1、第二部分语法必备专题一句子成分1.(2020课标全国)Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Change-4 (find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.1.答案to find考查非谓语动词。设空处作目的状语,主语Chinese researchers与find为逻辑上的主动关系,故填to find。2.(2020课标全国)This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers (carry) speci
2、al significance.2.答案carries句意:这就是用植物、水果和鲜花装饰具有特殊意义的原因。分析句子结构可知,设空处在从句中作谓语。根据主句谓语动词is可知,时态为一般现在时;从句的主语是decorating with plants, fruits and flowers,属于第三人称单数概念。故填carries。3.(2020课标全国)When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and (poi
3、nt) down the river.3.答案pointed他们微笑并指向江的下游。并列连词and连接两个谓语动词,根据smiled可知设空处也要用一般过去时,故填pointed。4.(2020全国新高考)Often, only a small part of a museums collection(be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.4.答案is句意:通常,只有一小部分博物馆的藏品被展出。分析句子结构可知,设空处是句子的谓语动词。因为陈述客观事实,所以应该使用一般现在时,且主语是单数形式,故填is。在
4、近几年高考中,句子成分主要通过谓语动词、非谓语动词、主谓一致、词性变换或词形变换进行间接考查,了解句子成分是应对语法填空的重要手段。语法填空最基本的解题思路:分析句子结构,准确翻译句子,然后推断出答案。成分用法例句主语在句子中,主语是谓语所表示动作或状态的执行者。主语一般位于句子开头,且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里,如:疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等,句子的主语也可以位于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、主格代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。当主语为从句时,为避免头重脚轻,可用it作形式主语。The patients family have exp
5、ressed their gratitude to the press in letters for the money raised.(名词作主语)Studying English is very important.(动名词短语作主语)Its obvious that he is wrong.(It充当形式主语,that引导的从句作真正的主语)谓语谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、状态或具有的特征,常位于主语之后。谓语可由动词、动词短语、系表结构或“助动词/情态动词+实义动词”充当,有时态、语态和语气的变化,同时又受到主语人称和数的制约。谓语的构成如下:简单谓语(由一个动词或动词短语构成)和复合
6、谓语(由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成;由连系动词加表语构成)。The sun rises in the east.They must have finished their tasks.It was late at night when we finally arrived.I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.宾语宾语表示谓语动作、行为的对象,一般位于及物动词和介词的后面,受到主语的限
7、制和制约。宾语一般由名词(短语)、宾格代词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式或从句充当,根据需要也可用it作形式宾语。Mr. Smith gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing.(him为间接宾语;advice为直接宾语)Doctors often advise us to pay more attention to our diets and mental health and to take regular examinations.表语表语一般位于系动词(如be、become、get、look、grow、t
8、urn、seem等)之后,用以说明主语的身份、特征或状态,一般由名词、名词性代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式(短语)、动名词、介词短语、副词或表语从句等充当。The cultural background of China is totally different from that of the US.(形容词作表语)My suggestion is that we should start at once.(从句作表语)定语修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。定语服务于它所修饰或限定的名词或代词,可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词(短语)或定语从句等充当。
9、定语有前置和后置两种情况,如短语结构、从句等作定语时,常置于被修饰词之后。The beautiful girl is her daughter. (形容词和形容词性物主代词作定语)The building being repaired is our library.(非谓语动词作后置定语)The boy under the tree is Jack. (介词短语作后置定语)状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫作状语。状语一般表示时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、程度、伴随等意义。状语可由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、状语从句等充当。He did
10、 his homework carefully.(副词作状语)She goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.(介词短语作状语)Feeling tired, he went to bed without supper.(非谓语动词作状语)补语补语也叫补足语,主要起补充说明的作用,最常见的是宾语补足语和主语补足语。补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式(短语)、分词、介词短语等充当。I found myself in the dark.(介词短语作宾语补足语)He always has others wait for him.(省略to的不定式作宾语补足语)T
