1、Section Discovering Useful Structures Grammar限制性定语从句()关系副词和“介词关系代词”新知导引.判断下列各句中的关系词在从句中充当什么成分1There are many reasons _ this is possible, but one of the main factors is the Chinese writing system.Im not satisfied with the reason _ you gave us for your failure in the exam.2Over the years, it developed
2、 into different forms because that was a time _ the Chinese people were divided geographically.It was a pleasant time _ we spent together working on the challenging project.3Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one unified country _ the Chinese writing system began to develop in on
3、e direction.China is a highly civilized country _ appeals to so many foreigners.在空白处填入适当的介词1These were animal bones and shells _ which symbols were carved by ancient Chinese people.2Written Chinese has also become an important means _ which Chinas present is connected with its past.语法精讲一、关系副词引导的定语从句
4、1when引导定语从句的用法(1)当先行词是表示时间的名词(如time, day, year, month, week等)，且关系词在从句中作时间状语时，定语从句用when引导。(2)when可以换成“介词which”。Winter is the time of year when (in which) the day is short while the night is long.冬天是一年中昼短夜长的时候。She is looking forward to the day when(on which) her daughter wins a gold medal at the Olymp
5、ics.她盼望有一天她的女儿能在奥运会上赢得金牌。 名师点津当先行词是表示时间的名词时，既可以用when引导定语从句，也可以用that或which引导定语从句，关键要看关系词在定语从句中作何种成分。若关系词在定语从句中充当状语，则用when引导；若关系词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，则用that或which引导。Do you still remember the days (that/which) we spent together on the farm？你还记得我们一起在农场度过的那些日子吗？(that或which作spent的宾语)Do you still remember the day
6、s when we chatted with each other all night？你还记得我们整夜聊天的那些日子吗？(when在从句中作状语) 即学即练1语法填空(1)We have entered into an age _ dreams have the best chance of coming true.(2)The exact year _ Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.2where引导定语从句的用法(1)当先行词是表示具体地点的名词(如place, room, mountain, airport等
7、)或表示抽象地点的名词(如case, state, condition, point, situation等)，且关系词在从句中作地点状语时，定语从句用where引导。We have reached a point where a change is needed.我们已经到了需要做出改变的地步。He gets into a situation where it is hard to tell what is right or wrong.他陷入一种难以判断对错的境地。(2)where可以换成“介词which”。This is the hotel where(in which) they st
8、ayed.这就是他们待过的那个旅馆。 名师点津当先行词为表示地点的名词时，如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，则用that或which引导定语从句。His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.他的父亲在一家制造收音机零件的工厂里工作。 辨析比较where引导的定语从句和状语从句(1) where引导定语从句时，为关系副词，在定语从句中作地点状语，其前有一个表示地点的先行词。此时，where可以换成“介词 which”结构。where引导的定语从句只能位于主句之后或句中，不能位于句首。Is there a shop aro
9、und where(in which) we can buy some fruit?附近有没有一个商店可以让我们在里面买些水果？(2)where引导状语从句时，为从属连词。where引导的地点状语从句修饰主句中的谓语动词，where前面没有表示地点的名词。此时，where不能换成“介词which”结构。where引导的地点状语从句可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后。Where there is a will，there is a way.(谚)有志者，事竟成。We should go where we are needed.我们应该到需要我们的地方去。 即学即练2(1)Their child i
10、s at the stage _ she can say individual words but not full sentences.Awhy BwhereCwhich Dwhat(2)Selfdriving is an area _ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.Athat BwhereCwhich Dwhen(3)语法填空By opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter into a wonderful and myster
11、ious world _ I am now a new character.Located _ the Belt meets the Road, Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.3why引导定语从句的用法(1)当先行词是表示原因的名词reason，且关系词在从句中作原因状语时，定语从句用why引导，且只能引导限制性定语从句。(2)why可以用for which来代替。This is the reason why(for which) he left in a hurry.这就是他匆匆离去的原因。 名师
12、点津若先行词为reason，且关系词在定语从句中不作状语，而是充当主语或宾语，则用that或which引导定语从句。The reason that/which he told me yesterday is a lie.昨天他告诉我的理由是个谎言。 即学即练3语法填空(1)There are several reasons _ school uniforms are a good idea. First of all, uniforms help the school look smart.(2)However, there are a number of other reasons _ mi
13、ght explain why you want to garden.二、“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句1关系代词的选择“介词关系代词”既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。在此结构中，先行词指人时关系代词用whom，不可用who/that；先行词指物时关系代词用which，不能用that。This is the student for whom I bought a book.这就是我给其买书的那个学生。This is the ship by which I went to Shanghai.这就是我去上海所乘的船。The film in which he played th
