1、2016届山东省临沂市第二中学高三上学期期中考试英语试卷（带解析）满分:班级：_姓名：_考号：_第II卷（非选择题）本试卷第二部分共有9道试题。一、阅读理解（共5小题）1.阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。International Exchange ProgrammeThe application form for participation on the exchange programme for 201617 can be found in Application Procedures Applying QualificationCurrent Qu
2、een Mary undergraduate students(with the exception of students in Biomedical Sciences，Chemistry，Dentistry and Medicine)have qualifications to apply. Law StudentsStudents enrolled in The School of Law should contact Sheila Shirley(sshirleyqmulacuk)for details of study abroad opportunities. English an
3、d Drama StudenStudents cannot study abroad for the full academic year. Students will be able to spend only the autumn semester studying at one of our exchange partners Applications A complete application will consist of the two-page application form，a personal statement and a supporting academic ref
4、erenceStudents should follow these application procedures. Applicants must ensure they have spoken to their departmental study abroad instructor before submitting their applicationApplications can be submitted in person at The Study Abroad Office(E09，Ground Floor，QueensBuilding)or by email to hgibne
5、yqmulacukNew Exchange Partners for 20162017For 201617 we hope to offer students the opportunity to study abroad at the following new partners：The University of PennsylvaniaUPenn(USA)，The University of Sydney(Australia) and Waseda University(Japan)Should we be unable to send students to any of these
6、new institutions on exchange，and if you intend to include one or more of these destinations with your application，please provide at least one alternative destination from the list of other partner programmes1Who can apply for the exchange programme?AStudents in Biomedical SciencesBStudents in Chemis
7、tryCStudents in DentistryDStudents in English and Drama2The law students who want to study abroad should_Aemail to hgibneyqmulacukBemail to sshirleyqmulacukCgo to E09，Ground Floor，QueensBuildingDgo to Masons Lecture Theatre Hall，Bancroft Building3What will you do if you cant be sent to the new excha
8、nge partners?AWait for another proper opportunityBCancel your exchange programmeCProvide another university from the listDContact the university by yourself考点：广告布告答案：1-3 DBC试题解析：1细节理解此题用排除法。根据文章第二段中的Current Queen Mary undergraduate students(with the exception of students in Biomedical Sciences，Chemi
9、stry，Dentistry and Medicine)have qualifications to apply可把ABC三个选项都排除在外，故选D。2细节理解根据第三段中的Students enrolled in The School of Law should contact Sheila Shirley(sshirleyqmulacuk)for details，可知本题选B。3细节理解由最后一段中的Should we be unable to send students to any of these new institutions on exchange，and if you int
10、end to include one or more of these destinations with your application，please provide at least one alternative destination from the list of other partner programme，可知本题选C。2.Traveling to Cuba as an American is like jumping through hoops(环)To help you better prepare for your trip，here are what you nee
11、d to know about traveling to Cuba You wilI need to obtain a visa to travel to CubaYou11 need to apply for the visa associated with your travel purposes，such as religious or medical travel，family visits，or people-to-people travel，which is the most common type of visa attained by Americans Because of
12、the USrestriction，banks have not yet been able to establish a foothold in Cuba，meaning its a cashfocused countryYou can exchange currency at the Jos Mart International Airport or at your hotelKeep in mind that there is a 10 percent fee to exchange UScurrency for Cuban currencyYou11 also want to be s