11、hese things should be kept in the box.(介词短语作主语补足语)同位语对句子中的名词或代词作进一步解释、说明,与前面的名词或代词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。英语句子表达中一般情况下是没有同位语的,所以说它“爱玩失踪”。如果要对前面的名词的具体内容作进一步的说明,这时候就需要同位语,可以用作同位语的有:名词、代词、数词和从句等。The youngest boy, Peter, refused to accept the money. (名词作同位语)We four were greatly touched after hearing the ol
12、d mans story. (数词作同位语)They each have a dictionary. (代词作同位语)We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.(从句作同位语)单句填空1.The(disappear) of dinosaurs is not necessarily caused by astronomical incidents.1.答案disappearance句意:恐龙的消失并不一定是由天文事件引起的。空格处在句中作主语,结合空前的定冠词可知,空格处填名词disappearance。2
13、.In the 1950s in the USA, most families (have) just one phone at home, and wireless phones hadnt been invented yet.2.答案had句意:在美国20世纪50年代,多数家庭家里只有一部电话,无线电话还没有被发明出来。空格处在句中作谓语,结合句首的时间状语In the 1950s和语境可知,空格处应用一般过去时。故空格处填had。3.I cannot control my body well. My legs become (pain).3.答案painful分析句子成分可知,空格处在句
14、中作表语,因此空格处应用提示词的形容词形式。故空格处填painful。4.Susan made it clear to me that she wished(make) a new life for herself.4.答案to makewish之后接不定式作宾语,故空格处填不定式to make。5.I got on the bus and found a seat near the back, and then I noticed a man (sit) at the front.5.答案sitting分析句子成分可知,空格处在句中作宾语补足语,且与宾语man之间是逻辑上的主动关系,且动作正
15、在进行中,故空格处应填sitting。6.Although birds use (they) feathers for flight, some of their feathers are for other purposes.6.答案their句意:虽然鸟类的羽毛是用来飞行的,但是它们的一些羽毛也有其他用途。空格处在句中作名词feathers的定语,故空格处填形容词性物主代词their。7.I was driving down to London when I(sudden) found that I was on the wrong road.7.答案suddenly空格处在句中作状语,因
16、此空格处应用提示词的副词形式。故空格处填suddenly。8.The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief you are better than anyone else in the sports field.8.答案thatbelief后面是同位语从句,从句句意完整,不缺少成分,故用that作为引导词。9.There is no doubt that doing exercise (be) beneficial to our health.9.答案is句意:毫无疑问,做运动对我们的健康是有益的。分析
17、句子结构可知,that引导的是同位语从句。从句的主语是doing exercise,设空处是从句的谓语动词,要用单数形式。根据主句谓语动词is可知此处要用一般现在时。故填is。10.I found the test difficult, but I tried hard to do it;suddenly Mary, my best friend, (ask) me to let her copy my answers.10.答案asked句意:我发现这次测验很难,但我尽力去做了。突然,我最好的朋友玛丽要求我让她抄我的答案。分析句子结构可知,分号后Mary是句子的主语,my best frie
18、nd是同位语,所以设空处是句子的谓语动词。根据第一个句子中的found和tried可知,此处也要用一般过去时。故填asked。分析英语句子结构,准确分析句子成分,是解决语法填空中有关句子成分题目的首要技能。在整体快速阅读短文的基础上,逐句研读。首先分析句子结构,然后准确翻译整个句子,推出正确答案。.分析下列的句子成分并尝试翻译1.(2019课标全国)What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes.分析:句子的主干是结构。其中What you need是语;is是语;a great teacher who lets you
19、make mistakes是语,其中who lets you make mistakes是从句。翻译:1.答案分析:主系表;主;谓;表;定语翻译:你需要的是一个允许你犯错误的好老师。2.(2019课标全国)Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinsteins studies show unpleasant consequences.分析:Dr. Prinsteins studies show unpleasant consequences是句;Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed是as引
20、导的从句,使用了倒装结构。翻译:2.答案分析:主;让步状语翻译:尽管那些很酷的孩子可能看起来让人羡慕,但Dr. Prinstein的研究显示了令人不满意的结果。3.(2019天津)By opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter into a wonderful and mysterious world where I am now a new character.分析:第一个I是主句的语;can leave和enter是句子的语;my burdens和 a wonderful and mysterious world wh
21、ere I am now a new character是句子的语,其中wonderful、mysterious 和where I am now a new character作语修饰world。翻译:3.答案分析:主;谓;宾;定翻译:打开一本小说,我能放下我的负担,进入一个美妙而又神秘的世界,在那里现在我是一个全新的人物。4.(2018课标全国)This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington, D.C.
