1、Section Discovering Useful StructuresGrammar定语从句()新知导引用适当的关系代词完成下面教材中的句子并体会它们的语法特征1There were deep cracks _ appeared in the well walls.2Eleven kilometres directly below the city, one of the most deadly earthquakes of the 20th century had begun, a quake _ even caused damage more than 150 kilometres a
2、way in Beijing.3Two thirds of the people _ lived there were dead or injured.4The number of people _ were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400,000.5Soon after the quakes, the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those _ were trapped and to bury the dead.6Workers built s
3、helters for survivors _ homes had been destroyed.7What kind of help do you think people _ have suffered an earthquake need?语法精讲一、定语从句的基本概述1定语从句的定义：在复合句中修饰或限定主句中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，它所修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词。限制性定语从句与先行词之间的关系非常密切，从句说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况。限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整。引导定语从句的关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。2关系词的作用：连接主句和从句；指代先行词；在
4、从句中充当句子成分。3关系词的分类：关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose, as(本单元讲前五个的用法)；关系副词：when, where, why。二、关系代词的基本用法关系代词用于替代指人或物的先行词，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。1who指人，在定语从句中可以作主语或宾语。Here comes the girl who wants to see you.想见你的那个女孩过来了。(who在从句中作主语)He is the man who I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见到的人。(who在从句中作宾语) 即学即练1语法填空They we
5、re well trained by their masters _ had great experience with caring for these animals.2whom指人，在定语从句中只作宾语，可省略，也可用who代替。Rose is the person (whom/who) you should look after.罗丝是你应该照顾的人。3whose指人或物，在定语从句中作定语。They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那个人的车坏了，他们冲过去帮忙。 即学即练2语法填空I live next d
6、oor to a couple _ children often make a lot of noise.4which一般指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时一般可省略。China is a country which has a long history.中国是一个历史悠久的国家。(which在从句中作主语)The package (which) you are carrying is about to fall.你拿的包快掉了。(which在从句中作宾语)5that既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时一般可省略。指人时一般可用who替代，指物时一般可用which
7、替代。The number of people that/who come to visit this city each year reaches one million.每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。 即学即练3语法填空A school in Ireland has introduced an interesting new uniform. On the edge (边缘) of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth _ gives off light in the dark.关系代词替代先行词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或表语，因此定语从句
8、中不能再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。昨天你借我的那本书十分有趣。误The book (that/which) you lent it to me yesterday is very interesting.正The book (that/which) you lent to me yesterday is very interesting.三、关系代词的选择1宜用that不用which的情况(1)当先行词是all, much, anything, something, everything, nothing, little, none等不定代词时。She told me everythin
9、g that she knew.她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。 即学即练4语法填空I refuse to accept the blame for something _ was someone elses fault.As a grassroots singer, she reads everything _ she can get hold of concerning music, and takes every opportunity to improve herself.(2)当先行词为序数词或被序数词修饰，或先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。This is the most
10、 exciting football game that I have ever seen.这是我看过的最激动人心的足球比赛。The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.在桂林他们参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。(3)当先行词被all, no, few, any, little, some, much, the last, the only, the very等修饰时。Ive read all the books that were borrowed from others.我已经读了从别人那儿借来的所有的书
11、。Mr. Smith is the only foreigner that she knows.史密斯先生是她唯一认识的外国人。 即学即练5语法填空Please send us all the information _ you have about the candidate for the position.(4)当先行词既有人又有物时。The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Childrens Palace.外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看
12、到的少先队员以及他们的表演。(5)当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，为了避免/w/音的重复，一般用that引导。Who is the girl that spoke to you?跟你说话的那个女孩是谁？Which is the car that has overtaken us?超过我们的是哪辆车？(6)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词本身在定语从句中也作表语时。此时句子一般带有类比含义。He is no longer the star that he was.他不再是过去的那位明星了。(7)当主句以here，there开头且先行词指物时。Here is the hotel
13、that youve been looking for.这就是你一直在找的那家旅馆。2宜用which不用that的情况(1)当先行词为that时。Whats that which he asked for？他要的是什么？(2)当先行词与作宾语的关系代词分隔时。Ill send you a book next month which youll like.下个月我将给你寄去一本你喜欢的书。(3)在限制性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中前一个的关系代词是that，那么后一个的关系代词宜用which。Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from t