13、ure to carry change for tips You can reserve a hotel room in Cuba onlineThen you can call to confirm your reservationYou can also book through a travel agencyHowever，payment can be tricky：Even if you pay for your room through your travel agent，the restriction may prevent your payment from reaching y
14、our hotel in time(another reason to book well in advance)Come prepared with enough cash to cover the cost，just in case If you expect to find the blue waters，volcanic landscapes and beautiful villages of other nearby islands，you11 be disappointedBut beauty is not hard to find hereOld Havanaa UNESCO W
15、orld Heritage Siteis home to splendid architecture and a bit of paladars(privately owned restaurants)Limited economic opportunities have led Cubans to be creative in other waysYou cant go two blocks without coming across street paintings，art studios and joyful ballet music1Most Americans get the vis
16、a to Cuba by_Afamily visitsBpeople-to-people travelCreligious travelDmedical travel2How much will you pay if you want to exchange$1000 for Cuban money?A$20B$50C$100D$2003Which does the author think is worth seeing in Cuba?AFantastic buildingsBBlue watersCBeautiful villagesDVolcanic landscapes4Which
17、can be the best title of the passage?AHow to prepare a travel?BTips on Visiting CubaCRestrictions in CubaDBe careful，Americans考点：历史地理答案：1-4 BCAB试题解析：1细节理解由文章第二段中的最后一句people-to-people travel，which is the most common type of visa attained by Americans可知B选项正确。2细节理解根据文章第三段中的Keep in mind that there is a
18、10 percent fee to exchange UScurrency for Cuban currency，可知要收取10%的手续费，故答案C符合文意。3细节理解根据对文章第五段的整体理解，尤其是本段的第一句，可知应选A。4.标题判断综合全文所讲的内容，主要讲述的是美国人在去古巴旅游的时候应该注意的一些问题，故B选项的意思正确。3. Think about the last time you felt afraidWas it a fear of height?Did you oversleep on a weekday and fear youd get into trouble at
19、 the office?In any case，you know what it feels like to feel fear But one woman doesntThe woman，code-named“UM”，gave her first-ever interview after years of being studied by a team of researchersThe woman is given a code name because the researchers want to protect her from anyone who would take advan
20、tage of her inability to feel afraid UM cant tell you what fear is because shes never experienced it“I wonder what its like to actually be afraid of something，”she saidThe formal name for the disease is Urbach-Wieth disease，which is characterized by a hoarse(粗哑的)voice，small bumps around the eyes，and
21、 calcium deposits(钙沉积的)in the brain In the case of UM，the disease has transformed the part of her brain that controls the human response to fearIn the interview，UM talks about an event in her life where she was held at knifepoint and gunpoint，“I was walking to the store，and I saw a man on a park ben
22、chHe saidCome here，please，so I went over to himHe grabbed me by the shirt，put a knife to my throat and told me he was going to cut meI told him，Go ahead and cut me，I wasnt afraid at a11And for some reason，he let me go” Doctors who have been studying UMs condition for years have been trying different
23、 things that could strike fear into herThey finally figured something outincreasing UMs carbon dioxide levelsExtra carbon dioxide concentration in the blood is known to cause fear and panic in health individualsIncreasing UMs carbon dioxide levels did manage to give her a fright1The text starts by_A
