1、名词从句本章内容安排如下：1名词从句的本质2主语从句3宾语从句4表语从句5同位语从句6从句嵌套结构1 名词从句的本质1名词从句的本质：三种句子充当四种成分所谓名词从句，就是把完整句子当作名词来使用，在另一个句子中充当某种成分。一般来讲，名词在句中主要充当四种成分：主语、宾语、表语和同位语。同样，我们可以把一个完整的句子当作名词来使用，也在另一个句中充当这四种成分，于是便有了常说的四种名词从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。现在问题的关键是：我们可以把何种句子当作名词来用呢？经研究发现，能够相当于名词作用的句子主要有三类：陈述句、一般疑问句以及特殊疑问句。因此，名词从句可简单概括为这
2、样一句话：名词从句就是用三种句子来分别充当另外一个句子的四种句子成分。这即是名词从句的本质特征。2引导名词从句的常用连词在英语语法新思维中级教程通悟语法里，我们具体讨论了陈述句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句是如何按照一系列规则进行变化后才能充当四种句子成分的，在此不再赘述。下列表格给出了名词从句的引导词与简单句之间的对应关系。请注意这些名词从句的连接词的用法特点。对应名词从句的引 的简 引导词是否 引导词是导词 单句 作成分 否省略类型连词that 陈述that在从句中 在不影响句 既不作成分， 句子意思也没有实义 的情况下，宾语从句中的that可以省去连词whether， 一般 whether，
3、if不能省if 疑问在从句中不 去，因为句 作成 分，但 它们具有具有“是否” “是否”的含义 的含义连接副词 特殊when, where, 不能省when, where, 疑问why,how 在 去，因为why. how: 句 从句中作状 它们既作连接代词who， 语； 成分，又whom, what, who, whom, 有意义which,whose what在从句中作主语、宾语或表语；which, whose在从句中作定语，后面接名词连用从上面的表格中我们有以下重要发现，这是要求读者认真理解和掌握的：第一，对于陈述句，连接词that是后来添加上去的，此时的that自然不充当从句里的任何成
4、分，而且也没有任何意义，只起连接主句和从句的作用。第二，对于一般疑问句，连接词whether/if也是后来添加上去的，目的是为了保留句子的疑问意义，有“是否”的含义，即whether/if是有意义的，这不同于that。与that相同的是，whether/if也不充当任何句子成分。第三，对于特殊疑问句，我们不需要添加任何连接词，因为特殊疑问词就充当了连词，从而变成了相应的连接词。但关键是，我们需要把倒装语序还原成陈述语序。这些特殊疑问词都是在句中充当各种成分的，比如连接代词可以充当主语、宾语或表语，而连接副词则充当状语。需要提醒读者注意的是，我们要特别关注这些连词是否在句中充当句子成分。比如：t
5、hat不作任何句子成分，只起连接作用，后面要接陈述句；what一定充当从句的主语或宾语等成分；which和whose后面都要接名词等等。这些都是考试重点，比如下面这道考研真题：Concerns were raised witnesses might beencouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.A.whatB.whenC.whichD.that正确答案 D。妙语点睛本题考查的是名词从句中连词的使用。我们看到从句witnesses might be encouraged to exagger
6、ate their stories in court to ensure guiltyverdicts是一个完整的陈述句，不缺任何成分，因此需要往空格中填入的连词也应该是不充当任何成分的。显然只有选项D满足这一要求。这里的that从句是一个同位语从句，其先行词是concerns，所以这句话本来的结构应该是Concerns (that witnesses might be encouraged their stories in court to ensure guilty) were raised.这里由于that从句比谓语were raised结构复杂而长，所以将谓语部分were raised
7、提前，从而造成同位语从句与其先行词concerns被分隔开的现象。此外还要提醒读者注意的是，名词从句中的连词that不充当从句成分，但是定语从句中的关系代词that是充当从句成分的。精品译文人们日益担心，证人可能会因此而受到鼓励，在法庭上夸大其词以保证陪审团对被告做出有罪的判决。思维总结请读者深刻理解名词从句的本质：三种句子(陈述句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句)充当四种成分(主语、宾语、表语和同位语)，于是便构成了四种名词从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)。同时请掌握各类连词的用法特点，包括是否作句子成分、是否有含义、是否可以省去等。为此，请读者做下面的练习。思维训练Exercise
8、 1将括号中的句子进行适当的句式变换后填入空格中。 There is a popular saying (Familyinstability causes social instability.)2.No one knows exactly . (Is there life on other planets?)3. No one knew . (Would interest ratesrise?)4.I am interested in the question .(Willpeople live on the moon someday?)5.No one knows for sure .(W
9、ill the gainsbe greater than the losses?)6. My question is . (Do we have enoughtime to go to the movie?)7. September 11, 2001 started out as an ordinary day, but will be forever etched (铭刻) in our memories. (What happened that morning?)8. is wholly new kind of police force.(What do we need?)9. Child
10、ren often ask _. (How do bears survive winter?)10. is true. (What did he tell you?)1 has not yet been decided. (Who will chair the meeting?)12. has not yet been decided.(When is the meeting to be held?)13. is still a mystery.(Why did he refuse to cooperate with us?)14. is more important than what hi
