1、专题10 阅读理解之词义猜测在中考英语阅读理解的考题中，有一类很常见的题，即词义猜测题，是对学生来说最困难的部分，也是失分最大的一个题型。其实，出题老师在出题的时候，绝不会随意出一个生词来刁难大家，一定是可以根据某个线索推断出来。因此，本课介绍的方法，就是给大家寻找线索的方法，帮助大家攻克这类题型。此外，即使不是考题，我们也可能在阅读中遇到生词，会给学生的心理上造成很大障碍。但是如果能够合理地猜测出词义，也会大大增加阅读的效率和准确性。在阅读的时候，常常会遇到一些生词，影响我们的阅读速度，其实大部分生词的意思都可以通过上下文的关系猜出来，下面就介绍一些猜词的技巧：1.通过因果关系猜词通过因果关
2、系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词（如because, since, as, for, so, thus, as a result, of course, therefore等等）表示前因后果。例如：You shouldnt have blamed him for that, for it wasnt his fault.通过for引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义，指责、责怪。2.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词如：Tom is lazy but his brother is industrious.通过同义词猜词，要看由a
3、nd或or连接的同义词词组，如We live a happy and gay life，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是happy意思；通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but, while, however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is so homely, not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all.handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即not handsome的意思。3.通过构词法猜词在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文
4、章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用。此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等语法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。如：1) The colors of Hawaii in summer are unforgettable.2) We want this to be clear so customers are not misinterpreting the information and wasting a lot of food. A. paying attention to B. taking no notice of C. making guesses about D. having a wron
5、g idea about3) breathless shorten beautify generalizeprogressively continuous educationist adaptable 气喘吁吁的 使缩短 使美丽 概括 不断进步地 持续的 教育家 可适应的4.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义例：But sometimes, no rain falls for a long, long time. Then there is a dry period, or drought.She is studying glaucoma, a kind of disease on the eyes
6、.这种同义或释义关系常由is, or, that is, in other words, be called或破折号等来表示。5.通过句法功能来推测词义例如：Bananas, oranges, pineapples, coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples, coconuts和bananas, oranges是同类关系，同属水果。6.通过描述猜词描述即为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人
7、或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例：The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly, it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。7.根据常识来推测如：Water usually boils at 100 centigrade.精讲精练 【例题
8、1】Space rubbish is also thought to be a great danger to spacemenIts reported that there were 9，000 man-made things flying in spaceAbout 30% of these are satellites，10% are spaceships，and the rest are space rubbishAn explosion（爆炸）in space in 1999 made a cloud of 300，000 fragments，each at least 4mm in
9、 sizeA small piece of these even knocked a spaceship window and caused some damage（损坏）The underlined word fragments means _A碎片 B泡沫 C烟雾 D飞碟【答案】A【解析】根据下文中的small piece等，可以看出该词意为碎片，故选：A【例题2】No one wants to get up at four oclock in the morning and fight to get a good deal on Black Friday (the first Frida
10、y at Christmas time). Its surely very difficult to pick up the courage and get out there in the cold for a good deal. But sometimes it can be well worth. Many retailers offer specials all through the day. Some even offer online Black Friday specials, so we may still be able to get a great deal on Bl
11、ack Friday.The underlined word specials in Paragraph 2 means _A赠品 B奢侈品 C特价商品 D圣诞礼品【答案】C【解析】可根据词性变换来推测词义。special作形容词，意思是特殊的，因此转换成名词时，也会和“特殊”这个含义有关。结合文意，文章讨论的和商品有关，因此选C。【例题3】Many of the students in my class couldnt act at all. They couldnt even read without making lots of mistakes. I was sure that I w
12、ould get a big part in the play.However, the teacher gave me the part of a soldier. He has only one line. It is, “Yes，sir!”I was very disappointed. At the end of the lesson I went up to her and asked her why I had such a small part.You put too much expression in your acting, she said. Good acting is
13、 not big acting. It is acting the audience can believe in.I think I know what she meansWhat does the underlined word expression in the passage mean？_A表情 B建议 C模仿 D服饰【答案】A【解析】由I put a lot of expression into my actingI thought I acted really well我表现得绘声绘色我满以为我是表现得很到位的可知作者在表演中加入了过多的表情答案是A，其它不正确。【练习1】More
14、 and more parents leave their home and come into the big cities to make moneyBut their children cant go with them because their children must go to school in their hometownThey are called home-left children （留守儿童）The problems of home-left children become more and more seriousAnd it becomes a big bur
