1、Unit 5Theme parksLearning about Language语法精讲探究学习构词法观察上面的对话, 并填空: 上面对话中的单词headmaster是将两个单词合并在一起, 形成一个新的单词。这种构词法被称为合成法。英语的构词法主要有三种: 合成法、转化法和派生法。一、合成法合成词是由两个或更多的词合成的词。最常见的合成词为合成名词、合成形容词, 还有合成副词、合成动词、合成代词等。合成词一般直接连写在一起, 也有的合成词之间用连字符“-”, 还有的由分开的两个词构成。1. 合成名词构词方式例词名词+名词headmaster 校长名词+动名词ship-building造船(业
2、)名词+动词+er(or)painkiller 止痛药形容词+名词highway公路动词+副词get-together聚会, 联欢会副词+动词output产量; upkeep保养, 维修介词(副词)+名词upland高地, 山地分词+副词grown-up成年人名词+介词looker-on旁观者动词+介词go-between中间人, 媒人名词+介词+名词son-in-law女婿 合成名词变复数的注意事项(1)由“可数名词+介词(短语)”构成的复合名词变复数时, 把前面的名词变复数。*father-in-law fathers-in-law(2)由man 和woman构成的合成名词变复数时, 两个
3、名词都要变成复数。*a woman teacherwomen teachers*a man doctor men doctors(3)由“名词+名词”构成的复合名词, 在变复数时, 只变中心名词, 修饰名词不变。*a girlfriend girlfriends2. 合成形容词构词方式 例词形容词+名词+edwarm-hearted热心肠的cold-blooded冷血的形容词+现在分词good-looking好看的easy-going容易相处的形容词+过去分词new-born 新生的ready-made现成的副词+现在分词hard-working勤劳的名词+现在分词English-speaki
4、ng说英语的peace-loving爱好和平的副词+过去分词well-known闻名的名词+过去分词man-made人造的heart-felt由衷的数词+名词+形容词twelve-year-old十二岁的five-meter-long五米长的3. 合成副词构词方式 例词介词+名词 underfoot在脚下beforehand事先副词+名词upstairs在楼上; downstairs在楼下副词+副词however无论如何, 然而, 可是代词+副词anywhere 任何地方somehow 不知怎么地形容词+副词nowhere没有地方代词+名词someday (今后)有一天someway以某种方式
5、副词+介词nearby附近4. 合成动词构词方式例词副词+动词 overthrow推翻; overcome克服名词+动词typewrite打字; sleepwalk梦游形容词+动词broadcast广播; whitewash粉刷5. 合成代词构词方式例词代词宾格+ -selfitself它自身物主代词+-selfmyself我自己形容词+名词anything任何东西something 某物, 某事6. 合成介词构词方式例词副词+名词inside在里面介词+副词within在之内; without没有副词+介词into进入(1)写出黑体单词的词性和词义。After sunset the scen
6、e of the children playing in the garden disappeared. (n. 日落)I want to express our heartfelt congratulations to you on your seventeenth birthday. (adj. 衷心的)We ran hotfoot to find out the news. (adv. 匆忙地)We overcome one problem after another. (vt. 克服)(2)将下列句中的合成名词变为复数形式。I had never been more joyful fo
7、r my daughter-in-law. (daughters-in-law)The new semester, a tall man teacher became the new teacher. (men teachers)He is an Englishman, as I know from his accent. (Englishmen)二、转化法一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性。转化词例词动词名词walk v. 行走 walk n. 散步swim v. 游泳 swim n. 游泳名词动词表示物体的book n. 书book v. 预订ship n. 船ship v. 用船运
8、输表示人体部位的hand n. 手hand v. 递交head n. 头 head v. 朝方向表示一类人的nurse n. 护士nurse v. 护理fool n. 傻子fool v. 愚弄表示自然现象的rain n. 雨rain v. 下雨snow n. 雪 snow v. 下雪形容词动词dry adj. 干的dry v. 使变干clean adj. 干净的clean v. 把擦干净副词动词out adv. 出来out v. 揭露形容词名词white adj. 白色的 white n. 白人native adj. 本地的 native n. 本地人特殊转化must modal v. 必须m
9、ust n. 必须做的事写出下列句中加黑单词的词性和词义。(1)He is a man with a powerful build. (n. 体格)(2)Today, fresh fruit from these trees is shipped from one country to another. (vt. 用船运输)(3)The train slowed down. (vi. 减缓)(4)Theyre running in the final. (n. 决赛)(5)You should be dressed in black. (vt. 穿衣)三、派生法即在词根之前加前缀或在词根之后加
10、后缀构成一个与原来单词意思相近或截然相反的单词。除少数前缀外, 前缀一般改变单词的意思, 不改变词性; 后缀一般改变单词的词性, 并不引起词义的变化。1. 前缀构词法前缀含义例词dis-不dissatisfy 使不满意; dishonest 不诚实的un-不unable 不能够; unlucky不幸的做相反动作undress 脱衣服; unload 卸货in-im-ir-il-不, 非inactive 不活跃的; incorrect 不正确的; impolite 没有礼貌的; impossible不可能的; irregular 不规则的; illogical不合逻辑的non-不, 非non-e