24、challenging the readerBsolving daily problemsC1isting situationsDgiving explanations2Why is the woman with Urbach-Wieth disease given a code name?ATo tell her case from other patientsBTo respect her privacyCTo meet the researchersdemandsDTo ensure her safety3From UMs case，we can know that Urbach-Wie
25、th disease may_.Astop the brain from functioning normallyB1ead to a decrease in calcium depositsCstop the brain from responding quicklyD1ead to an increase in carbon dioxide4What will probably happen to UM?ADying of the Urbach-Wieth diseaseBGetting the sense of panicCExperiencing another dangerDSpea
26、king with a hoarse voice考点：健康保健答案：1-4 CDAB试题解析：1细节理解根据文章第一段第二句提出的问题以及下文的人内容，可知道文章的开头首先是通过一连串的问题情境把读者带入到这个话题里的。故答案C正确。2细节理解根据文章第二段中的最后一句The woman is given a code name because the researchers want to protect her from anyone who would take advantage of her inability to feel afraid，可知D的意思与之相符，故选D。3细节理解根
27、据文章第三第四段所说的内容，可知道这种病是能够影响大脑，对个人的反应起到一定的作用的。结合各个选项的意思，可知应选A。4推理判断根据文章最后一段的内容中的increasing UMs carbon dioxide levelsExtra carbon dioxide concentration in the blood is known to cause fear and panic in health individuals，可知道，增加体内血液中的二氧化碳浓度可以引起一个人的惊恐，故选B。4.Nearing the age of 101 has not slowed down one Ja
28、panese womanIn fact，in the swimming poolshe is only getting fasterRecently，a 100-year-old Japanese woman became the worlds first centenarian to complete a 1，500-meter freestyle swimming competition in a 25-meter poo1Her name is Mieko NagaokaMsNagaoka set a world record for her age group at a recent
29、Japan Masters Swimming Association event in the western city of MatsuyamaShe swam the race in 1hour，15 minutes and 54 secondsBy comparison，the overall female world record holder completed the same distance in just under 15 and a half minutesBut that swimmer，Katie Ledecky，is only 17 years oldAnd MsNa
30、gaoka was not competing against herIn fact，MsNagaoka was the only competitor in the 100-104 year old categoryHer race was not a race of speed but of endurance，or not giving upBreaking swimming records is nothing new to MsNagaokaSo far she has broken 25 recordsBut she began competing when she was muc
31、h youngerat 88.MsNagaoka sufferred a knee injury in her 80s，so she began swimming to help her body recoverSince her first international swimming competition，she hasnt looked back，except maybe to see if her competition is catching upIn 2002at a masters swim meet in New Zealand，MsNagaoka took the bron
32、ze medal in the 50-meter backstrokeIn 2004，she won three silver medals at an Italian swim meet.Masters swimming is a special class of competitive swimming to promote health and friendship among participantsSwimmers compete within age groups of five years.Japan has a large number of people who live b
33、eyond 100 years oldUntil she passed away this month，the oldest person in the world was also from JapanMisao Okawa was born in 1 898She said her secrets for longevity，or long life，were good genes，regular sleep，sushi and exercise.1The underlined word“centenarian”refers to someone who is_Afrom JapanB10
34、0 or olderCan old competitorD.a new swimmer2Which is possibly the age category of the masters swimming competition?A82 to 87 years oldB93 to 97 years old.C95 to 99 years oldD106 to 110 years old.3It can be inferred from the passage that_Asome people are born with longevity genesBpeople who like swim
35、ming live longerCthe Japanese are interested in swimmingDwoman usually live much longer than men4Which can best explain the spirit of MsNagaoka?ANot to advance is to go backBAfter a storm comes a calm.CThe early bird catches the wormDKeep on going，never give up.考点：人物故事答案：1-4 BCAD试题解析：1词义猜测由该词前面出现的10