15、den of our societyThe main problem is that some home-left children become very lonely when they dont have their parents loveAnd they are too young to tell right or wrong in many thingsSo they are fooled very easily by othersXiao Mei，a 14-year-old girl，is a home-left childHer parents are all in Shang
16、haiShe is in her hometown with her grandpaShe likes playing games on the InternetHer parents and grandpa only give her money and foodThey hardly ever care for her studiesOne day，she had no money to pay for the games in the Net bar （网吧）So she stole （偷） some money from her neighborJust at that time，Xi
17、ao Fang，a 9-year-old girl saw itXiao Mei was afraid that Xiao Fang would tell others about itShe cut Xiao Fangs throat with a knife，then she went to school just like nothing happenedLuckily，Xiao Fang was saved by the doctorsWhen she opened her eyes and wrote the fact to the policeman with a pencil，e
18、verybody was very surprisedThis sad story reminds the parents to care for their children no matter how busy they areAre you one of the home-left children？What do you need from your parents？Food，money or love？I think most children need love mostlyLets care for the group together1Why cant the children
19、 go to the big cities with their parents？_ABecause they have to go to school in their hometownBBecause their parents have no moneyCBecause they dont like to go thereDBecause they are not allowed2Whats the meaning of the underlined word burden in Chinese？_A负担 B象征 C任务 D地位3What do Xiao Meis parents onl
20、y give her？_AClothes BLove CMoney and food DComputers4What does the story of Xiao Mei mainly tell us？_AWe cant play computer games BParents should care for their childrenCWe should get along well with neighbors DGoing to the big cities is not good5Which of the following is TRUE according to the pass
21、age？_AHome-left children can tell right or wrong easilyBHome-left children never feel lonelyCXiao Fang likes playing gamesDXiao Mei really needs love【答案】AACBD【解析】56答案：A 细节理解题根据文章内容But their children cant go with them because their children have to go to school in their hometown但是孩子不能和他们一起，因为他们的孩子必须在
22、家乡的学校上学故选：A57答案：A 词义猜测题前文讲到留守儿童成为一个严重的社会问题此句为：而且它也成为社会的负担Burden负担，故选：A58答案：C 细节理解题根据文章内容 Her parents and grandpa only give her money and food她的父母和爷爷只能给她钱和食物故选：C59答案：B细节理解题根据文章内容This sad story reminds the parents to care for their children no matter how busy they are这个故事提醒父母不管他们有多忙，都应该照顾好他们的孩子故选：B60答
23、案：D 判断推理题由文章内容得知，小梅由于缺少父母的关爱和照顾，喜欢上网，所以才会在网吧将邻居小孩刺伤，由此判断D正确，小梅需要关爱故选：D【练习2】We use the Internet for many things: business, shopping， writing letters, talking to people, finding information and so on. In recent years a new kind of English has grown on the Internet. Theres no real word for it yet, so w
24、ell call it e-talk. People dont like typing too much. To save time, they turn phrases into a few letters called acronyms. Acronyms are often used in chat rooms. Some of them are. BTW （by the way） BRB (be right back) LOL (laughing out loud) IMO (in my opinion) People also use many abbreviations (缩写),
25、 They are shortened forms of words. Some common abbreviations are: Info (information) purer (computer) Pie (picture) sec (second) We usually dont see people when we communicate (交流) on the Net, so people have new ways to show feelings. Most people use their keywords to draw “feeling”. such as: :-)(
26、happy) :-p(joking) :-( (sad) :-0(surprised) These days, many forums (论坛) have picture feelings. For example，There are even whole new words, like newbies (someone who is new on a chat board or forum). It takes time for people to get used to e-talk. Also, different groups on the Net have their own spe
27、cial ways of communicating. Newbies have to ask other people what they mean. As the Internet grows, e-talk will continue to grow and change. 1. What does the underline “acronyms” mean? A.网友 B.聊天室 C.首字母缩写词 2. Why do people type acronyms?A. to show their feelings. B. Because people can type them quick
28、ly. C. In this way newbies wont understand them. 3. What does “BTW, my purer is not working well:-(“ mean? A. The person is angry at somebody. B. The person is happy about getting a new computer. C. The person is sad that his computer is having problems. 74. E-talk wills probably _.A. keep changing.