22、分析:This small group bike tour是句子的语; is是句子的语;fantastic和to see the world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington, D.C.作语修饰way,其中with beautiful flowers of Washington, D.C.作语修饰trees。翻译:4.答案分析:主;谓;定;定翻译:这种小团队自行车旅行是看华盛顿樱花的极佳方式,这些樱花之美享誉世界。5.(2018课标全国)Knowledgeable guides will entertain you
23、 with the most interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks.分析:Knowledgeable guides作句子的语;will entertain作句子的语;with the most interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks作语,其中介词短语about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks作语修饰stories。翻译:5.答案分析:主;谓;状;
24、定翻译:知识渊博的导游会用一些关于总统、国会、纪念碑和公园的最有趣的故事来使你们快乐。.翻译下列句子1.(2020课标全国)我非常崇拜我的爸爸。1.答案I admire my father very much.2.(2020课标全国)我的父亲是一个老师,他非常热爱他的工作和他的学生。2.答案My father is a teacher who loves his work and his students very much.3.(2020课标全国)我们开车离开了学校。农场离我们学校大约2公里远。3.答案We drove away from the school, and the farm w
25、as about 2 kilometers away from our school.4.(2020课标全国)通过这次活动,我们知道了农民有多辛苦和粮食有多珍贵。4.答案Through this activity, we know how hard the farmers are and how precious the food is.5.(2020课标全国)当我在学习中遇到问题时,爸爸会耐心地听我说,鼓励我勇敢克服困难。5.答案When I come across problems in my study, my father will listen to me patiently and
26、 encourage me to overcome the difficulties bravely.语法填空阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。A(2020课标全国改编)China has become the first country to land a spacecraft on the far side of the moon. The unmanned Change-4 probe (探测器)the name 1(inspire) by an ancient Chinese moon goddess2 (touch) down last week in
27、the South Pole-Aitken basin. 3(land) on the moons far side is extremely challenging. Because the moons body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot 4 it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. The far side of the
28、 moon is of particular 5 (interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so 6 the familiar near side. Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Change-4 7 (find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin. “This really excites scientists,” Carle Pieters
29、, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it 8 (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon 9 (construct).” Data about the moons composition, such as how much ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide 10 its plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are pra
30、ctical.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.答案语篇解读本文为说明文。主题语境为人与自然。主题语境内容为探索太空。文章主要讲述了中国发射的嫦娥四号无人探测器在月球背面成功着陆的重大事件。本文旨在激发学生的国家认同感和民族自豪感。1.was inspired考查动词时态和语态。这个名字是受到中国古代一位月亮女神的启发而得来的。分析句子结构可知,the name是主语,设空处是谓语动词,与主语之间是被动关系,且动作发生在过去。故填was inspired。2.touched考查动词时态。根据时间状语last week可知时态为一般过去时。故填touched。3.Landing考查非谓语
31、动词。句意:在月球的背面着陆是极其有挑战性的。分析句子结构可知:句子的谓语动词是系动词is,所以设空处是句子的主语。根据语境可知,该动作是抽象的动作,要用v.-ing形式充当句子的主语,故填Landing。注意首字母要大写。4.where考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,设空处引导定语从句,修饰先行词a spot。关系词代替先行词在从句中作地点状语,要用关系副词where引导。5.interest考查名词。设空处作介词of的宾语,此处是“be of+抽象名词”结构,故填名词interest。6.than考查介词。根据设空处前的more可知设空处填介词than。7.to find考查非谓语动词。设