14、e leading role was a great success.他主演的那部电影非常成功。2介词的选择(1)根据定语从句中的谓语动词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。Is this the car for which you paid a high price?这就是你花高价买的那辆车吗？(pay. for sth.)In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.在漆黑的街上，没有一个她可以求助的人。(turn to sb. for help)(2)根据定语从句中的主要形容词与介词
15、的习惯搭配来确定介词。He brought the result with which the boss was satisfied.他带来了令老板满意的结果。(be satisfied with)(3)根据先行词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。先行词往往是表示时间、地点、原因、方式等的词。Can you tell me the way in which the machine works?你能告诉我这台机器的工作原理吗？(in the way)I cant remember the age at which he won the prize.我记不起他获奖时的年龄了。(at the age)(4
16、)根据句子的意思来确定介词。有些句子中，定语从句中的谓语动词/主要形容词与介词也不能构成固定搭配，这时，需要根据句子所要表达的意思来选择介词。This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years.这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。This kind of colorless gas without which we cant live is called oxygen.这种无色气体被称作氧气，没有它我们就不能生存。3介词可以后移，此时关系代词可以省略(省略时，介词必须后移)。This is the book fo
17、r which you asked.这是你要的那本书。This is the book(which/that)you asked for.这是你要的那本书。 名师点津有些固定的动词短语一般不能拆开，介词一般只能放在动词的后面。4在“介词关系代词”结构中，介词也可换成介词短语，如by means of, because of, at the foot of, at the back of, in front of, on the top of等。若介词短语表示位置，则定语从句往往用倒装语序。Sound is a tool by means of which people communicate
18、with each other.声音是人们互相交流的工具。They stayed in a big hotel in front of which was a garden.他们住在一家大旅馆里，旅馆前面是一个花园。I am talking to a teacher in the classroom at the back of which stands a bookshelf with all kinds of books.我正和一位老师在教室里谈话，教室的后面放着一个书架，书架上有各种类型的书。第一版块|核心单词1struggle n难事；斗争；努力 vi.奋斗；努力；挣扎(教材P64)W
19、hen I started studying German, it was a struggle.当我开始学习德语的时候，那是一件很难的事。(1)n.斗争；奋斗；搏斗；挣扎；难事a power/leadership struggle 权力的争夺/领导权的斗争a struggle for independence 争取独立的斗争(2)vi.斗争；奋斗；搏斗struggle for 为(争取)而斗争/奋斗struggle with 与作斗争；与并肩作战struggle against. 为反对而斗争；与抗争She will not give up her children without a st
20、ruggle.她不会轻易放弃自己的孩子。She has been struggling against her illness for many years.她已经与疾病抗争了许多年。 即学即练单句语法填空/完成句子To get an education, he was struggling _ many difficulties.He struggled _ (explain) what he heard in his head.It was _ struggle for the poor family to earn a living on the little farm.The coun
21、try is struggling _ peace.Dina, _ (struggle) for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.Man _ (一直与作斗争)nature.Though he was badly injured, he _ (挣扎着站了起来)词语积累：the struggle between good and evil善恶之争It is a struggle for sb. to do sth.对某人来说做某事是件难事。strugg
22、le to do sth.努力做某事struggle to ones feet挣扎着站起来a country struggling for independence为独立而奋斗的国家佳句赏析：Shes struggling to bring up her children on a very low income.她以微薄的收入艰难地抚养自己的孩子。2tongue n舌头；语言(教材P64)The words felt strange on my tongue, and the grammar would not stay in my head.我觉得这句话很奇怪，语法也不会在我大脑里停留。p
23、ut/stick out ones tongue 伸出舌头ones mother/native tongue 母语a sharp tongue 说话尖刻on the tip of ones tongue 话到嘴边；差点说出bite ones tongue 保持缄默；忍住不说Chinese is my mother tongue/native language.汉语是我的母语。The doctor asked me to put/stick out my tongue, and let him have a look at the color of it.医生要我伸出舌头，让他看看舌头的颜色。
24、即学即练单句语法填空/完成句子Train yourself _ “(bite) your tongue”， and with a little practice youll get really good _ letting things go.I tried speaking to her in her _ tongue (母语)I love my _ (祖国), I must learn _ (母语) well.佳句赏析：On some occasions, people have to bite their tongue.在一些场合，人们不得不保持缄默。The woman has a s
25、harp tongue, her words often make us unbearable.这女人说话尖刻，她的话常让人难以忍受。3.point of view观点；看法(教材P64).I could see the world from a different point of view.我能从不同的角度看这个世界。from ones point of view 依照某人的观点，在某人看来have/get a good view of 好好欣赏/观看in ones view 按照某人的观点，在某人看来come into view 进入视野a different point of view
26、 一个不同的观点There are a number of different points of view on this issue.关于这个问题有许多不同的观点。You can hear the roar and see the mist rise into the air before the falls come into view.在瀑布尚未映入眼帘之前，你就可以听到怒吼般的水声，看到袅袅升至空中的雾气。From my point of view, this is the major means to solve global affairs.在我看来，这是解决全球事务的主要手段。