36、0-year-old可推断，centenarian一词应该指代的是一位一百岁以上的长者。故选B。2. 细节理解根据文章中第八段的内容，可知master是以5年作为一个年龄组别的。由于Ms. Nagaoka是参加了100-104这个组别的（在文章中第四段的最后一句中讲到），再分析选项中的其它年龄组别的，按照计算，可知道应选C。3. 推理判断根据文章最后一段的最后一句She said her secrets for longevity，or long life，were good genes，regular sleep，sushi and exercise，可推断A选项正确。4. 推理判断综合全文
37、的内容，可知Ms. Nagaoka虽然年老，但一直都坚持游泳，可知D选项的意思与之相匹配。5.根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Its reported that a male waiter recently poured boiling water over a female customer at a hot pot restaurant after the woman was caught complaining about the waiters bad service online. 1 The female victim，surna
38、med Lin，reportedly got into an argument with the waiter，surnamed Zhu，when Zhu refused her repeated request for additional soup for her potLin was rushed to hospital and was diagnosed with severe bums on up to 40of her body 2Many netizens criticized the waiter for being too impulsive and ignoring the
39、 possible consequences，but some also accused Lin of being too pickyMeanwhile，some came up with a question worthy of discussion： 3 Many tragedies are caused by arguments and if the victim can control his or her anger and try to reach a compmmise，the tragedies could possibly be avoidedSometimes so-cal
40、led“cowardliness”can be a form of self-protection，especially when you are faced with strangers and you know little about their personalities 4 When they calm down afterwards，they would regret their“ridiculous”behavior and have to pay the price for the consequences In May，a male driver in the southwe
41、stern city of Chengdu was captured on film intercepting a womans car and dragging her out of her seat，throwing her on the ground，before cruelly kicking her several times on the head，simply because the woman suddenly changed lanes in front of his car. 5 Forgive othersmistakes and avoid fueling others
42、angerAccordingly，you may be less likely to suffer from unexpected troubles AWill the situation be out of control because of your anger? BIntolerance has contributed to lots of violent incidents CHow to keep ourselves safe when we argue with others? DThe waiter has been arrested for further investiga
43、tion and trial EThis incident caused an outcry among netizens and opinion leaders FBut it is difficult to control our anger when we have conflict with others.GSo next time you deal with conflict，it is more advisable to control your temper and say“sorry”with a smile考点：阅读还原句子答案：1-5 EDCBG试题解析：1. 作为总起段的
44、最后一句，由这段的内容可知，主要是讲一个女顾客在吃火锅的时候不断地要求男服务员加汤，导致男服务员不满，而最终把汤倒到了女顾客的身上的一事。由于空格前的一句最后出现了online一词，结合各个选项的意思，可知E正确。2. 本题所在的段落是对这件事情的进一步的细致的描述的，从空格前的一句，可知道是描述女顾客在事发后的情况的，故根据常理，空格中的句子应该就要描述男服务员在事发后的情况，故可选D。3. 根据空格前的前一句中的question，可知空格中的句子必须是一个疑问句；同时，根据下一段的内容，可知C为正确答案。4. 此空格是本段的总起句。分析本段的内容大意，可知B选项的内容与之相符。5. 此段主
45、要是讲如何适当地在冲突中控制自己的情绪，从而减少不必要的麻烦的，故可知G为正确选项。二、完形填空（共1小题）6.阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Feb5 was a bad day for meMy doctor 1 me and my parents that I had 2 cancer and that I had only a few months to liveI became so sad that I immediately 3 .Now I am actually 4 for all that
46、has happened to meI realize I would have never had to reflect and rethink about the purpose of my 5 if I had never been so close to 6 Had I not been 7 to this limit，I would not have developed a deep 8 of the beautiful gift of life and of everything around meI also would not have thought about how I
47、wanted to 9 the people around me in a positive way before leaving the worldThis is no 10 ；I dont even think it is sad in the 11 way to be honestIve been so 12 in my lifeIve lived in Paris，served the Peace Corps in Peru，fallen madly in love with the most 13 girl，have the most fantastic 14 and friends