32、空处作目的状语,主语Chinese researchers与find为逻辑上的主动关系,故填不定式的主动形式to find。8.means考查时态和主谓一致。根据语境及设空处后宾语从句中的谓语动词have可知设空处需用一般现在时;主语it为第三人称单数,故填means。9.is constructed考查语态和主谓一致。主语the moon与construct为被动关系,故设空处需用被动语态,主语为the moon,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式,故填is constructed。10.whether/if考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知,设空处引导的是宾语从句,根据语境此处表达:是否。所以要用w
33、hether/if引导。B(2020山东第一次仿真联考)Using social media too much and posting many selfies (自拍)11(cause) a rise in narcissism (自恋) since the social media became popular, according to a newly published study. Narcissism is when someone becomes very12(self) and believes they are very talented and beautiful. The
34、y need attention from other people, 13(think) they are better than everyone else. Researchers found that heavy users of social media like Facebook showed a 25% rise in narcissism in just four months. They studied how 74 people 14(age) from 18 to 34 used social media and looked at how their personali
35、ties changed. They said that posting selfies seemed to increase more levels of narcissism 15 text-messaging.Professor Phil Reed, who is from16 Department of Psychology at Swansea University, said:“There have been suggestions of links 17 narcissism and the use of selfies on social media, but until th
36、is study, it wasnt known whether 18(use) such platforms is related to the growth in narcissism. The results of this study suggest that posting selfies can increase narcissism.” Professor Reed said that “nearly 20% of people may develop narcissism” because they want attention and 19(approve) from oth
37、ers after posting a selfie. They also want to show others their life is 20(good) and that they are more beautiful or attractive.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.答案语篇解读本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。随着各种社交媒体越来越流行,人们也越来越多地使用社交媒体发自拍照来满足自己的自恋感。11.have caused句意:自从社交媒体变得流行以来,过多使用社交媒体和发自拍照已经引起了自恋现象的增加。设空处是句子的谓语动词,根据since引导的时间状语从
38、句可知此处要用现在完成时,主语是并列连词and连接的两个并列主语,谓语动词要用复数形式,故填have caused。12.selfish考查形容词。句意:自恋是指一个人变得非常自私,认为自己很有才华、很漂亮。根据语境可知设空处在句中充当表语,所以要用形容词形式,故填selfish。13.thinking考查非谓语动词。句意:他们需要别人的关注,认为他们比其他所有人都好。逗号后是非谓语动词作状语,设空处动作与其逻辑主语they之间是主动关系,应该用v.-ing形式,故填thinking。14.aged考查形容词。句意:他们研究了74个年龄在18到34岁的人使用社交媒体的情况,看看他们的个性是怎么
39、改变的。设空处是形容词作定语,表达:岁的,修饰前面的名词people。15.than考查比较级。句意:他们说发自拍照似乎比发信息更能提高自己的自恋程度。根据语境和句子中的比较级more可知,此处应该用than。16.the考查冠词。定冠词the表示特指,此处特指:斯旺西大学的心理学系。17.between考查介词。此处表达:有人认为自恋和在社交媒体上使用自拍照之间存在联系。links between A and B:A和B之间的联系。18.to use/using考查非谓语动词。此处表达:但在这项研究之前,我们不知道使用这样的平台是否与自恋的增长有关。设空处是非谓语动词作主语,所以要用v.-ing形式或不定式形式。19.approval考查名词。他们想得到别人的关注和认可。并列连词and连接两个并列的名词:attention和approval。20.better考查形容词比较级。句意:他们也想向别人展示自己的生活更好,他们更漂亮更有魅力。并列连词and连接两个并列的宾语从句,根据第二个从句中的more可知设空处也要用比较级。故填better。