1、名词一、名词的含义及分类 :名词是人类认识事物所使用的基本词汇,它主要用来指人或各种事物具体的名称,也可以指抽象的概念。名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、称呼语等。如:Jay Choulives inTaiwan.周杰伦住在台湾。(和是名词)Adogis eating abone.一只狗正在啃骨头。(和是名词) 名词类 别意 义例 词专有名词表示具体的人名、事物、国家、地名、机构、团体等的专有名称Jim , China, Qingdao, the UK, the Great Wall普通名词可数名词个体名词表示单个人的人或事物girl, student, desk, cat , c
2、ountry集合 名词表示一群人或一些事物的总称people, police, team, clothes, group不可数名词物质名词表示无法分为个体的物质water, ice, pork, cheese, air抽象名词表示抽象概念的词fun, healthy, happiness, love, care名 词 特 点词 尾 加 法词 尾 读 音 方 法例 词一般情况下加-s1. -s在清辅音后读s2. -s在浊辅音后读z3. -s在元音后读z4. 以音素 s , z , d 结尾的,读izdesksapplestreesoranges以-s, -x, -sh, -ch 结尾的加-es-
3、es读izboxeswatches以 f 或 fe 结尾的改f或fe为v 再加-es-ves读vzkniveswives以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i 加-es-ies读izdictionariesfamilies以元音字母加y结尾的加-s-s读zboys keys以o 结尾的有生命的事物加-es-es读ztomatoespotatoes无生命的事物加-s-s读zradiosphotos字母、数字要复数,其后加sEg: There are two fs in the word “office”. Many VIPs are coming to our city.1. 名词变复数的规则变化:特别注
4、意fish表示“鱼肉”时,为不可数名词,表示“条数”时,其复数形式与单数形式相同,但表示不同种类的鱼时,其复数形式为fishes。少数名词复数形式变化是不规律的:eg:man-men ;woman-women ;tooth-teeth ;child-children ;foot-feet; goose-geese;sheep-sheep;deer-deer ;mouse-mice二、不可数名词:1. 不可数名词:1). 不能直接用数字表数量; 2). 不能直接加a或an; 3). 没有复数形式; 4). 可用some、any、lots of、plenty of、much 修饰; 5). 可用“
5、量词短语”表示;2. 不可数名词的数量的表示方法: a / 数字+ 量词 + of + 不可数名词: a piece of paper a cup of tea a glass of milk 不可数名词:water;milk;oil;juice;cheese;butter;gas;air;salt;sugar;mutton;beef;chicken鸡肉;weather 天气;rubbish 垃圾;luggagebaggage 行李;information 信息;advice 建议;furniture 家具;equipment 设备;luck运气;work 工作;music 音乐;traffi
6、c 交通;room 空间;word 消息等。既可当可数名词又可当不可数名词的名词(只是意义不同): paper 论文;报纸(可数名词) 纸(不可数名词); experience 经历(可数名词)经验(不可数名词); fish 鱼(可数名词)鱼肉(不可数名词); work 作品(可数名词)工作(不可数名词); beauty 美人(可数名词)美丽(不可数名词); room 房间(可数名词)空间(不可数名词); word 话;单词(可数名词)消息(不可数名词); strength 优势;强项(可数名词)力量(不可数名词); change改变;变化(可数名词)零钱(不可数名词); study 研究(可
7、数名词)学习(不可数名词); success成功的人事(可数名词)成功(不可数名词)等。名词的数量修饰语(1) 只修饰可数名词many few several dozens of a couple of anumberof quiteafew manya (后跟可数名词单数) (2) 只修饰不可数名词alittlemuchabitof agreatdealof alargeamountof(3) 修饰可数名词与不可数名词均可some any enough plentyof alotof amassofquantitiesof most all名词的所有格:名词的格(表所属关系,作定语,限定修饰
8、名词)1. 有生命的名词所有格:“名词加s”(作前置定语)。Marys dictionary 玛丽的字典 kids toys 孩子们的玩具Childrens Day 儿童节 Teachers Day 教师节 2. 无生命的名词所有格: “of+名词”(作后置定语)。the theme of the passage 文章的主旨; the title of the song 歌名3. 双重所有格:“of + 名词所有格”或“of + 名词性物主代词”(作后置定语)。 a brother of my fathers 我父亲的一个兄弟; a friend of mine 我的一个朋友注:1. 两人或多
9、人共同拥有某件东西,只需在最后一个人的名字后加s。若表示各自拥有时,则需要在每个名字后加s。如: Mrs. Green is Lily and Lucys mother. 格林夫人是莉莉和露西的母亲。 I have invited Andys mother and Janes mother to my home. 我已邀请安迪的母亲和简的母亲到我家里作客。2. 用于表示时间、距离、国家、地点、自然现象等无生命事物的名词,可以加s构成所有格,且有些已成为固定用法。如: a weeks time 一周的时间; ten minutes journey 十分钟的路程 Chinas entry to t
10、he World Trade Organization 中国加入WTO4. 由some、any、no、every与one、body结合的复合不定代词something、anythiny等和else连用时,所有格应加在else 的后面。名词的句法作用1. 作主语: China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。2. 作表语: Pride and Prejudice is a world-famous novel. 傲慢与偏见是一部世界著名的小说。3. 作宾语(动宾或介宾): My grandpa grows vegetables in the backyar
11、d. 我爷爷在后院种蔬菜。(作动词grow的宾语) He is from Russia. 他来自俄国。(Russia在句中作介词from的宾语)4. 作定语,修饰名词,说明另一个名词的性质或特性: paper cup 纸杯子; orange juice 橙汁; soap opera 肥皂剧; silver necklace 银项链; summer vocation 暑假; Chinese lesson 语文课; 5. 作同位语:Li Hua, Chairman of the Students Union, has been invited to attend the activity. He