14、he library which was newly opened.我给你看看这本从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。3宜用who不用that的情况(1)先行词是指人的不定代词时，如one, anyone, no one, all, nobody, anybody, none等，或先行词为those或被those修饰且指人时。The student you should learn from is the one who works hard and studies well.你应该向那个努力学习而且学习好的学生学习。 即学即练6The students benefitting most from c
15、ollege are those _ are totally engaged (参与) in academic life, taking full advantage of the colleges chances and resources (资源)(2)个句子中含有两个定语从句，且先行词都为人时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个一般应用who。The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.昨晚你遇到的那个男孩是小组组长，(他)学习非常努力。四、定语从句中的主谓一致一般情况下，关
16、系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句谓语动词的人称和数一般与先行词的人称和数保持一致。The books that were sold out in two weeks were all written by Tom.两周内卖光的那些书都是汤姆写的。Im fond of the piece of music which was played by Jenny.我喜欢珍妮弹的那首曲子。特别提醒“one of the可数名词复数定语从句”结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式；而“the only/very/right one of the可数名词复数定语从句”结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。,H
17、e is one of the players who were presented with the medal.,他是被授予了奖章的运动员之一。,He is the only one of the players who was presented with the medal.他是唯一一位被授予了奖章的运动员。 即学即练7Barbara is easy to recognize as shes the only one of the women who _ (wear) evening dress.重要词语讲练1.supply n&vt.(教材P52)The supplies which
18、 were provided to the disaster area were collected from around the country.提供给灾区的补给品是从全国各地收集来的。句式分析句子主语是the supplies，谓语是were collected.，which是关系代词引导一个定语从句。因which代表先行词supplies，所以which是复数意义，从句谓语是复数形式were provided。(1)n.供应(量)；补给；pl.补给品supply and command 供求the electricity/water/gas supply 电力/水/煤气供应medica
19、l/relief supplies 医疗用品/救援物资(2)vt.供应；供给 为某人/某物提供某物They supply the country with oil.They supply oil to the country.他们为那个国家供应石油。 即学即练单句语法填空/完成句子At the beginning of the semester, students _ (supply) with a list of books that they are expected to read.They will supply us _ technology in support without a
20、sking for anything in return.This book will supply some scientific methods _ us in English learning.Our school library can provide all kinds of good books _ students.Finally, the manager offered a good job _ me.This _ (给我提供了一个机会) to show my appreciation to my headmistress.We _ (提供给无家可归的人) food and c
21、lothes.We are short of _ (食物供应)词语辨析：supply, provide与offer(1)supply尤指大量供应、供给(一般来讲须给钱)supply sb. with sth.supply sth. to sb.(2)provide强调提供所需之物；往往意味着“免费供给”provide sb. with sth.provide sth. for sb.I provide him with all his rights.我向他提供了他的所有权利。(3)offer强调主动提供offer sb. sth.offer sth. to sb.They decided to
22、 offer Jo the job.他们决定让乔做这个工作。 2.survive vi.&vt.(教材P52)Shes feeding the baby who survived the earthquake.她正在给地震中幸存下来的婴儿喂食。句式分析句中who代表先行词the baby引导一个定语从句，修饰限制the baby。(1)vi.生存；存活survive on 靠生存下来survive from 从时存活下来/流传下来(2)vt.幸存；艰难度过；比活得时间长survive sb. by. 比某人多活How do you survive on such a low salary？你是
23、如何靠这么低的工资维持生计的？But still, I believe I can survive from this challenge.但我仍然相信我能战胜这个挑战。The old man has survived his wife.这位长者比他的妻子活得长。 即学即练单句语法填空The old lady has survived all her sisters and brothers _ ten years.I dont know how you all manage to survive _ such little money.误区警示：survive表示“幸存；幸免于”时为及物动词
24、，其后直接加宾语，不可再加介词in/from/after。词语积累：survival n生存；幸存survivor n幸存者；生还者基础知识自测.用适当的关系代词填空1Do you remember those days _ we spent along the seashore very happily?2He was the only one of the boys _ was late for class.3Please go through the text and underline the words _ meanings you dont know.4When the news
25、of Jin Yongs passing away (去世) was reported, there were many fans on social media _ expressed their sadness over his death.5Do you have anything _ you want me to take to your younger brother?6Well reach the sales targets in a month _ we set at the beginning of the year.7The writer and his novel _ yo
26、u have just talked about are really wellknown.8For those _ want to see the film, put down your names, please.9There is no success without hard work; success is something _ is only earned after much labor.10Remember that there is still one point _ we must make clear at the conference (会议) tomorrow.11
27、According to the new plan, students can choose the teacher _ class they wish to take.12He spent his Sunday afternoon in the library _ was built of stone.用定语从句合并句子1Do you know the man? The man spoke to the headmaster just now.Do you know the man _？2I have seen the film. Theyre talking about the film.