11、s fate is.(How does a person master his fate?)15. Could you tell me. _？(Where is the post office?)16. We dont know .(Why didnt he come yesterday?)17.This is Where does our basic interest lie?)18. My question is .(Where are we going to have our holidays?)2.选择及填空题(what/which/that辨析)。19. He didnt live
12、up to had been expected of him.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.all what20.I realized I said was not exactly I meant to say.A.what,that,whatB.that,what,whatC.that, which,whichD.that,that,what2 Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders will happen to her private life.A.thatB.whatC.itD.which22. The mere
13、 fact most people believenuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.why23.One of the qualities (that/what/who/why) separate us two-legged animals from the four- legged ones is compassion.It is (which/that/ what) makes us stand up tall instead of crawling a
14、bout on all fours. And standing up tall is (which/ that/what) frees our arms to reach out to a fellow being and say, Let me help you.24.Change is (which/that/what) keeps usfresh and innovative. Change is (which/that/ what) keeps us from getting stale. Change is. (which/that/what) keeps us young.2 主语
15、从句在这一节里，我们主要讨论陈述句和疑问句用作主语的情况。此外，英语里还可以用because引导的从句来充当句子主语，对此我们也将予以介绍。2.1that引导的主语从句对于that引导的主语从句，我们要重点看其在句中的位置特点：它一般是置于句末的，偶尔也可以置于句首。由that引导的主语从句可以直接放在句首。请看例句：1 That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.妙语点睛这里that从句that the seas are beingoverfished即是一个主语从句，直接置于主语位置。精品译文 海洋正在被人们过度捕
16、捞，许多年以来这已是尽人皆知的事情了。2That the plates are moving is not beyond dispute.妙语点睛这里that从句that the plates aremoving即是一个主语从句，直接置于主语位置。精品译文 地球板块是在漂移的，这一点毫无争议。有时候，即使that从句比较长而复杂，也可能被直接置于句首来作主语(这样的句子结构并不常见)，比如：3 That such a conjunction of circumstances might occur again soon, especially considering shrinking US
17、defense budgets and diminishing overseas base access, is problematical at best.图解解句That such a conjunction of circumstances that引导的从句作主语might occur again soon 由that引导的主语从句，especiallyconsidering shrinking1s你h主语从句的令词作状 类是语以句带有自已defense budgets and diminishing overeas 语base accessis problematical at be
18、st 主句的谓语部分妙语点睛看到句首的that such就知道，这里的that只能作为连词而不是指示词，因此可以判断其后接的必然是一个主语从句。另外，两个分词短语shrinking US defense budgets和diminishing overseas base access是并列关系，一同作分词considering的宾语。请注意：不要误认为considering与diminishing并列。精品译文 至于在近期内能否再次出现这种各个情况巧合的局面，即使是最乐观的看法也是值得怀疑的，尤其是考虑到美国国防预算缩减和海外基地减少的情况。译文心得 这句话的语序不是常见的英文惯用语序。按照正
19、常的英文思维的表达应该是It is problematical at best that.即先表达态度，再展开叙事。而这句英文却符合汉语的思维方式，即先叙事后表态。所以，这句话就可以按照原文的顺序来翻译成汉语。但是，更常见的情况是用it作形式主语置于句首，而将that主语从句放在句末。因此，下列都是常见的主语从句句型(作文中常用的句型，重点内容)：一、It+be动词+过去分词+that从句Its reported that.据报道It is generally thought that.人们普遍认为It has been found that.现已发现Its believed that.据信I
20、t should be noted that.应当注意It must be pointed out that.必须指出同样可以这么用的动词还有：say, expect,know,estimate,forecast等。比如下面这些句子：4 As a child - and as an adult as well - Bill Gates was untidy.It has been said that in order to counteract this, Mary drew up weekly clothing plans for him.精品译文 童年时期，以及即使长大成人后，比尔盖茨也不