11、xistent 不存在的; non-stop 不停的 mis-错误的; 坏的misunderstand 误解; misfortune 厄运re-重复, 再rewrite 重写; remarry 再婚; retell 复述en-使enable 使能够; enrich 使丰富super-在上面; 超级superstar巨星; supermodel超级模特; supermarket超市under-在之下underground地下的; underestimate低估inter-相互; 之间international国际的; interact相互作用pre-预先, 在之前predict预告; previ
12、ew预习2. 后缀构词法后缀含义例词-ence/-ance构成抽象名词evidence证据; importance重要性; significance重要性; dependence依靠-cion/-sion/-tion/-ation动作; 状态suspicion怀疑; explosion爆炸; repetition重复; organization 组织-er/-or人或物cooker炊具; writer作家; operator操作员; actor男演员; tractor拖拉机-ism主义; 教socialism社会主义; capitalism资本主义-ist主义者; 家scientist科学家;
13、 dentist 牙医-ment行为, 结果, 状态, 性质movement运动; achievement成就; government政府; equipment设备; development发展-ship关系, 身份seamanship航海术; friendship友谊; citizenship公民身份-hood身份, 性质, 时代adulthood成年; childhood童年; neighbourhood某街区的居民-ty状态, 性质honesty诚实; difficulty困难; anxiety焦虑-ure结果, 行为, 状态, 实物pleasure高兴; picture图画; pres
14、sure压力-al动作过程, 结果approval同意; arrival到达, 到达者形容词后缀-able/ibleenjoyable愉快的; horrible可怕的-ishfoolish愚蠢的; childish孩子气的-fulhopeful有希望的; careful仔细的-lesshopeless无希望的; useless无用的-lyfriendly友好的; motherly母亲般的-yrainy下雨的; dusty布满灰尘的-antimportant重要的; pleasant愉快的-edexcited感到兴奋的; tired疲劳的-inginteresting令人感兴趣的副词后缀-lyh
15、appily快乐地; bravely勇敢地-ward/-wardsnorthward朝北; forwards向前动词-ing形式作状语时, 相当于与之对应的状语从句, 现在分词的逻辑主语一定和句子的主语保持一致。(1)(2020浙江高考)Elli and I feared the fence wouldnt last through 30 more minutes of the bears punishment(punish). (2) (2020浙江高考) A few characters are used to create a single impression (impress)gro
16、wing out of the theme. (3)(2020全国卷) Heres a handful of ways that will set you in the right direction(direct). (4)(2020新高考全国卷)People want to listen to someone who is interesting(interest), relaxed(relax) and comfortable(comfort). (5)(2020全国卷)The beautiful (beauty) long branches covered with pink-colo
17、red buds make fantastic decorations. (6)The successful(success) fisherman invited the officer to accompany him and observe. (7)School uniforms are traditional (tradition) in Britain, but some school are starting to get rid of them. (8)Its not really surprising (surprise) that reading became her voca
18、tion. (9) It was a little far to her car and it was a foggy(fog) day yesterday in Missouri. (10)The aim of education is to teach young people to think for themselves and not follow others blindly(blind). (11) The naughty boy entered the classroom cautiously(caution), fearing that his teacher would b
19、lame him. (12)When the salesgirl walked into the shop, she sensed something unusual(usual). Can someone have got in? (13) What you said sounded reasonable(reason) but in fact it was untrue. (14) The black people were against slavery and fought for their freedom(free)bravely. 课时检测素养达标. 根据构词法构成单词, 并完成
20、句子Model: part+ time=part-timeAwaterbroadwarmdownunderBcastcoveredlineheartedload1. The message was broadcast all over the world via radio. 2. As we can see, the earth is a huge, water-covered globe. 3. I do not underline my optimism, but it just is so. 4. He is a warm-hearted man, so we all like him
