列、转折、让步、因果、时间和选择，它们被称为逻辑“五大天王”。每年都是考查的重点。一篇好的文章必然逻辑严谨，所以命题人必然会对文章的行文逻辑进行考查。1并列关系的常用词：and，while，not only.but also，neither.nor.2转折让步关系的常用词：but，however，yet，though，although，while3因果关系的常用词：so，therefore，thus，because，for，since，as，due to，owing to，thanks to，as a re
33、sult of，as a consequence of.4时间关系的常用词：when，while，as，before，after，meanwhile，finally，eventually，then，later，since，until，whenever.5选择关系的常用词：or，otherwise，or else，either.or【真题印证】(2013天津高考)26(Unfortunately)，the disastrous effects of the drought were felt all over our country.It was a challenging time for e
34、veryone，_27_ Dad remained optimistic.He 28(continued) to be grateful for other things like good health and food on our plates.Only then did I truly begin to 29(appreciate) Dad and his faith that guided us through the hard times.27A.orBforCso Dbut【解析】根据上文“It was a challenging time for everyone.”和下文的关
35、键词optimistic可以推断出前后两句话具有转折关系。or或者，否则；for为了；so因此；but但是。所以D项符合题目要求的转折关系。【答案】D(2013北京高考)Lola never thinks about 51(quitting). She is presently at level 7 while the highest is level 10 in gymnastics. Her 52(goal) is to reach level 9. She says she wants to be a gymnastics coach to pass down what shes lea
36、rned to other kids_53_she grows up.53A.until BasCwhen Dbefore【解析】当她长大后，她要当一名体操教练，把她的所学传授给别的孩子。when she grows up为when引导的时间状语从句。【答案】CA(2013陕西高考)He could have made what was already an uncomfortable situation worse，_1_he chose a different way and gave us a reason to believe that there is still2(kindness
37、)in this world. Ill never3(forget) his actions.1A.so BsinceCalthough Dbut【解析】“那名男子本可以使已经让人不舒服的情况更糟的”和后面的“他选择了不同的方式”是一种转折关系，所以此处要用but。【答案】DB(2012北京高考)As I look back on that day now，it surely 4(lacks) any sense of reality.I believe I stayed in a state of pleasant disbelief _5_ I was halfway through re
38、hearsals(排练)on my first day.5A.while BsinceCuntil Dwhen【解析】本题考查上下文间的时间关系。结合上下文语境“我认为我处于一种不相信的幸福状态中直到”可知，until“直到才”符合题意。while尽管；since自从；when当时候。【答案】C课后限时自测(十四)(对应学生用书第361页)(建议用时：30分钟).语法填空In ancient times，many people believed the earth was a flat disc.Well over 2，000 years ago，the ancient Greek philo
39、sophers were able to put forward two good arguments_1_(prove)that it was not.Direct observations of heavenly bodies were the basis of both these_2_(argue)First，the Greeks knew that during eclipses (月食)of the moon the earth was_3_the sun and the moon，and they_4_(see) that during these eclipses，the ea
40、rths shadow on the moon was always round，they realized that this could be true only_5_the earth was spherical( 球形的)If the earth was a flat disc，then_6_shadow during eclipses would not be a prefect circle; it would be stretched out_7_a long ellipse (椭圆)The second argument was based on_8_the Greeks sa
41、w during their travels.They noticed that the North Star appeared lower in_9_sky when they traveled south，in the more northerly regions，the North Star appeared to be much_10_(high)in the sky.【语篇解读】本文主要讲述了古希腊哲学家很早就认识到地球是球形而不是平的。1proving现在分词短语作定语。2arguments名词作宾语，由these可知是复数。3between根据后面的and可知。4saw由上下文可
42、知用一般过去时。5if根据前后句的条件关系可知，if引导条件从句。6its指代前面的the earth的。7into介词into这里意为“变成为”。8what引导宾语从句，作从句的宾语。9the固定词组。the sky天空。10higher根据句意及前面的much可知用比较级。.完形填空(2013临沂一模)During my second year of college，I was a parttime waitress in Chicago.I spent most of my time on _1_ and as little as possible on conversation.I w
43、asnt used to talking to unknown people except when taking _2_One night，a little old man came in and _3_ himself in my section.I took his order and went on my way.But I _4_ that he came in week after week and always sat at one of my tables.Slowly，I began having short _5_ with him.His name was Mr.Rodg
44、ers，but he _6_ that I call him Don.I learned that he and his wife had gone to dinner and a movie every Saturday.Since she had died，he _7_ the tradition alone.As the weeks went on，I began to sit and _8_ talk with Don.We talked about his wife，his days _9_ in the war，his son who had grown up and also s
45、erved as a pilot in the army.Eventually，we began to talk about my _10_going to school，my new boyfriend and the expectation of my future.About four months after meeting him，I received _11_ from a nurse telling me that Don was in hospital.He was _12_ complications(并发症)from a heart operation.I _13_ dro
46、ve to the hospital to see him.The first thing he did was thank me for _14_ him to visit the doctor.At first I didnt know what he was _15_Then I remembered that about three weeks earlier，Don was _16_ about chest pains and I gave him the number of a _17_ I know.A nurse asked，“Are you his daughter？”and