21、修边幅。据说为了改掉他的这个毛病，玛丽为他制定了一周着装计划。5 And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.妙语点睛 该主语从句的基本结构是it is imagined that.and that.即这里是两个that从句并列，在句中作主语，即并列的主语从句。精品译文 许多人以为，
22、普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。6It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems.妙语点睛 这里是在过去分词agreed前面加了副词generally修饰，其他可以这么使用的副词有：unive
23、rsally, normally,usually等。精品译文 人们普遍认为，高智商的人有这样的一些特点：理解力强、辨别力强、逻辑推理能力强，并且在解决问题的过程中善于利用文字或数学符号。二、It+be动词+形容词+that从句It is clear that.显然It is likely that.很可能It is certain that.可以相信It is fortunate that.幸运的是It is possible that.很可能It is natural that.很自然It is strange that.奇怪的是It is necessary that.有必要请看例句：7
24、Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But its obvious that a majority of the presidents advisers still dont take global warming seriously.妙语点睛 该主语从句的基本结构是it is obvious that.即这里是that引导的主语从句。精品译文幸好白宫已经开始注意到全球变暖问题。但是很显然，总统周围的大多数顾问仍然没有认真对待该问题。8 Furthermore,it is obvious that the str
25、ength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.妙语点睛 该主语从句的基本结构是it is obvious that.and that.，即这里是that引导的并列主语从句，两个连词that都要保留，尤其是第二个that不能省去。精品译文再者，很显然，一个国家的经
26、济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各类科技人员的努力。三、It+be动词+名词短语+that从句It is a pity that.可惜的是It is good news that真是太好了。It is no wonder that.难怪It is a fact that.事实是It is a good thing that.真是件好事。俊活i C shome hot-.遗憾的是.其是大不It is an honor that.真荣幸It is my belief that.我相信It is common knowledge that.是常识。It is a miracle
27、 that.真是奇迹。请看例句：9 It is an established fact that factory workers work better, harder, and have fewer accidents when their machines are painted orange rather than black or grey.精品译文 事实证明，如果把工厂里的机器漆成橘黄色而不是黑色或灰色，工人就会干得更勤奋、更出色，事故也会更少。10It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possessi
28、on of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. (傲慢与偏见“Pride and Prejudice”中的第一句话)精品译文 一个众所周知的事实是，一个单身汉若是非常有钱，那么他一定想要找个妻子。四、It+不及物动词+that从句It seems that.似乎It happens that.碰巧It comes about that.结果是It follows that.因此/由此可见It turns out that.结果证明是五、其他结构It dawns upon/on sb.that.某人突然想起It makes no differenc
29、e that.无所谓It is of little consequence that.无关紧要It occurs to sb. that.某人突然想起It doesnt need to be bothered that.不必担忧请看例句：11 It dawned upon me that there is a logical connection between all the things that happen in that immensely connected body of salted water that covers71 percent of the surface of t
30、he earth.妙语点睛 注意it dawns upon sb.that这个句型在译成汉语时要用人作主语，译作“某人想到”，但在英语里是用it作形式主语。精品译文 我忽然明白了，覆盖地球表面71%的巨大盐水体中所发生的一切事情之间都是有联系的。12 When I decided to quit my full-time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend.妙语点睛 注意it occurs to sb.that这个句型译成汉语时用人作主语，译作“某人
31、想到”，但在英语里是用it作形式主语。精品译文 当我决定放弃全职工作的时候，我怎么也没有想到我会成为一个新的国际流行趋势的一部分。2.2whether及连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句连词whether以及连接代词或连接副词引导主语从句一般放在句首，这不同于上面讨论的that引导的主语从句。请看例句：1 Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which