27、 即学即练完成句子I respect your _ (观点), but Im not sure I agree with you._ (在我看来)，there is no way they can win.You can _ (好好欣赏) the beautiful sunrise and sunset from the window.归纳拓展：表示“在我看来”的短语有I think，from my point of view, in my view, in my opinion, as far as Im concerned等。4.the比较级，the比较级(教材P64).the more
28、I learnt of a language, the more my brain would grow.我对一门语言学得越多，我的大脑就越发达。句式分析“the比较级(主语谓语)，the比较级(主语谓语)”意为“越，就越”。The more he drank, the more violent he became.他喝得越多，就变得越狂暴。The more, the better.多多益善。 即学即练单句语法填空/完成句子The _ (hard) you work, the more progress you will make.The more a person _ (read), the
29、 wiser he or she will become.With the winter approaching, the day becomes shorter _ shorter.越早越好。The sooner, _.你越小心，你犯的错误就越少。_， the fewer mistakes you will make.她发现那项工作越来越缺乏吸引力了。She found the job _ attractive.归纳拓展：越来越的表达比较级and比较级more and more多音节形容词原级学法点拨：在“the比较级(主语谓语)，the比较级(主语谓语)”结构中，第一个“the比较级”是表
30、示条件的状语从句，在表示将来意义的情况下，从句谓语用一般现在时表将来，第二个“the比较级”中谓语用一般将来时。基础知识自测.定语从句单句语法填空1Living abroad may often make us feel lonely as home is the place _ our heart should be.2As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time _ he should be able to be independent.3He is a teacher of rich ex
31、perience from _ much can be learned.4Bill set up a club for football fans _ which he invited all his friends.5The reason _ she likes city life is that she can have easy access (通路) to places like shops and restaurants.6I dont have enough money _ which I can buy such an expensive dress.7The chair _ w
32、hich you spent 500 yuan is made of stone.8He wrote a letter _ he explained what had happened in the accident.9In our city there are several big public parks _ which many people can go to enjoy the beautiful scenery.10Is this the reason _ he gave at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?.句型转换1
33、We settled down in a small village.In front of the village ran a winding river. We settled down in a small village _ ran a winding river.2She has three sons.All of her sons are abroad now. She has three sons and _ are abroad now.She has three sons, _ are abroad now.3There are sixty students in our c
34、lass.Thirty of the students in our class are girls. There are sixty students in our class, _ are girls.4The school lies in the east of the town.He once studied in the school. The school _ he once studied lies in the east of the town.5Do you remember the days？On those days we played together.Do you r
35、emember the days _ we played together?Section Discovering Useful Structures 语法精讲难点透析新知导引.判断下列各句中的关系词在从句中充当什么成分1答案与解析：why关系副词why作原因状语that/which关系代词that/which作gave的宾语2答案与解析：when关系副词when作时间状语that/which关系代词that/which作spent的宾语3答案与解析：where关系副词where作地点状语that/which关系代词that/which作从句的主语.在空白处填入适当的介词1答案与解析：on此处
36、用介词on表示“在上”。2答案与解析：by此处用介词by表示方式。语法精讲即学即练1答案与解析：(1)when句意：我们已经进入了一个梦想最有可能实现的时代。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为an age，空处在定语从句中充当时间状语。故用关系副词when。(2)which/that句意：安杰拉和她的家人一起在中国度过的那年正是2008年。空处引导定语从句，先行词是The exact year，定语从句中的谓语动词spent后面缺少宾语，所以要用关系代词that或which引导定语从句。即学即练2答案与解析：(1)B句意：他们的孩子处于一个会说个别的词但不会说完整句子的阶段。先行词s
37、tage意为“阶段”，表示抽象地点，空处引导定语从句，在从句中作状语，故用in which或者where。故选B。(2)B分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词an area，关系词在从句中作地点状语，因此用where，在此处相当于in which。(3)where句意：打开一本小说，我能放下负担，进入一个美妙而又神秘的世界，在那里我是一个全新的人物。分析句子结构可知，定语从句“_ I am now a new character”修饰先行词world，空处在从句中作地点状语。故用关系副词where。where句意：江苏位于“一带”和“一路”的交会点，将对“一带一路”的建设做出更多的贡
38、献。where在此引导地点状语从句。即学即练3答案与解析：(1)why分析句子结构可知，定语从句“_ school uniforms are a good idea”修饰先行词reasons，且空处在从句中作原因状语。故用关系副词why。(2)that/which分析句子结构可知，空处所填词引导定语从句，先行词为other reasons，从句中缺少主语。故填that/which。知识探究讲练互动1with/againstto explainaforhaving struggledhas been struggling with/againststruggled to his feet2to
39、bite; atmother/nativemother land/native country; mother tongue/native language3point of viewFrom my point of view/In my view/In my opinionhave/get a good view of4harderreadsandthe betterThe more careful you areless and less课时达标随堂自测.定语从句单句语法填空1where2.when3.whom4.to5.why6.with7.on8where9.to10.which/that.句型转换1in front of which2.all of themall of whom3.thirty of whom4.where5.when