21、. 5. Users can download their material to a desktop PC back in the office. Model: dis+appeardisappearAdisunimmis ilBadvantagepoliteluckylegalunderstand6. As myself I like living in city though I know the disadvantage of living in city. 7. You certainly were unlucky to get that horrible illness. 8. I
22、t was impolite that you talked so loud in the restaurant. 9. They have simply misunderstood what rock and roll is. 10. He has been charged with membership of an illegal organization. . 猜测下面黑体单词的词义1. I always shop on Saturdays. (购物)2. Can you give me more background on the company?(背景)3. Lily wanted
23、to take a career break in order to have children. (休息)4. Please inform us of your arrival time beforehand. (事先, 提前)5. It seems reasonable to expect rapid urban growth. (合乎情理的)6. I am very uncomfortable lying on this hard, cold floor. (不舒服的)7. The college has announced its intention to enlarge its st
24、adium. (扩建)8. People often have incorrect information about food. (不正确的)9. He works in his greenhouse on Sundays. (温室)10. Be a non-smoker and avoid second-hand smoke. (不吸烟者)语法填空With the development (develop) of globalization, the popularity(popular) of the Internet, the increase of international com
25、munication(communicate), more and more words came into the English language. Some linguists made a prediction (prediction): in the near future, English vocabulary will be more than one million. If learners(learn) want to read English works and newspapers fluently(fluent), he must grasp at least 10,
26、000 English words. So what method can scientifically (scientific) and effectively(effective) to remember new English words? It is necessary to have a large vocabulary if you want to learn English well. And you must concern word-formation law, found the words pronunciation(pronounce) and spelling(spe
27、ll) characteristics, and the connection(connect) between the sound and shape. Understand the knowledge of word-formation can help us memorize(memory) new words efficiently, which has formed a consensus(共识). 课时素养评价十四Unit 5Learning about Language. 用所给词的适当形式填空1. (2019全国卷)Some positions require students
28、 to be 15 to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability(ability). 2. I cannot control my body well. My legs become painful(pain). 3. They failed to reach a settlement(settle), because they disagreed (agree) too much with each other. 4. I couldnt agree more. It is meaningful(mean). Not only can it
29、broaden(broad) our multicultural (cultural)knowledge and enrich (rich) our lives, it can also enable(able) us to develop unlimited(limited) love and friendship (friend) with others from various social backgrounds. 5. (2018全国卷)All riders(ride) are equipped with reflective(reflect) vests and safety(sa
30、fe)lights. 6. Nothing could weaken (weak) his resolution to continue further study. 7. She was taken to a hospital suffering from an irregular (regular) heartbeat. 8. This book explores the musical(music) interest and needs of children in their daily lives. 9. Surprisingly(surprise), these people li
31、ve largely by their own laws and their own social customs. 10. Silences may be thoughtful(thought), or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. . 完成句子1. The boy dreams of becoming a pilot. 这个男孩梦想成为一名飞行员。2. Investors are growing impatient with promises of improved earnings. 投资者们对提高收益的承诺越来越
