1、问题四：缺乏推理判断的能力【问题描述与分析】推理判断是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，作出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。学生在此类问题的失分较多，主要是无法准确找到答案的位置，很难进行正确推理。考生需要能够通过作品的字面意思去推断作者的言外之意，推理判断错误会影响对文章主题的理解。此题型要求考生纵览全文，在汇集全文提供的各项信息的基础上，进行正确的逻辑推理，推断作者的情感态度，人物的动机、目的、性格特征；事件的前因后果以及作者写作的手法，此类题属于深层理解题，要把握这类题必须透彻理解全文，认真探究句意，注意逻辑关系及有关的生活常识
2、。考生做题时一定要整体理解语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去把握作者的“弦外之音”。该类题失分的原因有以下两种：没有找准文章中的事实依据，直接根据自己的观点，主观臆断，胡乱推理；有时候虽然找到了推理的依据。但由于理解不当和斟酌不够，导致推理失误。【例】 They wear the latest fashions with the most uptodate accessories(配饰). Yet these are not girls in their teens or twenties but women in their sixties
3、and seventies. A generation which would once only wear oldfashioned clothes is now favouring the same high street looks worn by those half their age.Professor Julia Twigg, a social policy expert, said, “Women over 75 are now shopping for clothes more frequently than they did when they were young in
4、the 1960s. In the 1960s buying a coat for a woman was a serious matter. It was an expensive item that they would purchase only every three or four yearsnow you can pick one up at the supermarket whenever you wish to. Fashion is a lot cheaper and people get tired of things more quickly.”Professor Twi
5、gg analysed family expenditure(支出)data and found that while the percentage of spending on clothes and shoes by women had stayed around the sameat 5 or 6 percent of spendingthe amount of clothes bought had risen sharply.The professor said, “Clothes are now 70 percent cheaper than they were in the 196
6、0s because of the huge expansion of production in the Far East. In the 1960s Leeds was the heart of the British fashion industry and that was where most of the clothes came from, but now almost all of our clothes are sourced elsewhere. Everyone is buying more clothes but in general we are not spendi
7、ng more money on them.”Fashion designer Angela Barnard, who runs her own fashion business in London, said older women were much more affected by celebrity(名流)style than in previous years.She said, “When people see stars such as Judi Dench and Helen Mirren looking attractive and fashionable in their
8、sixties, they want to follow them. Older women are much more aware of celebrities. Theres also the boom in TV programmes showing people how they can change their look, and many of my older customers do yoga to stay in shape well in their fifties. When I started my business a few years ago, my older
9、customers tended to be very rich, but now they are what I would call ordinary women. My own mother is 61 and she wears the latest fashions in a way she would never have done ten years ago.”(2010湖北卷)1Professor Twigg found that, compared with the 1960s，_.Athe price of clothes has generally fallen by 7
10、0%Bthe spending on clothes has increased by 5% or 6%Cpeople spend 30% less than they did on clothesDthe amount of clothes bought has risen by 5% or 6%解析：事实细节题。在第二段，Twigg教授说，75岁以上的老年妇女比她们在60年代年轻时买衣服更频繁，“(如今的)时装更便宜了，而且人们更容易对事物产生厌倦感”，第四段说，“如今的衣服价格比60年代便宜了70%”；由此判断A项陈述正确。B项意为“服装方面的花费上涨了5%6%”；D项意为“如今购买的服
11、装比60年代上升了5%6%”都与第三段的叙述不一致：女性在服装与鞋子方面的花费占总花费的5%6%。文章说如今的服装价格比60年代便宜70%，但不能据此说人们在服装方面的花费比原先减少了30%(C项)。答案：A2What can we learn about old women in terms of fashion?AThey are often ignored by fashion designers.BThey are now more easily influenced by stars.CThey are regarded as pioneers in the latest fashi
