1、三、介词和介词短语一、介词考点一按词汇意义分类1.表示时间的介词介词用法短语atat表示某个时间点、时刻等at midnight,at dawn/daybreak,at sunrise/sunset,at duskonon表示在具体的日子或具体某一天的上午、下午、晚上on October the first,on a rainy day,on National Day,on Christmas Eve,on the afternoon of his arrivalinin表示在某段较长的时间内(如:世纪、朝代、年代、月份)或泛指上午、下午和傍晚等in the 1980s/1980s,in th
2、e Qing Dynasty,in October,in the morning/afternoon/eveningafter和in“after加一段时间”作时间状语,相当于“一段时间加later”,句子用过去时态;“in加一段时间”作时间状语,指离说话时多长时间以后,句子用将来时态。He returned home after a week (a week later).They will come to visit us in a week.for和since(1)“for加时间段”意为“多长时间”,表示动作持续的时间长短,一般作完成时态或过去时态句子的时间状语。(2)“since加时间点
3、”意为“自从”,作完成时态句子的时间状语。He has lived in the small village for five years.I studied in Shandong University for four years.I havent heard from him since three years ago.He has been waiting here since 2 oclock.2.表示方位的at,in,on,to介词用法例句at表示地点时,后常接相对较小的地方Mr.Smith met his wife at the shop in 1941.in表示地点时,后常接相
4、对较大的地方或在某一个大的范围之内The athletes from all over the world arrived in Beijing yesterday.on表示地点时,常表示相邻并接壤的两个地域Mongolia,which lies on the north of China,is a beautiful country.to表示地点时,常表示在某个范围外不接壤的位置As is known to all,Japan is to the east of China.3.表示方位的across,through,over,past介词用法例句across表示“从的表面穿过”He wal
5、ked across the square to meet us.through表示“从的内部穿过”The guide led us through the forest.over表示“从的上面跨过”The thief jumped over the fence and fled away.past表示“从的旁边经过”She walked past the shop.4.表示范围的between,among介词用法例句between一般用于两者之间Im usually free between Tuesday and Thursday.among一般用于三者或三者以上的“在中间”I found
6、 it among a pile of old books.between有时可用于涉及事物之间的区别或各国之间的关系。如:the difference between the three of them他们三者之间的区别the relations between various countries各国之间的关系among可用来引出最高级的比较范围。如:The book is the best among the modern novels.在现代小说中这本是最好的。考点二其他常用介词1.表示交通方式的by,in,on“by+名词”表示交通方式时,名词前不加冠词;但是in,on 后的名词必须有
7、冠词或代词等。He goes to work by car every day.他每天开车去上班。He goes to work in his car/on his bike every day.他每天开车/骑车去上班。2.表示“用”的by,in,withby侧重方式、方法,多用于表示无形的工具或手段的名词前; in多用于表示语言、材料的名词前;with多用于表示有形的工具、表示身体器官的名词前。He earned his living by selling newspapers.他通过卖报纸谋生。Please write the answer in ink.请用墨水写答案。They are
8、digging with spades.他们在用铁锹挖。3.表示“除外”的 except,besidesexcept表示“除之外(其他的都)”,其后的宾语是被排除在外的,侧重同类事物的排除;besides表示“除之外(其他的也)”,其后的宾语是被包括在内的。All my friends took part in the competition except John.除了约翰我所有的朋友都参加了竞赛。He has learned German and French besides English.除了英语他还学了德语和法语。4.表示原因或理由的for, at, from, of, withfo
9、r表示原因,常与sorry, famous, punish, praise, thank, blame等词连用。at指情感变化的原因,意为“因听到或看到而”。from指“外在的原因”,如受伤、车祸等。of指“内在的原因”,如疾病、饥饿等。with指生理上或情感上的由外界到内心的原因。I am sorry for what I said to you.我很抱歉对你讲那些话。He was surprised at the news.听到这消息他大吃一惊。He died from the wound.他因受伤而死亡。The old man died of hunger.老人死于饥饿。He was s
10、haking with anger.他气得浑身发抖。5.表示“如,像”的as,likeas表示“如,像”时,可以用作介词,也可用作连词。like表示“如,像”时,通常用作介词。like含有“好像是”之意,意指“实际上不是”。而as表示“作为”,意指“实际上是”。二者不可在同一个语境中同时使用。I long to fly like a bird in the sky.我渴望像鸟儿一样在空中飞翔。They were all dressed as clowns.他们都打扮成小丑。二、介词短语介词可以和名词、动词、形容词等构成固定搭配。常见的有:(一)介词与名词的常用搭配1.at+名词at peace
11、处于和平状态at sea 茫然,在大海上at table在吃饭at will 任意地2.beyond+名词beyond description难以形容beyond doubt 无疑beyond ones reach够不着3.by+名词by accident偶然地by chance碰巧by mistake错误地4.in+名词in advance事先,提前in common共有,共同in detail详细地in need需要in turn轮流in sight看得见in the way挡道,妨碍5.in+名词+ofin terms of就而言in need of需要in favor of支持,赞成i
12、n search of寻找in the form of以形式in place of代替in front of在前面in case of假使in honour of为纪念in spite of尽管in charge of掌管,负责6.on+名词on purpose故意地on behalf of代表on leave在休假on time准时7.out of+名词out of sight看不见out of reach够不着out of order发生故障out of breath上气不接下气out of control失去控制(二)介词与形容词的常用搭配1.be+adj.+aboutbe anxiou