32、 is seen as the driving force.妙语点睛这里是whether引导的主语从句，谓语部分是depends on the issue。of后面接的which从句是一个宾语从句，补充说明issue，相当于issue的同位语。精品译文政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方面看作是驱动性的力量。2However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from th
33、e common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.妙语点睛 这个句子看起来较复杂，其实还是由whether引导的主语从句。这里是两个并列主语从句，由并列连词or连接，谓语动词是is。精品译文 不过，这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成的，还是来自于35,000，000年以前他们共同的祖先，这还是一个未解之谜。3 Whether the eyes are the windows of the soul is debatable;that they
34、 are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact.妙语点睛 这个句子里包含两个主语从句，分别由whether和that引导。精品译文 眼睛是否是“心灵的窗口”，这还有争议；但无疑，眼睛在人际交流中有着重要的作用。我们再来看几个由连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句，此时从句一般位于句首。4 Whoever tries to resolve a conflict soon learns that nothing pleases everybody.妙语点睛 这里的连词代词whoever相当于who的强调形式，它引导的从
35、句作主语，主句的谓语是learns。其中whoever在从句中作主语。精品译文 任何想要试图解决这个矛盾的人很快就会发现，他不可能让所有人都满意。5 What happened on September 11, 2001 will be forever etched (铭刻) in our memories.精品译文2001年的“911”事件将会永远印刻在人们的脑海里。6Several days ago, a Beijing-based IT company fired about 400 people overnight. The act startled the fired employe
36、es and at the same time worried the rest. Moreover,what was special about this case was that the day before the 400 were fired, they all received from their boss a giftthe book Who Moved My Cheese?妙语点睛这里是连词代词what引导的主语从句，what在从句中作主语。精品译文 几天前，北京一家IT公司一夜之间就解雇了400名员工。这一事件震惊了被解雇的员工，同时也让其余员工感到担心。此外，有意思的是，
37、就在这400名员工被解雇的前一天，他们都从老板那收到了一份礼物一本名为谁动了我的奶酪?的书。7 How well the predictions will be validated by laterperformance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.妙语点睛这里是连词副词how引导的主语从句，how well在从句中充当状语，修饰动词validat
38、ed。精品译文 这些预测将在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，取决于采用的信息的数量、可靠性、适应性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。2.3 because引导的主语从句在英语中，还有一种较为特殊的主语从句，即是由because引导的主语从句。这种主语从句的结构一般是“because+陈述句”，置于主语位置，后面直接加谓语，而且这个谓语往往都是does not mean。在because前面往往会有just一词，起强调语气的作用。请看例句：1 Just because someone doesnt love you the way you want them to doesnt mean they
39、dont love you with all they have.妙语点睛 该句的主语是just because someone doesnt love you the way you want them to这个从句，谓语是doesnt mean。精品译文 如果有人没有以你希望的方式去爱你，并不意味着他们没有全身心地爱你。2 Something which seems valuable at first may turn out to be worthless. Example: All that glitters is not gold! Just because something ap
40、pears valuabledoes not mean that it really is valuable.妙语点睛该句的主语是just because something appears valuable这个从句，谓语是does not mean。精品译文有些东西乍看起来很值钱，但后来却证明是一文不值。比如，人们常说“闪光的并不都是金子”。只是看起来很值钱的东西并不意味着真的很值钱。再看下面这个比较好的例句，也许能引起读者的一些思考：3 There is a big difference between activity and accomplishment.Just because yo
41、u are doing something doesnt mean you are getting anywhere. One must evaluate ones activity in order to have accomplishment.妙语点睛 该句的主语是just because you are doing something这个从句，谓语是doesnt mean。精品译文 工作与成就这两者之间是有很大差距的，仅仅是在不停地工作并不意味着你就取得了成就。因此，人们必须认真审视自己眼下的工作，看是否真的能够取得成就。思维总结本节的重点是that主语从句的各种句型。其次，了解beca
