1、Module 3Foreign FoodSection Grammar一、定语功能例句单个词作定语的位置英语中单个的形容词、数词、代词、普通格名词、分词、动名词和所有格等作定语（attribute）时，通常放在被修饰的词之前。a stone building一座石头砌的大厦faded flowers萎谢的花boiling water开着的水boiled water开水a gone case无可挽救的事Johns house约翰的房子the risen sun升起的太阳the changed world已经变化了的世界the changing world正在变化中的世界短语作定语的位置英语中的分
2、词短语（participial phrase）、不定式短语（infinitive phrase）、介词短语（prepositional phrase）、形容词短语（adjective phrase）和长度短语（length phrase）等，通常放在所修饰的词之后。He had made a thorough study of all the dialects spoken in Scotland.他对苏格兰所有的方言都作了透彻的研究。The woman holding a baby in her arms is waiting to see the doctor.那个抱着婴儿的妇女正等着医生
3、看病。It was a bolt from the blue.这真是个晴天霹雳。On the top of the hill there is a pagoda about a hundred feet high.在山顶上有一座十丈高的宝塔。This may not be the best book to start with.一开始读这本书不一定最合适。多个单词定语的排列次序英语中两个或两个以上的单词作定语放在中心词前共同修饰一个名词，其基本词序是由小范围到大范围，由次要意义到主要意义，由程度弱到程度强，由一般到专有。意思愈具体，物质性愈强，就愈近名词。限定词数量词（序数词在前，基数词在后）
4、描绘词大小、长短、高低等形体新旧颜色国籍材料名词the advanced foreign experience外国的先进经验the ancient Chinese writer中国的古代作家the three Japanese cities三座日本城市a small round wooden table一张木头小圆桌a young American artist一个年轻的美国艺术家a nice little old black Japanese leather bag 一个小的漂亮的黑色的日本皮革旧包a lonely white sail一片白色孤帆a round chalkwhite fac
5、e灰白的圆脸a high steep mountain陡峭的高山a nice long new black British plastic pen 一支好看的长长的崭新的黑色的英国塑料钢笔二、定语从句定语从句一般都紧跟在它所修饰的名词后面。被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫做“先行词”。引导定语从句的词叫“关系词”。关系词有两个作用：1引导定语从句。2代替先行词在其引导的定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所替代的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。关系词功能例句that指人
6、或物，在从句中作主语或宾语。不用that的情况：a）引导非限制性定语从句时，不用that。b）介词后不能用that。用that的情况：a）在there be句型中，只用that，不用which。b）不定代词，如：anything，nothing，the one，all，much，few，any，little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。c）先行词由the only，the very修饰时，只用that。d）先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。e）先行词既有人，又有物时，只用that。The school made three rules that would pl
7、ay an important role in our daily life.学校制定了三条在日常生活中起重要作用的规则。All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需的只是油的供应。There are three old trees in our school that were planted 300 years ago.在我们学校里有三棵三百年前栽的古树。She is the best student that we have seen.她是我们见到的最好的学生。The only thing that the child wanted was a toy
8、 dog.那孩子唯一想要的是一只玩具狗。Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have known?你还记得我们知道的那位科学家和他的理论吗？which指物，在从句中作主语、宾语。He lost his goat which was worth 200 yuan.他丢了他的山羊，这只山羊值200元。The package which/that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。They needed a plant which/that didnt nee
9、d as much water as rice.他们需要一种不像水稻那样需要水的作物。He has been to Paris several times，which I dont believe.他曾经到过巴黎好几次，我不相信。We can see the method by which the computer works.我们能够看到计算机工作的方法。who指人（主格），在从句中作主语。The student who got a full mark in the entrance exam was a girl.在考试中得满分的学生是一个女孩。Is he the man who/that
10、 wants to see you?他就是想见你的人吗？whom指人（宾格），在从句中作宾语。He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。This is the classmate with whom Ill go to Qingdao.这就是要和我去青岛的同学。whose指人（所有格）whose用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以用of which互换）。Do you know the boy whose English is the best?你知道英语最好的那个男孩吗？They rushed over to help t
11、he man whose car had broken down. 那个人的车坏了，大家都跑去帮忙。when（介词which）指时间，在从句中作状语。I will never forget the days when I was forced to drop out of school.我将永远忘不了我被迫辍学的时候。Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?Do you remember the day when you joined our club?还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？There are occasions w
12、hen（on which）one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。where（介词which）指地点，在从句中作状语。Beijing is the place where（in which）I was born.北京是我的出生地。The room where（in which）he used to live has now been turned into a museum.他过去住的那所房子现在变成了一所博物馆了。why（for which）指原因，在从句中作状语。Is this the reason why（for which）he refused our offer?这
13、就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？Do you know the reason why he didnt come to the meeting?你知道他没有到会的原因吗？asas在从句中可作主语、表语或宾语。也可指方式、程度，在从句中作状语。as引导限制性定语从句通常构成such.as或the same as的固定结构。As is known to all，China is a developing country.众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。John，as you know，is a famous writer.约翰，就像你知道的一样，是个著名的作家。I have got into the