13、s about忧虑be curious about对好奇be particular about对讲究/挑剔be worried/concerned about对担心2.be+adj.+atbe angry at因生气be good at擅长be astonished at对吃惊be present at出席3.be+adj.+inbe absorbed in专注于be active in积极于be dressed in穿着be engaged in忙于be rich in富含be occupied in忙于4.be+adj.+forbe eager for渴望be famous for以著名b
14、e fit for适合,胜任be ready for准备好be sorry for对感到抱歉be prepared for为做好准备5.be+adj.+frombe absent from缺席be different from不同于be far from远离be free from不受影响6.be+adj.+tobe close to接近be devoted to致力于be equal to等于be familiar to对来说熟悉be friendly to对友好be harmful to对有危害be kind to对友好be similar to与相似be grateful to对心存感激
15、7.be+adj.+ofbe aware of意识到be fond of喜欢be proud of因而自豪be short of缺乏8.be+adj.+withbe busy with忙于be familiar with对熟悉be combined with与结合be patient with对有耐心be popular with受的欢迎be pleased with对感到满意be angry with (sb.)对(某人)发怒(三)与名词构成的常用搭配1.“at+n.”表示状态at peace处于和平中at a loss不知所措at work在工作at war 在战争中2.“on+n.”表示
16、状态on exhibition/show在展出on fire 着火on sale出售;打折on the way在途中3.“by+n.”表示方式by accident偶然by air/plane乘飞机by chance偶然by coincidence 碰巧4.“in+n.” 表示方式in cash用现金付款in depth在深度上in detail详细地in height在高度上5.“of+n.”表示特征(等于相应的形容词)of benefit有益处的of help有帮助的6.“out of+n.”表示状态out of balance失去平衡out of breath上气不接下气7.“with+
17、n.”表示方式with delight/ joy高兴地with difficulty困难地1.Modern methods tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s,and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area.(2019全国)2.We were first greeted with the barking by a pack dogs,seven to be exact.(2019全国)3.I was sear
18、ching these three western lowland gorillas Id been observing.(2018全国)4.If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mums home dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.(2018浙江)5.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible
19、 crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and work.(2017全国)答案及剖析:1.of/for考查介词。句意:现代跟踪监测北极熊数量的方法仅仅从20世纪80年代中期开始使用搭配methods of/for doing sth.表示“做某事的方法”。2.of无提示词,考查介词,固定搭配,a pack of 表示“许多”。3.forsearch for 意为“搜寻”,固定搭配。 4.for考查介词。此处意为去母亲家吃饭,表示“目的”用介词for。5.from考查介词的用法。travel to and from work上下班。单句语法
20、填空1.First celebrated 1970,the Day now includes events in more than 190 countries and regions(地区).(2019北京)2.The answer this question is not clear.(2019浙江)3.Its easy to say sorry,but who will make up the loss?4.When Jane got home,with her small but well-chosen present in her bag,her parents were alrea
21、dy table having supper.5.When he was 30,back in 1953,he was working a research assistant in the university.6.When the wet season comes, the city government will warn its people constantly advertising the potential danger.7. behalf of everyone here,I wish you a pleasant journey back to your country.8
22、.I sat on the side of the stage, my script open on a music stand in front of me.9.Children need friends their own age to play with.10.My father warned me going to the west coast because it was crowded with tourists.答案及剖析:1.in考查介词。句意:1970年第一次庆祝该节日,现在该节日(地球日)包括了190多个国家和地区的活动。“在某月、某年、某季节前,用介词in ”。2.to考
23、查介词。这个问题的答案还不清楚。固定表达the answer to.表示“的答案”。3.for考查介词。句意:道歉容易,但是谁将弥补损失呢?make up for sth.“对进行弥补”固定短语。4.at考查介词的用法。句意:当简回到家时,包里装着她精心挑选的小礼物,她的父母已经在吃晚饭了。at table在吃饭。5.as考查介词的用法。句意:早在1953年,当时他30岁,他就在那所大学当了一名研究助理。work as从事工作,为固定搭配。6.by句意:当雨季来临时,市政府就会通过不断公告可能存在的危险来提醒民众。by doing.表示方式,意为“通过做某事”,符合句意。7.On考查介词的用法。此处构成固定短语on behalf of,意思是“代表”。8.with考查介词的用法。句意:我坐在舞台的一侧,我的剧本打开着,放在我前面的乐谱架上。此处符合“with+宾语+形容词”的复合结构,在句中作状语,表示伴随状态。9.of句意:孩子们需要同龄的朋友一起玩儿。短语of ones own表示“某人自己的”。10.against句意:父亲警告我不要去西海岸,因为那儿游客太多。短语warn sb.against doing sth.表示“警告某人不要做某事”。