12、didnt tell the truth to Jane, his wife. 6. 作补足语(主补或宾补): We call him Tom. 我们都叫他汤姆。 (Tom在句中作宾补) He is called Tom by us. 他被我们叫做汤姆。(Tom在句中作主补) They made Mary chairman of the Students Union. 他们选玛丽为学生会主席。 (作宾补) Mary is made chairman of the Students Union by them. 玛丽被他们选为学生会主席。(作主补)五、名词的构词法主要分为合成法,转化法,缩略法和
13、派生法四种。合成法:adj. + n. 如:Bluetooth蓝牙, blackboard黑板, superhero超级英雄, supermarket超市 n. + n. 如:basketball 篮球, self-service 自助, play-list 播放单, footprint 脚印, hairstyle 发型 bookstore 书店 brainstorm 头脑风暴, snowman 雪人, fisherman 渔夫 v.-ing +n. 如:parking lot 停车场 prep. +n. 如:overcoat 大衣 n. + v.-ing 如:human being 人类 n
14、. + prep. 如:passer-by 路人 转化法: v.n. 如:surprise (vt.) 使惊讶surprise (n.) 惊讶缩略法:examination exam考试, advertisement ad广告 laboratory lab实验室 gymnasium gym体育馆 identity ID 身份 number No. 数字 the Peoples Republic of China PRC 中华人民共和国 the Communist Party of China CPC中国共产党 the Peoples Liberation Army PLA 中国人民解放军 th
15、e United States of America the USA 美国练习题:1.()1Shewasveryhappy.She_inthemathstest.A.makesafewmistake B.madeafewmistakesC.madefewmistakes D.makesfewmistake()2Weneedsomemore_.Canyougoandgetsome,please?A.potato B.potatos C.potatoes D.potatoe()3_are_forcuttingthings.A.Knife/usedB.Knives/usedC.Knife/using
16、D.Knives/using()4Whatbig_thetigerhas!A.tooth B.teeth C.tooths D.toothes()5Pleaseremembertogivethehorsesometree_.A.leafs B.leaves C.leaf D.leave()6-Canwehavesome_?-Yes,please.A.banana B.oranges C.apple D.pear()7Onthetabletherearefive_.A.tomatos B.pieceoftomatoes C.tomatoes D.tomato2.()1Theygotmuch_fr
17、omthosenewbooks.A.ideas B.photos C.information D.stories()2Hegaveus_onhowtokeepfit.A.someadvices B.someadvice C.anadvice D.aadvice()3Whenwesawhisface,weknew_wasbad.A.somenews B.anews C.thenews D.news()4What_lovelyweatheritis!A./ B.the C.an D.a3.()1-Wouldyoulike_tea?-No,thanks.Ihavedrunktwo_.A.any,bo
18、ttlesoforange B.some,bottlesoforangeC.many,bottlesoforanges D.few,bottleoforanges()2Heishungry.Givehim_toeat.A.twobreads B.twopieceofbreadC.twopiecesofbread D.twopiecesofbreads()3Itreallytookhim:_todrawthenicehorse.A.sometimesB.hourC.longtimeD.sometime()4Iwouldliketohave_A.twoglassesofmilk B.twoglas
19、sofmilkIC.twoglassesofmilks D.twoglassofmilks()5Canyougiveme_?A.atea B.somecupoftea C.acuptea D.acupoftea()6Pleasegiveme_paper.A.one B.apiece C.a D.apieceof()7Johnbought_forhimselfyesterdayA. twopairsofshoes B. twopairofshoeC. twopairofshoesD.twopairsshoes4.()1-Howmany_haveyougotonyourfarm?-Ivegotfi
20、ve.A.sheeps B.sheep C.pig D.chicken()2Some_cametoourschoolforavisitthatday.A.Germans B.Germen C.Germany D.Germanies()3Inthepicturetherearemany_andtwo.A.sheep;foxes C.sheeps;foxesB.sheeps;fox D.sheep;foxs()4Agroupof_willvisitthemuseumtomorrow.A.Hungarian B.Australian C.Japanese D.American5.()1Thistab
21、leismadeof_.A.manyglass B.glasses C.someglasses D.glass()2-Whatwouldyouliketohaveforlunch,sir?-Idlike_.!A.chicken B.achicken C.chickens D.thechicken()3Childrenshouldmake_foroldpeopleinabus.A.room B.aroom C.rooms D.theroom6.()1Tablesaremadeof_.A.wood B.somewoods C.wooden D.woods()2Iwonderwhy_aresoint
22、erestedinaction(武打片)films.A.people B.peoples C.thepeople D.thepeoples()3Ihaveread_oftheyoungwriter.A.works B.work C.thisworks D.theworks7.()1Letsmeetat7:30outsidethegateof_?A.thePeoplesPark B.thePeoplesParkC.thePeoplePark D.PeoplesPark)2_Chinesepeopleare_hardworkingpeople.A./;a B.We;the C.The;the D.The;a()3Howmanywerethereinthestreetwhentheaccidenthappened?A.policeman B.polices C.police D.peoples参考答案:1.1-7CCBBBBC2.1-4CBCA3.1-7BCDADDA4.1-4BAAC5.1-3DAA6.1-3AAD7.1-3 A D C