32、不耐烦了。3. The accident resulted in the death of two passengers. 这次事故导致两名乘客死亡。4. The clearing of rubbish and drains is still incomplete. 垃圾和下水道的清理工作仍然没有完成。5. We have to look at everything from an international perspective. 我们必须要从一个国际视角来看待事物。6. (2020浙江高考)Each play has a theme or central idea which the p
33、laywright hopes to get across through dialogue and action. 每部戏剧都有一个主题或中心思想, 剧作家希望通过对话和行动来表达。7. (2020全国卷)His son, age 15, who had taken an art appreciation class, thought that there was something unusual about the one with a young girl sitting on a garden chair. 他的上过艺术鉴赏课的15岁的儿子认为有一位年轻女子坐在花园椅子上的那幅画有些
34、不寻常。8. (2020江苏高考)It was easy for us to go to sleep at the end of the day feeling a little misunderstood. 在一天结束的时候, 我们很容易在被误解的感觉下入睡。9. (2020全国卷)“Nicolo, ” whose real name cannot be exposed to the public because of Italys privacy laws, finished working the whole night at a factory in Turin. “Nicolo”,
35、因为意大利的隐私法他的真实名字不能被透露给公众, 在Turin的一家工厂结束了一整夜的工作。10. (2020全国卷) In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. 她说, 事实上, 任何想尝试竞走的人都应该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走者, 学习适当的技术。. 阅读理解Four national parks worth the tripCarlsbad Cavern
36、s National ParkNew MexicoIn Carlsbad Caverns, there are more than 119 caves, including the main cave with the mile-long Big Room walk inside. The park is set along New Mexicos quiet southern border. Make time to also explore the surrounding Chihuahuan Desert, home to the most diverse collection of c
37、actus (仙人掌) species(物种) in the worlds deserts. In summer, visitors can watch half a million Brazilian free-tailed bats fill the evening skies. Tel: 575-785-2232Price: $10 per person; kids 15 and under, freeChannel Islands National ParkCaliforniaJust off the coast of Ventura, the five Pacific Channel
38、 Islands offer 160 miles of pristine(原始的) coastline. You can reach the islands by boat or plane. Once there, you can see gray whales, Rissos dolphins and elephant seals while on a whale-watching tour, or search for the rare native species such as island foxes. Tel: 805-658-5730Price: freeIsle Royale
39、 National ParkMichiganIsle Royale is a 570, 000-acre island in the northwest of Michigans Lake Superior. Each summer, visitors go there by ferry or seaplane to explore the islands 19th-century shipwrecks(沉船), learn about trout and whitefish or paddle the plentiful waterways by boat. Tel: 906-482-098
40、4Price: $4 per person; kids 10 and under, freeDry Tortugas National ParkFloridaDry Tortugasa remote island about 70 miles west of Key West and due north of Havanais an ideal place for swimmers. In fact, the majority of the parks 100 square miles are actually underwater. Visitors can take a boat, fer
41、ry or seaplane to Dry Tortugas, where theyll discover shipwrecks, sea turtles and nearly 300 types of birds. Tel: 305-242-7700Price: $10 per person for seven days; kids 16 and under, free【文章大意】本文是应用文。文章介绍了四个值得一去的美国国家公园。1. How much should a couple with two little babies pay for Carlsbad Caverns Natio