28、I have seen the film _.3The book was written by Mark Twain. He was a famous American writer.The book was written by Mark Twain _.4Last week Mary wore the dress. I gave it to her.Last week Mary wore the dress _.5The girl is from America. Her father is a Chinese.The girl _ is from America.6My grandpar
29、ents live in a house. It is more than 100 years old.My grandparents live in a house _.完成句子1这就是我在这儿旅行时住过的旅馆。This is the very hotel _ when I was travelling here.2这正是我要找的那本书。This is the very book _.3发生在1976年的唐山地震使全世界人民感到震惊。The earthquake _ shocked the people all over the world.4她是通过考试的女孩之一。She is one o
30、f the girls _.Section Discovering Useful Structures Grammar定语从句()语法精讲难点透析新知导引1that/which2.which/that3.who/that4.who/that5.who6.whose7.who/that语法精讲即学即练1答案与解析：who考查定语从句的关系词。此处先行词是their masters，且关系词在从句中作主语，指人，故用who。即学即练2答案与解析：whose句意：我住在一对夫妻的隔壁，他们的孩子常常很吵闹。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，该从句修饰先行词a couple，且空处在从句中作定语。故
31、用关系代词whose。即学即练3答案与解析：that/which分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为a piece of cloth，指物，且定语从句中缺少主语。故填关系代词that/which。即学即练4答案与解析：that句意：我拒绝接受因别人的错而针对我的责备。不定代词something作先行词，常用that引导定语从句。that句意：作为一名草根歌手，她阅读能够得到的与音乐有关的一切，并利用每一次机会提升自己。不定代词everything作先行词，常用that引导定语从句。即学即练5答案与解析：that分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为information，且被al
32、l修饰。故定语从句要用that引导。即学即练6答案与解析：who句意：从大学受益最多的学生是那些完全投入到学术生活中，并充分利用大学的机会和资源的学生。根据句意以及句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，其先行词为those(指人)，空处在从句中作主语，所以用关系代词who引导定语从句。即学即练7答案与解析：wears考查主谓一致和时态。句意：芭芭拉容易被认出来，因为她是唯一一个穿晚礼服的女士。当“the only one of the可数名词复数”为先行词时，定语从句的谓语动词应该用单数形式。另外，由题干中的时态及语境可知，这里要用一般现在时，故填wears。知识探究讲练互动重要词语讲练1are s
33、uppliedwithtofortooffered me a chanceprovide/supply the homeless withfood supply2byon课时达标随堂自测.用适当的关系代词填空1that/which2.that3.whose4.who5.that6.that/which7.that8.who9.that10.that11.whose12.that/which.用定语从句合并句子1who/that spoke to the headmaster just now2that/which theyre talking about3who was a famous American writer4that/which I gave to her5whose father is a Chinese6which/that is more than 100 years old.完成句子1(that) I stayed at2that I am looking for3that/which happened in Tangshan in 19764who have passed the exam