29、B. be easy by people on the telephone C. be used by people on the telephone 【答案】CBCA【解析】【主旨大意】本文主要介绍了一下用来在网上聊天或交流的e-talk.本文主要介绍了三种e-talk。一是“acronyms”首字母缩写词；二是“abbreviations”缩写词；三是feelings。 1C 细节理解题。根据第二段中所举的四个例子“BTB（by the way); BRB(be right back); LOL(laughing out loud); IMO(in my opinion)”可判断acron
30、yms是“首字母缩写词”的意思，故选C。 2B细节理解题。根据第一段的最后第二句话“To save time, they turn phrases into a few letters called acronyms.”，可知选项B是正确的。 3 C细节理解题。根据缩写词puter(computer) 及feelings 标志“：-（ (sad）”可知选项C是正确的。 4 A细节理解题。根据最后一段的最后一句话“As the Internet grows, e-talk will continue to grow and change.”可推断为选项A。由最后一段的第一句话“It takes
31、time for people to get used to e-talk. ”可知B项是错误的；根据第一段的第二句话和第一句话“In recent years, a new kind of English has grown in the Internet. There is no real word for it yet, so we will call it e-talk.”可知e-talk是在Internet上使用的，所以C项是错误的。故选A。【练习3】Three days ago, the boss of a gold shop received a letter. As he wa
32、s very busy, the letter was on his desk till dinner time. When he opened it, a $1000 note fell out onto the desk. With the note was a short letter: Dear sir, I got married forty years ago. Unfortunately, at that time there was a lot of unemployment and I got no job. I was out of work for about six m
33、onths before I got another one. Of course I was very short of money. I came to your shop to buy a wedding ring one day. The assistant brought some rings for me to have a look, later she was called away for a moment, and then I put one of the rings into my pocket. When she came back, I said I did not
34、 know the size of my girlfriends finger. So I left the shop with the ring but I didnt pay for it. My wife died a month ago, and the fact that I never paid for her ring has been on my conscience(让我良心不安) all these years. I always feel guilty about that. At that time the ring cost $100, and I think tha
35、t is about ten times at todays price. Now, I am sending you that amount. Yours truly, A customerAfter reading the letter, the boss said, “Well, life is always full of surprise!” 1.The boss of the gold shop got a _ 3 days ago. A. ring B. letter C. gold2.The underlined word“unemployment”means“_”in Chi
36、nese. A.辞职 B.失业 C.就业 3.The ring the customer put into his pocket was _ 40 years ago. A.$1000 B.$10000 C.$1004.The customer wrote to the boss in order to _. A. send the money for the ring B. say thanks to him C. return the ring 5.Which is NOT wrong according to the passage? A. The boss opened the let
37、ter by himself. B. The boss didnt think life was always full of surprise. C. When the customers wife knew the fact, she was annoyed.【答案】BBCAA【解析】一个人对四十年前所做的一件错事心怀内疚，多年以来的负罪感和妻子的去世终于使他下定决心偿还这一笔债务。文章读来颇感人。1. B 细节对应题。句子With the note was a short letter. 给出了答案。 2. B 综合判断题。划线单词的下文got no job “没有找到工作”和out o
38、f work “失业”，都在提示上文的划线单词意义为“失业”。正是因为失业的窘境才导致写信者偷了店里的戒指。3. C 细节对应题。信件的末尾句At that time the ring cost $100提示答案。 4. A 综合理解题。写信的人是通过偿还自己四十年前所拿戒指的钱来求得心理解脱。5. A 细节对应题。通过短文开始When he opened it, 可知是老板亲自打开了信件。 课后作业Scott was not happy. He had no money left to buy the new toy train he wanted. Suddenly, he had an
39、idea! Ill ask my brother Alan if I can borrow some money. He always has money to lend people. Scott found Alan in his room. Alan, may I borrow $20 from you to buy myself a new train? Alan replied, I just spent all of my money on Moms birthday present. I have no money left. You are barking up the wro
40、ng tree. Scott was very disappointed. He decided to get a job. He went to many stores, but no one had a job for him. He walked and walked from store to store. Finally, he got a job selling ice cream and he was very happy. My feet are tired for walking all day, but I can get enough money for a toy tr
41、ain. 1. Why did Scott need to borrow money?A. Because he needed to get a job. B. Because he wanted to buy a new toy train. C. Because he wanted to buy a present for his mother. 2.The underlined phrase barking up the wrong tree means_. A. acting like a dogB. asking the wrong personC. asking the right
42、 person3. According to the story, Scott might work in_. A. a dessert house B. a book store C. a clothing store 4. What do you think of Alan? A. He was unfriendly. B. He was clever. C. He was kind. 5. What can we know from the story? A. Scott could get a new train. B. Scott didnt like his brother. C.
43、 Scotts family was very poor.【答案】BBACA【解题思路】司各特想买一个玩具火车，但手里没有钱，所以向哥哥艾伦借，在遭到拒绝之后，他决定找工作。功夫不负有心人，他终于找到一个卖冰激凌的工作。他有足够的钱买自己喜欢的玩具了。 1. 答案：B细节理解题。从文章中的“He had no money left to buy the new toy train he wanted”可知。 2. 答案：B推理判断题。从文章中的“I have no money left.”可知艾伦的意思是“司各特找错人了。” 3. 答案：A推理判断题。由文章中的“he got a job selling ice cream”可知他是在甜点店工作。 4. 答案：C 推理判断题。由文章中的“He always has money to lend people.”可知艾伦心地善良。 5. 答案：A 推理判断题。由文章中的“I can get enough money for a toy train.”可知司各特能够买一个新的火车。