42、nal Park?A. $40. B. $30. C. $20. D. $10. 【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据 Carlsbad Caverns National Park部分的Price: $10 per person; kids 15 and under, free可知, 两个大人和两个婴儿共需门票钱20美元。2. Which place is the best choice for someone fond of boating?A. Florida. B. Michigan. C. California. D. New Mexico. 【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据 Isle Roy
43、ale National Park部分的 paddle the plentiful waterways by boat可知, 该公园是划船的好去处。故划船爱好者应该去该公园所在地 Michigan。3. Which park should a swimming lover visit?A. Isle Royale National Park. B. Dry Tortugas National Park. C. Channel Islands National Park. D. Carlsbad Caverns National Park. 【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据 Dry Tortuga
44、s National Park部分的 Dry Tortugas. . . is an ideal place for swimmers可知, 该公园是游泳爱好者的理想之地。. 完形填空Lehrner always wanted to design roller coasters. Even as a(n) 1, though, she knew that there had to be more to it than just hopping on board. “I started2how I would prepare, ”she said. She looked to science a
45、nd math and 3advanced classes in algebra and geometry in middle school and high school. Then she took even more4 math and a high level physics course. She also 5 theme parks as often as she could and researched the6 of those coasters online. When it came time for 7, she went to the Colorado School o
46、f Mines in Golden, where she 8 a bachelors degree in mechanical engineering. Now Lehrner works with amusement parks to design and 9new coasters. These new coasters they design are 10made of wood, except for a metal 11 on which the cars run. The basic design has been around for more than a century. S
47、till, Lehrner notes, each new one is different. “A lot of the same 12and concepts are used when I design new coasters. But they 13 with the terrain (地势)and design. That tells us what the limits will behow tight the bends and how 14the hills are. ”Some parks 15their coasters to be as scary as possibl
48、e. That means big 16 and quick turns and lots of inversions. Lehrner is 17at making twisted wood coasters. The coasters she18 make you feel as if youre going19 than you really are because the tracks are lower to the ground. “We also try to build rides that are fun for the whole 20children as well as
49、 their parents. ” she said. 【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。Lehrner从小就想设计过山车, 于是她努力学习数学、物理等学科, 现在她为多家游乐场设计、建造木质过山车。1. A. geniusB. kidC. teacherD. inventor【解析】选B。根据下文可知, 此处指Lehrner从小就想设计过山车。as a kid意为“小时候”。故选B。2. A. thinking aboutB. going overC. writing downD. dreaming of【解析】选A。根据下文中的“She looked to science and math.
50、. . ”可知, 为了将来能够设计过山车, 她很关注科学和数学。说明她从小就开始考虑(think about)如何为设计过山车做准备。故选A。3. A. brought B. researchedC. took D. gave【解析】选C。此处take classes“上课”, 为固定搭配。故选C。4. A. classicalB. ancientC. practicalD. advanced【解析】选D。承接上句, 再根据even more表达的语气, 此处指更高级的(advanced)数学。故选D。5. A. visitedB. createdC. fundedD. managed【解析】
51、选A。根据常识可判断, 为了研究过山车, 她经常光顾(visit)主题公园。不是经常创造(create)、资助(fund)或管理(manage)主题公园。故选A。6. A. parksB. makersC. themesD. players【解析】选B。根据上下文, Lehrner关注的是过山车的设计, 再根据空格后面的定语“of those coasters”可知, 此处应指过山车的制造者(maker), 而不是玩家(player)或主题(theme)。故选B。7. A. vacationB. graduationC. collegeD. decision【解析】选C。根据后文“she _a