48、 anyone could ever ask forand the 15 just goes onI 16 believe everything happens for a reasonIf terminal cancer had not 17 to me，I would not have been able to 18 my closest friends and family to appreciate the beautiful gift of life a little more and live more appreciative and 19 lives with my story
49、This is the purpose of my life I had been 20 all of my lifeIn fact，that is the reason Ive decided to write this article and go public with my story as wellIt is also the reason why I am，after all that Ive been through in the past few months，thankful for terminal cancer1Ainspected Binformed Cinsulted
50、 Dinterviewed2Atypical Bsensible Csupreme Dterminal3Acried Bburst Cbarked Dnumbed4Acheerful Bscared Cgrateful Dglad5A1ife Bsoul Cfaith Dgrowth6Aburden Bchaos Ccreed Ddeath7Ahooked Bpushed Cdragged Dmarched8Agratitude Bperseverance Cappreciation Dromance9Aseize Baffect Cflatter Ddominate10Atarget Bto
51、lerance Cmercy Dtragedy11Aslightest Bhighest Cfarthest D1ongest12Aexcited Bblessed Cinterested Ddeclined13Aexotic Bcourageous Csensitive Damazing14Aauthor Bacquaintance Cfamily Dcitizen15Adeed B1ist Cdoom Dscene16Astrongly Bdecently Cgenerally Dapproximately17Abelonged Battached Chappened Dappealed1
52、8Ainspire Bsuggest Ccommand Ddemand19Anegative Bobjective Csubjective Dpositive20Asearching for Bcaring for Caccounting for Dapplying for考点：人生百味答案：1-5 BDACA 6-10 DBCBD 11-15 ABDCB16-20 ACADA试题解析：1Inspect检阅，检查；inform通知；insult侮辱；interview面试，采访。根据下文这个动词后的宾语是me and my parents（我和我的父母），以及下文的内容，可知应选B。2Typi
53、cal典型的；sensible敏感的；supreme超级的；terminal末期的。根据此题后半句中I had only a few months to live，可知作者得的是末期癌症，故选D。3根据常理，知道自己命不久矣，反应当然是伤心地哭了（cry），故选A。4Cheerful高兴的；scared 害怕的；grateful感激的；glad高兴的。根据下文提到，说作者对自己身边的人和事有一种重新的认识，可知选C。5根据文章47、48题所在的句子中出现的the beautiful gift of life and of everything around me，可知此题答案选A，此处是同词复
54、现。6根据对上下文的理解，并结合各选项的意思，可知作者由于患的是末期癌症，那么他的生命即将结束，靠近死亡（death），故选D。7分析句子，可知这是一个虚拟局，根据对上下文的理解并结合题目中各个选项的意思，便知道句子所讲的意思是：如果我不是被推倒了（push）生命中的这个极限，我就不可能.，故选B。8Gratitude感激；perseverance坚持；appreciation欣赏，感激；romance浪漫。根据对下文中58题的句子的my closest friends and family to appreciate the beautiful gift of life a little m
55、ore理解，可知此处作者所讲的是欣赏生命中美丽的礼物。故选C，此处是同词复现。9Seize抓住；affect影响；flatter恭维；dominate主控。根据对上下文的理解，并结合各选项的意思，可知选B。10Target目标；tolerance忍受；mercy怜悯；tragedy悲剧。根据下一句中所说的I dont even think it is sad，可知道此处作者强调的是在并非是一个悲剧，故选D。11Slightest是一个形容词最高级，而in the slight是固定搭配，意思是：根本，一点也。根据句意，故选A。12. 根据对上下文的理解，可知作者并没有因为自己得了末期癌症而伤心
56、和放弃，相反，他从另一个角度看问题，感到这是一种福气（blessed）。可知本题应选B。13exotic外来的，异国的；courageous有勇气的；sensitive 敏感的；amazing令人惊喜的。根据下文中出现的fantastic，可知此处应选D。14根据此句所处的语境，可知此处提到了作者喜欢的女孩、朋友，故很容易推测空格里填的应该就是家人，故选C。15用于这个句子所处的语境都是在列举一些人，故应该用名词list，选B。16Strongly坚强地，坚定地；decently 正派地；体面地；generally总体地，大概的；approximately接近地。结合上下文的意思，可知此处所讲
57、的是：作者坚信（strongly believe），故选A。17根据对上下文的理解，并结合各选项的意思，可知作者在此处是假设如果这件事没有发生（happen）在他的身上，故此处答案应为C。18inspire鼓舞；suggest建议；command命令；demand要求。根据对上下文的理解并结合题目中各个选项的意思，可知作者是通过这件事来鼓舞自己身边的人的，故选A。19根据本句中的appreciative，可推断空格中的词必须是褒义词，结合选项中各个词的意思，可知答案为D。20search for寻找；care for 关心；account for的原因；apply for申请。根据句意，故选A
58、。三、单词拼写（共1小题）7.阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 Tu Yoyo，84，was 1 (honor)with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine on Oct 5She was the first Chinese citizen 2 win a Nobel Prize in scienceTu 3 (share)the prize with the Irish-born William Campbell and Satoshi Omura of Japan Tu 4 (be)a research