12、on.DThey are more interested in clothes because of their old age.解析：推理判断题。最后一段开头说，“当人们看见像Judi Dench和Helen Mirren这样的明星在60多岁依然穿的时尚，魅力十足，他们就想模仿这些人，而且老年妇女对名人效应更感兴趣”，由此推断B项正确：老年妇女更容易受到明星的影响。A项意为“她们常被时装设计师忽视“，C项意为“她们被视为最新时尚的先锋”，D项意为“因为她们年纪大了才对时装感兴趣”，都不符合该段及文章的叙述。答案：B3It can be concluded that old women ten
13、d to wear the latest fashions today mainly because_.Athey get tired of things more quicklyBTV shows teach them how to change their lookCthey are in much better shape nowDclothes are much cheaper than before解析：推理判断题。关于本文所谈论的现象：六七十岁的老人青睐时装，文章提到的原因有：在60年代，服装价格昂贵，每三四年才能买一件，而如今的时装更便宜。由此判断D项正确。从第二段最后一句可知A
14、项不是针对老年女性说的；最后一段说，电视节目教育她们如何改变自己的观点，很多老年妇女学瑜伽来保持形体美，但B、C两项都不是“主要原因”。答案：D4Which is the best possible title of the passage?AAge Is No Barrier for Fashion FansBThe More Fashionable, the Less ExpensiveCUnexpected Changes in FashionDBoom of the British Fashion Industry解析：主旨大意题。全文讲述女性生活的一个新变化：随着社会的发展，在追逐时
15、尚的主力军中，活跃着六七十岁的女性。随后作者分析其中的原因。全文围绕老年妇女追逐时尚 展开，因此本文的标题应该是A项。B项意为“越时尚的东西越不贵”；C项意为“时装界出乎意料的变化”；D项意为“英国时装界的繁荣”，都不能作为全文的标题。考生在推理判断题类型中出错的主要原因是没有依据文章的细节展开合理推断，而是根据想当然或一知半解的常识做出选择，导致误选失分。答案：A【解决方案与复习指南】这类题型要求考生通过表面的文字叙述“读出”隐藏在字里行间的深层含义，捕捉作者提供的暗示，追踪作者写作时的发展思路，从而悟出作者的言外之意。1常用提问方式为It can be inferred that_.Whi
16、ch of the following conclusions can we draw/come to according to the passage?We can conclude from the passage that_.According to the passage, we can infer that_.The passage implies, but doesnt directly state that_.The tone of the passage is_.The author of the article is probably a_.The writer sugges
17、ts that_.We can infer from the article that_.What is the writers attitude toward_？2解题方法所有推理判断都应围绕原文进行。因此，在做推理判断题时，一定要认真寻找有关的依据，通过作品的字面意思去推断作者的言外之意，要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。对于那些作者没把意图说出来的，要善于通过语篇的逻辑关系，研究细节暗示，推敲作者的意图，理解文章的含义，从而找到“不言自明”的答案和结论。一定要注意：这些推断一定要以阅读材料所提供
18、的事实为依据，决不能凭空想象。(1)抓住特定信息，逆向或正向推理做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正向推理，推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。(2)整合全文(段)信息，合理进行推断做推理题时，有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目有关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论，切忌“见树不见林”。(3)利用语境褒贬，适当进行信息推断几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图，因此，利用好文章的语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子，对我们掌握文章主旨大意，了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化
19、，从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有好处。(4)根据文章结论，推断作者态度作者的态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。(5)根据上下文逻辑，大胆得出结论逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路，预测下文可能发展的内容。文章可能按事
20、件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系，对比关系来描写。必须注意的是：读者不可根据自己的主观臆断毫无根据地下结论；所得结论必须符合作者的意图。(6)结合已有知识，正确进行推断知识推断是根据文章中所阐述的细节，运用自己掌握的基础知识进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论的一种推断方法。知识推断题一般都针对细节。解答此类题，不仅需要考生有一定的社会基础知识，而且需要对文章细节以及有关背景知识有一个充分的理解。(7)根据文件篇章结构，进行判断推理根据不同文章的内容和写作目的，作者会采取记叙、描写、议论、说明或应用文体。作者也会采用叙述、例证、比较对照等不同的组织结构。不同文体的阅读难度、要求和任务不
21、同，阅读方法也应不同。增强对篇章结构的理解能力有助于提高阅读质量。如：Christopher Thomas, 27, was a writer by night and a teacher by day when he noticed he was always tired and was losing weight fast. Diagnosed with diabetes(糖尿病)，Thomas would need to inject himself with insulin(胰岛素)three times a day for the rest of his life or risk n