52、 bachelors degree in mechanical engineering”可知, “the Colorado School of Mines”是一所高等院校, 所以此处指上大学(college)的时候。故选C。8. A. madeB. boughtC. researchedD. got【解析】选D。get a degree“获得学位”, 为固定搭配。故选D。9. A. discoverB. learnC. buildD. bought【解析】选C。根据句意可知, Lehrner和游乐园的工人一起建造(build)新的过山车。故选C。10. A. largelyB. complet
53、elyC. carefullyD. possibly【解析】选A。根据后文的“except for a metal. . . ”可知, 此处指过山车大部分(largely)是用木头建造的。故选A。11. A. coverB. frameC. fenceD. track【解析】选D。根据后面的定语从句可知, 此处指金属制造的铁轨(track)。故选D。12. A. metalsB. materialsC. colorsD. plans【解析】选B。根据后文“But they _with the terrain and design. ”可知此处不是指颜色(color)和计划(plan); 根据前
54、文可知, Lehrner设计的过山车大部分为木质, 所以排除A。故选B。13. A. agreeB. compareC. changeD. deal【解析】选C。此处意为“我使用了很多相同的组件和概念。但随着地形和设计的变化而变化(change)。”故选C。14. A. beautifulB. dangerousC. muchD. high【解析】选D。地势的不同让我们知道过山车的弯应有多急, 山应有多高。此处指山的高度。故选D。15. A. wantB. considerC. hateD. imagine【解析】选A。Lehrner 为公园设计过山车, 有的公园想要(want)他们的过山车尽
55、量吓人, 此处指公园一方的要求。故选A。16. A. dropsB. coastersC. seatsD. carriages【解析】选A。根据常识可知, 过山车要想刺激, 降幅要大, 转弯要快, 倒悬要多。big drops“大的降幅”。故选A。17. A. amazedB. expertC. pleasedD. excited【解析】选B。此处指Lehrner很擅长制造木质过山车, be expert at“擅长于”, 为固定搭配。故选B。18. A. ridesB. enjoysC. designsD. studies【解析】选C。根据文章内容, 此处应指Lehrner所设计(desig
56、n)的过山车。故选C。19. A. slowerB. crazierC. furtherD. faster【解析】选D。根据本段第一句“Some parks _their coasters to be as scary as possible. ”可知, 既然一些公园希望他们的过山车尽量刺激, 那么所设计的过山车应该让乘坐人员感觉上比实际要快(faster)。故选D。20. A. familyB. communityC. placeD. society【解析】选A。根据半破折号后的“children as well as their parents”可知, 此处应指全家(family)。故选A
57、。. 语法填空It was now raining heavily. My husband was away. I did not want 1. _ (ask) anyone else to go with me. So I went to the hospital by 2. _(I). I was taken to a small room. Lina 3. _(lie) sleeping quietly on a table. This wasnt 4. _ first time Lina had taken too many pills. I knew she would sleep
58、 deeply for about twelve 5. _ (hour) until the poison had stopped doing its harm. I sat down by Linas side and watched her sleep. The room was still. I looked around. The room seemed familiar. “Have I been here before?” I wondered. I looked around again. “Im sure Ive been in this room, ” I told myse
59、lf. Then I remembered. It was in this very room 6. _ I gave birth to Lina seventeen years ago. 7. _ happy I was then!Lina used to be such a bright, 8. _ (health) and nice child. “What has turned her into a dope-taker (吸毒者)?” I asked myself. “And why are millions of young people like her taking dope
60、9. _ (destroy) themselves? There must be something 10. _(serious) wrong with our society. What is it?”1. 【解析】to ask。考查非谓语动词。want to do sth. “想做某事”, 不定式作want 的宾语。2. 【解析】myself。考查代词。by oneself意为“单独”, 为固定搭配。3. 【解析】lay。考查时态。 设空处表示“躺着”, 根据上下句时态可知用一般过去时。4. 【解析】the。考查冠词。 设空后为序数词first。故此处用定冠词the。5. 【解析】hour
61、s。考查名词复数。由空格前的twelve可知, 此处应当用名词的复数形式。6. 【解析】that。考查强调句。本句对介词短语in this very room进行强调, 为强调句句式, 故用that。7. 【解析】How。考查感叹句。 根据感叹句型“How+adj. +主语+谓语”可知。故用how引起感叹。8. 【解析】healthy。考查形容词。设空处与其后的nice均修饰child, 作定语。故用形容词形式。9. 【解析】to destroy。考查非谓语动词。句意: 为什么数百万像她一样的年轻人吸毒来损害自己的身体呢?不定式表示目的。10. 【解析】seriously。考查副词。设空处修饰其后的形容词wrong。故用副词形式。