59、er at the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine nowShe was given the prize for developing artemisinin(青蒿素)，a new drug therapy against malaria(疟疾)， 5 has saved millions of lives worldwide，especially in developing countries Tu and her colleagues joined a government project to find a new malari
60、a drug 6 the late 1960sThey made 380 herbal extracts from two thousand recipes from traditional Chinese medical booksIn 1971，after nearly two hundred 7 (failure)，Tus team 8 (find)found an extract that was 100effective against the malaria parasitesartemisininIn 2001the World Health Organization made
61、artemisinin 9 (it)first choice in the treatment of malaria“The discovery of artemisinin is a gift to mankind from traditional Chinese medicineIts the collective achievement of the research team. 10 (win)the prize is an honor for Chinese science and traditional Chinese medicine，”Tu said考点：语法填空答案：1. h
62、onored 2.to 3.shared 4. is 5.which 6. in/during 7.failures 8.finally 9.its 10. Winning试题解析：1. 考点定位: 过去分词Be honored as 是固定搭配，意思是：被誉为。根据上下文的意思，可知此处填honored。2. 考点定位: 不定式在英语的习惯中，序数词后如果有动词，一般用动词的不定式，故此处填to。3. 考点定位: 时态和语态分析句子，可知此处填谓语动词。又由于事情是过去发生的，故用一般现在时，动词用过去式，故填shared。4. 考点定位:时态和语态分析句子，可知此处填谓语动词。又由于在本句
63、中出现关键性的时间状语now，可知要用一般现在时，主语是Tu，故用is。5. 考点定位: 定语从句分析句子成分可知这是一个定语从句，在从句中缺少主语，因为先行词是malaria（事物），而且从句和主句之间有逗号，故用which。6. 考点定位: 介词介词短语分析句子结构可知此处应该填介词，根据句意可知道应填in或者during。7. 考点定位:名词根据上下文，可知道修饰词是two hundred，故此处应该用动词的复数，故填failures。8. 考点定位:副词比较等级根据上下文的意思，可知道此处应该是要用副词修饰，故填finally。9. 考点定位: 代词不定代词分析本句的句子成分，并结合句
64、子的意思，可知此处缺少一个形容词性物主代词来修饰first choice，故填its。10. 考点定位: 动名词分析句子结构，可知空格处是本句的主语，故用动名词充当主语，填Winning。四、短文改错（共1小题）8.假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处错误，每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。 增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号()，并在其下面写出该加的词。 删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉。 修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意： 1每处错误及其修改均仅限一词： 2只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。
65、Im more than happy to hear youYou told me you were having trouble leam Chinese and wanted some advices from me Firstly，why not to learn to sing Chinese songs?Its a good way to learn Chinese and can make you feel relaxingSecondly，you can make some Chinese friendsAlthough you get along well with it，th
66、ey will help you to learn ChineseBeside，it will be helpful if you watched some Chinese TV programmes and read some Chinese novelsFinally，joining a club is also the good way to learn ChineseIn this way，you will get more chances to practice ChineseI hope the suggestions will be useful考点：短文改错答案：见解析试题解析
67、：1.在hear 后加fromhear from是固定搭配，意思是：收到的来信 。根据文章的意思，应该用hear from而不是hear。考点定位：考查词组短语2. learnlearninghave trouble （in） doing sth. 是固定搭配，意思是：做某事有困难。考点定位：考查词组短语3. advices advice advice是不可数名词，故其后不需要用复数形式。考点定位：考查名词4. 去掉why not 后面的toWhy not do sth. 是固定句型，意思是：为什么不呢。故把to 去掉。考点定位：考查固定句型5. relaxing relaxed分析句子的意思
68、，可知道relaxing在此句中是用来修饰you的，故这是错误，要用relaxed。考点定位：考查过去分词6.Although If 根据句子前后的意思可知此处的连词不能用表让步关系的although，要用表条件关系的If。考点定位：考查连词连接词7. it them由于上一句提到的是Chinese friends，可知代词要用复数形式，故用them。考点定位：考查代词不定代词8. Beside BesidesBeside是介词，意思是：在旁边；besides是副词或介词，意思是：除此以外。联系上下文，可知此处应该用besides。考点定位：考查连词连接词9. watched watch根据句
69、子的意思，这是一个条件状语从句，因此，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。故用watch。考点定位：时态和语态10. the a由于此处所说的是一种方法，故用不定冠词，用a。考点定位：考查冠词五、书面表达（共1小题）9.一家英语报社向中学生征文，主题是寻找身边的榜样。请根据下列要求完成短文。1身边的榜样是谁；2主要事迹表现。注意：1词数100左右：2可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。_考点：提纲作文答案：略试题解析：这是篇提纲式的说明文，要求考生以根据要点介绍一个身边自己学习的榜样。在写作的时候，根据要点的内容进行写作。在写作时要注意各个内容要点的不同而使用不同的时态。首先，身边的榜样，应该使用一般现在时，而他/她具体做的事情与事迹，要以一般过去时为主。除此以外，要注意写作过程中注意使用平时学到的短语和句型，注意行文的连贯和逻辑性。