47、 I replied，“No，Im his _18_”_19_ can become good friends.I recently found it _20_ to talk to customers at the restaurant and I have had a lot more fun.1A.schoolBworkCcinema Dhome【解析】我大部分时间都用在工作上，很少和人谈话。【答案】B2A.orders BnotesCadvice Dclothes【解析】take orders意思是为客人端上所点的饭菜，这从上文I was a parttime waitress和下文I
48、 took his order可得到提示。【答案】A3A.raised BgreetedCseated Dbalanced【解析】seat oneself(某人)就座。【答案】C4A.realized BwonderedCunderstood Dnoticed【解析】我注意到他每周都来，总是坐在我服务区的一张桌子旁。【答案】D5A.examinations BconversationsCpreparations Dcompetitions【解析】慢慢地我开始与他进行一些简短的谈话。【答案】B6A.ordered BbelievedCrefused Dinsisted【解析】他坚持要求我称他为D
49、on。I call him Don一句中省略了should。【答案】D7A.called off Bleft outCcarried on Ddealt with【解析】他妻子去世后，他独自一人“继续”着这种习惯。【答案】C8A.actually BhelplesslyCobviously Dhopefully【解析】以前的谈话都是礼节性的，很简短。现在，“我”开始坐下来与Don进行“真正”的谈话。【答案】A9A.escaping BworkingCwandering Dflying【解析】根据后面一句his son who had grown up and also served as a
50、pilot in the army.可知，他在部队当过飞行员。【答案】D10A.ambition BidentityCoccupation Dhobby【解析】从破折号后面的内容going to school，my new boyfriend and the expectation of my future.可知，这是我的“壮志；抱负”，而不是“身份”，“职业”或“爱好”。【答案】A11A.an article Ba billCan offer Da call【解析】根据上下文意并结合生活常识可知，此处是指护士给我打来电话。【答案】D12A.treating BexperiencingCstu
51、dying Dobserving【解析】他正在“经历”手术后并发症，其余三项不合搭配和文意。【答案】B13A.immediately BeventuallyCfrequently Ddeliberately【解析】immediately表示作者的急切心情。【答案】A14A.forcing BforbiddingCurging Dinviting【解析】urge sb. to do sth.催促某人做某事。从下文所述的情节可得到提示。【答案】C15A.going through Bsetting asideCreferring to Dmaking up【解析】一开始我并不知道他所指的是什么事。
52、refer to指的是；提到。【答案】C16A.arguing BcomplainingCdiscussing Dthinking【解析】Don因为胸部疼痛而发出抱怨，符合常识。【答案】B17A.doctor BdentistClawyer Dmanager【解析】我给他提供了我认识的一个医生的电话号码，劝他前去就诊。【答案】A18A.student BwaitressCniece Dsecretary【解析】从文章第一句I was a parttime waitress in Chicago.可知答案。【答案】B19A.Relatives BColleaguesCNeighbours DSt
53、rangers【解析】我和Don从陌生人成为好朋友。【答案】D20A.unbelievable BpossibleCenjoyable Dreasonable【解析】现在我发现和饭店里的顾客谈话是一种享受。说明作者经历此事以后思想认识和性格都有了转变，同时也与第一段中的“I wasnt used to talking to unknown people except when taking orders.”首尾呼应。【答案】C.阅读理解One person can make a differencepurchase your copy of For America and discover s
54、imple ways to improve your life，your country，even the world.But a simple and attractive way to cut energy costs，improve air quality，and ensure public health is to grow a garden in the sky.Each time a city building is set up，the grass in that spot and trees that once reached up to the sky are replace
55、d by a layer of asphalt or a tar roof(一层沥青或柏油房顶)The lost green space can have a very real effect on a citys air temperature，air quality，and energy costs.On a summer day in most American cities，a tar roof can feel like the inside of an oven(火炉)But what if we could replace the hot roof of each skyscra
56、per or building in a city with grass or a garden?Whether it holds vegetable gardens，wildflowers，or grasses，a green roof can lower the temperature above a building by 60 degrees，which can reduce the buildings energy costs and，if used more widely，could decrease a citys total energy costs，and improve a
57、ir quality and public health.But thats not allgreen roofs are a great way to handle water management in urban areas by taking in much rainfall，provide shelters for urban wildlife，and actually extend the life of the roof itself.And green roofs also do something else：they beautify the citywhether your
58、e on the 3rd floor or the 30th.Now thats a brilliant achievement.The nonprofit group Earth Pledge is promoting a Green Roofs Program.To learn more about a green roof，just click here：EarthP1What can you learn from the article?AGreen roofs will take the place of all asphalt or tar ones.BThe Earth Pled
59、ge may be an environmental organization.CIts better to live on the top floor because of the green roofs.DGreen roofs can take in all rainfall.【解析】从文章最后可以看出这个组织(地球宣言)应该是一个环保组织。选项A说法太绝对；选项D为绿色房顶能够吸收所有降水，明显不正确。【答案】B2We can learn from the passage that green roofs _Acan help reduce temperature to 60 degr
60、eesBcan help reduce city populationChave a promising future in urban areasDare vital in improving peoples health【解析】根据文章最后两段可知“房顶花园”前景看好。【答案】C3Which section of a website does this passage belong to?AScience. BEntertainment.CEducation. DEnvironment.【解析】从第一段的“But a simple and attractive way to cut ene
61、rgy costs，improve air quality，and ensure public health is to grow a garden in the sky.”以及第二、三段的叙述可知，应是环境方面的内容。【答案】D4What do you think the article will talk about if the passage continues?AHow to create a green roof.BThe duty of the Earth Pledge.CThe benefits of green roofs.DWhat to do with city pollution.【解析】本文已经说明了绿色房顶的益处，故排除C；选项B为地球宣言组织的责任和义务。根据文章最后“To learn more about a green roof.”一句可知下文还将说明有关绿色房顶的事情，只有A符合文义。【答案】A