42、use引导的主语从句，做到会翻译即可。思维训练Exercise 2选择最佳答案填空。It is obvious on more important things.A.which the money should we spendB.what the money should we spendC.that the money should we spendD.that we should spend the money2. hard water does not mix well with soap.A.That is a well-known factB.That is a well-know
43、n fact in whichC.It is a well-known fact thatD.It is a well-known that3. every magnet is surrounded by a magnetic field.A. It believes thatB.It believed thatC.It is believed thatD.Its believing that4. was to return to school.A. That really interested himB. What really interested himC.Which really in
44、terested himD.That interested him really5. your men have been on my land without permission.A.It seems thatB.There seems to beC.That seemsD.It seems for6. I have made no arrangements to deal with such cases.A.It appear thatB.That appearsC.They appear thatD. It appears that7. that the first cheese wa
45、s probably mademore than 4,000 years ago by nomadic tribes in Asia.A.The beliefB.Although they believeC.It is believedD.Believing8. to space travelers is high acceleration ordeceleration forces.A.That can be dangerousB.What can be dangerousC. They can be dangerousD.It can be dangerous9. unstable and
46、 explodes as a supernova isnot known.A.For a star to becomeB.How a star becomesC.A star becomesD.That a star is becoming10. composed traditionally has been asubject of debate among scholars.A.Where ballads howB.Ballads were how theyC. How ballads that wereD.How ballads were1 that the professors stri
47、ctness with himis not to punish a careless student but to teach him how to be precise.A.Joseph was dawnedB.It was dawned on JosephC.It dawned on JosephD. Joseph dawned it on12. was not our concern.A.No matter how he might pass the examinationB.Whether he passed the examination or notC.Though he migh
48、t pass the examinationD.While he passed the examination3 宾语从句对于宾语从句，同样是由前面讨论过的连词引导，在这里就不再一一列举。我们这里主要是关注一下宾语从句在句中的不同位置关系。3.1 在及物动词后作宾语读者对这种类型的宾语从句应该都比较熟悉。请看下面这个很美的例句：Ive learned that love, not time,heals all wounds. Ive learned that everyone you meet deserves to be greeted with a smile. Ive learned t
49、hat theres nothing sweeter than sleeping with your babies and feeling their breath on your cheeks.妙语点睛这里有三个that引导的宾语从句，都是直接跟在及物动词learn后边的。精品译文我明白了，是爱，而不是时间能治愈一切创伤。我明白了，你遇到的每一个人都值得你以笑脸相迎。我明白了，世间最美好的事莫过于你睡在孩子身边，感受着他们飘散在你脸庞上的呼吸。3.2 在双宾动词后作直接宾语1 I assure you that I had no intention of offending you.妙语点睛
50、 这里that引导的从句that I had no intention of offending you充当assure的直接宾语，而you作间接宾语。精品译文我向你保证，我当时决不是故意冒犯你。2 Prof. Lees book will show you how what you have observed can be used in other contexts.妙语点睛这里how引导的从句how what you have observed can be used in other contexts充当show的直接宾语，而you作间接宾语。精品译文 李教授的这本书会让你知道如何把你
51、观察到的东西应用到其他场景中。3.3 在双宾动词后作间接宾语They gave who came to the meeting a pamphlet.妙语点睛 这里who引导的从句who came to themeeting构成宾语从句，作主句谓语gave的间接宾语，而gave的直接宾语是apamphlet。精品译文 他们给到会的所有人员发一本小册子。3.4 在介词后作宾语1 I find the best way to concentrate is to make notes on what the teachers are saying.妙语点睛 这里what引导的从句what the t