22、erve damage, blindness, and even death. And if that werent bad enough, he had no health insurance.After a month of feeling upset, Thomas decided hed better find a way to fight back. He left Canton, Michigan for New York, got a job waiting tables, nicknamed himself the Diabetic Rockstar, and created
23、diabeticrockstar. com, a free online community for diabetics and their loved onesa place where over 1,100 people share personal stories, information, and resources.Jason Swenckis son, Kody, was diagnosed with type diabetes at six. Father and son visit the online childrens forums(论坛)together most eve
24、nings.“Kody gets so excited, writing to kids from all over，” says Swencki, one of the sites volunteers.“They know what hes going through, so he doesnt feel alone.”Kody is anything but alone: Diabetes is now the seventh leading cause of death in the United States, with 24 million diagnosed cases. And
25、 more people are being diagnosed at younger ages.These days, Thomass main focus is his charity(慈善机构), Fight It, which provides medicines and supplies to people225 to datewho cant afford a diabetics huge expenses. Fightit. org has raised about $ 23, 000in products and in cash. In May, Thomas will hol
26、d the first annual Diabetic Rockstar Festival in the Caribbean.Even with a staff of 22 volunteers, Thomas often devotes up to 50 hours a week to his cause, while still doing his fulltime job waiting tables. “Of the diabetes charities out there, most are putting money into finding a cure，” says Bentl
27、ey Gubar, one of Rockstars original members. “But Christopher is the only person I know saying people need help now.”(2010山东卷)1Which of the following is true of Christopher Thomas?AHe needs to go to the doctor every day.BHe studies the leading cause of diabetes.CHe has a positive attitude to his dis
28、ease.DHe encourages diabetics by writing articles.解析：推理判断题。通读全文可知，Christopher Thomas对于自己的疾病采取了积极的态度，所以C项正确。A项与Thomas would need to inject himself with insulin(胰岛素)three times a day for the rest of his life不符；B项与文中的Thomas开办网站，与病人及其家属分享有关的信息和资源不符；D项提到的写作是Thomas的专职工作，而他的志愿工作才是运作Fight It这个慈善机构。答案：C2Acco
29、rding to the text, Kody_.Afeel lonely because of his illnessBbenefits from diabeticrockstar. comChelps create the online kids forumsDwrites childrens stories online解析：推理判断题。根据Father and son visit the online childrens forums(论坛)together most evenings.“Kody gets so excited, writing to kids from all ov
30、er，” says Swencki, one of the sites volunteers. “They know what hes going through, so he doesnt feel alone.”可知B项正确。答案：B3The last paragraph suggests that Thomas_.Aworks fulltime in a diabetes charityBemploys 22 people for his websiteChelps diabetics in his own wayDtries to find a cure for diabetes解析：
31、推理判断题。根据But Christopher is the only person I know saying people need help now.可知Thomas在用自己的方式帮助糖尿病人，所以C项正确。A项与Thomas often devotes up to 50 hours a week to his cause, while still doing his fulltime job waiting tables不符；B项与Even with a staff of 22 volunteers不符；D项与“Of the diabetes charities out there, most are putting money into finding a cure，” says Bentley Gubar, one of Rockstars original members.“But Christopher is the only person I know saying people need help now.”不符。答案：C