14、 same trouble as he（has）我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦。三、非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句只是对主句内容，或先行词的补充、解释或附加说明。主句与先行词或从句之间一般用逗号分开，常常单独翻译。没有它，主句意思仍然完整。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有as，which，who, whom，whose等，在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。关系副词有when，where等，在定语从句中作状语。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中一般不能省略。句式指代作用例句as引导非限制性定语从句指代主句的全部或部分内容，表示说话人的态度、评论、看法等，有“正如、像”等意思。定语从句可以置于主句句首、
15、句中或句末。as后常接expect，know，report，say，see等动词的主、被动语态句。He wasnt unconscious，as could be judged from his eyes.他并未失去知觉，这从他的眼神可以判断出来。which引导非限制性定语从句which指代主句的全部或部分内容时，常表事实、状态、起因等，有“这就使得，这一点”等意思，常置于主句末。主句与定语从句用逗号隔开。Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play，which，of course，made the others unha
16、ppy.桃乐西总是称赞自己在剧中的角色，这使得别人不高兴。先行词表示类属的事物时。Football，which is a very interesting game，almost is played all over the world.足球是一项非常有趣的运动，几乎全世界的人都踢足球。先行词是专有名词时。The Nile，which used to flood every year，now runs more regularly below the dam.尼罗河年年涨洪水，现在比较正常地在大坝下面流过了。先行词是表人的职业、品质、身份等名词，作定语从句的表语时。She has become
17、 a pop song star eventually，which her mother has longed for.她终于成了流行歌曲明星，这是她的母亲一直盼望的。先行词是形容词作定语从句的表语时。主句和定语从句之间含有对比的意思。Li Ling is very clever，which Li Long isnt.李玲很聪明，李珑可不是。先行词是集体名词，表示整体意义时。My family，which has 35 people，is a large one.我家有35口人，是一个大家庭。先行词是国家名词表地域概念时。Last year he went to Egypt，which is
18、in Africa.他去年去了埃及，埃及在非洲。who，whom，whose等引导非限制性定语从句 who，whom，whose指代人的普通名词、专有名词等。表示专指先行词等情况。在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。Bobs father，who worked on the project，spent four years in Egypt.鲍勃的父亲从事这项工程，在埃及度过了四年。名词、数量词介词whom/ whose等引导非限制性定语从句。I decided to write about Chaplin，one of whose films I had seen several years
19、before.我决定写有关卓别林的文章，他的一部电影我几年前就看过了。when，where引导非限制性定语从句时，在定语从句中作状语在意义上，whenand then, whereand there。He went to America in 1912，where and when he was noticed by an important film director.他1912年去了美国，当时他在那里引起了一个重要电影导演的注意。在介词where/when非限制性定语从句里。His head soon appeared out of the second storey windows，fr
20、om where he could see nothing but a tall tower.他的头很快从第二层楼的一个窗户伸出来了，从那里他只能看见一个高塔。有时候where/when可以用介词which替换。I still remembered January 10，on which /when he came to see me.我仍然记得1月10日，那一天他来看我了。（1）Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature，_，for some reason，had withdrawn from all human society.Awhich Bwh
21、o Cwhere Dwhom答案：B提示：分析句子结构可知，从句缺少的是主语，排除C项和D项；根据句意可知，定语从句修饰的是a painter，所以用who来引导。（2）We live in an age _ more information is available with greater ease than ever before.Awhy BwhenCto whom Don which答案：B提示：句意：我们生活在一个比以往更容易获得信息的时代。when引导的定语从句修饰an age。（3）After the flooding，people were suffering in that
22、 area，_ urgently needed clean water，medicine and shelter to survive.Awhich BwhoCwhere Dwhat答案：B提示：根据句意判断，需要纯净水、药品和帐篷的是“人”，所以该定语从句修饰的先行词是people，故选用who引导该定语从句并在从句中作主语。（4）Sales director is a position _ communication ability is just as important as sales skills.Awhich Bthat Cwhen Dwhere答案：D提示：“_communic
23、ation ability is just as important as sales skills”在句中作定语，修饰先行词a position，先行词在定语从句中作状语，相当于in which，故where符合题意。句意：销售总监是一个交际能力和销售技巧同等重要的职位。故选D项。（5）In our class there are 46 students，_ half wear glasses.Ain whomBin themCof whom Dof them答案：C提示：句意：我们班共有46名学生，其中一半的学生戴眼镜。先行词是students，“一半的学生”应表达为half of the
24、 students，在介词之后关系代词应为whom。故C项正确。（6）It is the third time that she has won the race，_ has surprised us all.Athat BwhereCwhich Dwhat答案：C提示：which引导非限制性定语从句，代指前面整个句子的内容。句意：这是她第三次在比赛中获胜，这使得我们都很吃惊。（7）When deeply absorbed in work，_ he often was，he would forget all about eating or sleeping.Athat BwhichCwhere
25、 Dwhen答案：B提示：which引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作表语，代替整个主句的内容。句意：通常情况下，当他沉浸在工作中时，他会忘了吃饭和睡觉。（8）That evening，_ I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late.Athat BwhichCwhat Dwhen答案：B提示：由空前的“，”可知该定语从句不能用that来引导，排除A项；what不能引导定语从句，排除C项；从句中的about 缺少宾语，因此排除不能作宾语的when，而which可以在从句中作宾语且可以引导非限制性定语从句，故选B项。（
26、9）Maria has written two novels, both of _ have been made into television series.Athem BthatCwhich Dwhat答案：C提示：先行词为two novels, 所以介词之后需要选用关系代词which。句意：玛利亚写了两本小说，都拍摄成了电视连续剧。故选C项。（10）The air quality in the city，_ is shown in the report，has improved over the past two months.AthatBitCas Dwhat答案：C提示：由空前的“，”可知该定语从句不能用that引导；it和what不能引导定语从句；只有as可以引导非限制性定语从句，此处的as代替的是“The air quality in the city has improved over the past two months.”。