52、eachers are saying作介词on的宾语。精品译文 我认为上课集中注意力的最好办法就是把老师讲的内容记下来。2 There is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured.妙语点睛 这里what及how引导的从句whatmoney is和how money is measured作介词about的宾语。精品译文 什么是货币以及怎样计量，这些在经济学家们之间存在分歧。3 The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wal
53、l Street Journal column,lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We wont retreat in the face of any threats.妙语点睛 这里有两个宾语从句，一个是how引导的how well it
54、 can control expression，另一个是whether引导的whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude，二者都是放在介词in后面作宾语。精品译文 他在华尔街日报的一个专栏中写道：“对任何民主社会的检验不在于它能多有效地控制言论的自由表达，而在于它是否能最大限度地赋予思想自由和表达自由，尽管其结果有时可能会非常有争议和令人不悦。面对威胁，我们不会退缩”。4 In recent years,the debate over whether fossil- appeari
55、ng objects from Mars were, in fact, indicators of past or present life on that planet has prompted many to ask whether people are ready, psychologically, to accept the possibility of life elsewhere.妙语点睛 这里有两个whether引导的从句，一个是作介词over的宾语，另一个是作动词ask的宾语，即两个都是宾语从句，但所处的位置不同。精品译文 近几年，人们在火星上发现有类似化石的物体，这些物体是否
56、就能表明火星上过去或现在存在生命，对此人们一直在争论。此争议也让很多人不禁要问：我们是否已经在心理上准备好接受地球以外存在生命的可能性。我们再来看下面这道四级考试真题：5 I will give this dictionary to wants tohave it.A.whomeverB.someoneC.whoeverD.anyone正确答案 C。妙语点睛 本题考查名词从句的引导词。很多考生因为看到介词to，就认为应该填宾格形式的连词，因此选择A。其实这是错误的，因为这里的介词to后面接的不是单独的一个连词，而是由连词引导的一个宾语从句。这里的宾语从句是 wants to haveit，显然
57、从句缺主语，因此应该用主格形式的连词whoever，故C正确。所以，这道题的关键是要看到作介词to的宾语是whoever wants to have it这个宾语从句。精品译文 谁想要这本词典，我就给谁。3.5宾语从句后置宾语从句若出现在复合宾语结构中，此时的宾语从句被置于补足语后面了，因此是一个后置的宾语从句，即“动词+it形式宾语+宾语补足语+that宾语从句”。请看例句：1 We believe it true that the human body is also a kind of good conductor.妙语点睛这里就是一个后置的宾语从句结构，用it来指代这个被后置的宾语从句
58、that the human body is also a kind of good conductor。形容词true作宾语补足语。精品译文 人体也是一种良导体，我们认为这是对的。2We must make it clear that the parties involved are to make every effort to curb the pollution.妙语点睛这里就是一个后置的宾语从句结构，用it来指代这个被后置的宾语从句that the parties involved are to make every effort to curb the pollution。形容词c
59、lear作宾语补足语。精品译文 我们必须强调清楚，有关部门要尽一切努力来治理污染。3There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, do much to protect our diminishing resources.妙语点睛 这里就是一个后置的宾语从句结构，用it来指代这个被后置的宾语从句。形容词question
60、able作宾语补足语。精品译文 这些与防御有关的研究项目会不会说明生活水平的提高，或者会不会有利于保护我们日益减少的资源，对此，有人持怀疑态度。3.6 that在宾语从句中省略的问题一般来讲，that引导宾语从句时，可将that省去。但若是几个宾语从句并列使用，则连词that一般都不可省去。原因很简单，有了that的“指路牌”的作用(详见英语语法新思维中级教程通悟语法中2.2小节的内容)，便于读者快速判断句子结构。请看例句：1 I once read that the beauty of life is its changes and that the art of life lies in
61、a constant readjustment to our surroundings.妙语点睛 句中含有多个that从句，连词that一般不省去。这里两个that从句作read的宾语，即构成并列的宾语从句。精品译文 我曾经读到过这样一句话：“生活的魅力在于变化，而生活的艺术在于不断地适应周围环境的变化。”2 For various reasons, many women are emotionally needy, and they sometimes seek sex outside of marriage to confirm that they are okay, that they
62、are beautiful and desirable, that they are sexy, and that somebody loves them for the real women they are rather than for their cooking, housecleaning and child- rearing abilities.妙语点睛 句中含有多个that从句，连词that一般不省去。这里四个that从句作confirm的宾语，即构成并列的宾语从句。精品译文 出于种种原因，许多女人缺少感情上的慰藉，她们有时候寻找婚外性伴侣以证明自己还不错、挺漂亮、富于魅力并且很
63、性感。她们需要证明，男人爱她们是因为她们本人而不是因为她们的烹饪、理家以及照顾孩子的能力。思维总结熟悉宾语从句在主句中的不同位置特点，注意宾语从句的后置结构，了解连词that省略的规则。思维训练Exercise 3选择最佳答案填空。He asked me I intended to do after mygraduation.A.that whatB.whatC.thatD.which2.Listening carefully to in class means lesswork later.A.what does the teacher sayB.what the teacher saysC
64、.that the teacher saysD.which the teacher says3.John didnt say he would return, but I presume hell be back for dinner.A.that whenB.whenC.if or notD.where4.After the accident,I opened my eyes slowly and realized I was still alive.A.thatB.whetherC.whatD.which5.No one knows exactlyA.how did speech begi
65、nB.how speech beganC.how the beginning of speechD.of how beginning speech6. He wonderedA.what will be his wifes reactionB.what would his wifes reaction beC.how would be his wifes reactionD.what his wifes reaction would be7. A popular belief radio and televisionhave homogenized the language of the Un
66、ited States.A.states thatB.that is statedC.that statesD.stating that8.I dont care we are invited to the dinner.A.if or notB.whether or notC.whatD.that9.Chinese officials made clear that therecould be no normalization of relation until the United States terminated diplomatic relations with Taiwan.A.t
67、hatB.themC.itD.this10.He is wondering a doctor.A.whether or not he should seeB.that he should see or notC.if or not he should seeD.if to see or not4 表语从句表语从句比较简单，通常就是将从句置于系动词，尤其是be动词(如is或was)后面。请看例句：1 Most people get married believing a myth- that marriage is a beautiful box full of all the things t
68、hey have longed for: companionship, sexual fulfillment,intimacy, and friendship. The truth is that marriage, at the start, is an empty box. You must put something in before you can take anything out. There is no love in marriage; love is in people,and people put it into marriage. There is no romance
69、 in marriage; people have to infuse it into their marriages. A couple must learn the art and form the habit of giving, loving, serving, praising-keeping the box full. If you take out more than you put in,the box will empty.妙语点睛这里的that从句是放在is后面作表语，即构成表语从句。精品译文 很多人结婚时都误认为婚姻是一个美丽的宝盒，里边有他们一直渴望的一切：亲密的伙伴关
70、系、性生活的满足、两人之间的卿卿我我以及友谊。但事实是，婚姻一开始是一个空盒子，你得先往里面放进一些东西，才能从里面取出东西。婚姻本身是没有爱的，爱在人的心里，因此人们必须往婚姻中注入爱。婚姻本身也没有浪漫，人们必须在自己的婚姻生活中制造浪漫。夫妻双方应该学会爱的艺术，养成这些良好的习惯：彼此付出、相爱、给予、赞美，让婚姻这个美丽的盒子总是满满的。如果我们的索取多于付出，婚姻这个盒子终究会变空。很喜欢这段关于婚姻的文字，它告诉了我们一个简单的道理：美好的婚姻或爱情是需要我们用心呵护和经营的，这其中少不了理解、宽容、忍耐和付出，还有就是坚守，不要轻言放弃，因为历经磨难和考验的感情，才会格外的醇香
71、、深厚，以至于无法割舍。这时的感情才臻至完美！上面的例句中含有that引导的表语从句，下面我们再来看疑问句用作表语从句的例子。比如下面这句：2 Women are much too preoccupied by family. Once the marriage begins to disintegrate, theyre lost. Thats where their unhappiness springs from and thats why most divorced mothers regard themselves as victims.妙语点睛这里的where从句和why从句放在i
72、s后面作表语，即构成表语从句。精品译文 妇女们太专注于家庭了。一旦婚姻开始瓦解，她们就会失去方向，这就是她们不快乐的原因，也是为什么大多数离婚的母亲认为她们是受害者。思维训练Exercise 4选择最佳答案填空。The reason for my return is I left my keys behind.A.becauseB.itC.thatD.why2.The mountain was many animals, suchas wolves,badges and rabbits once haunted but now it is so silent.A. that placeB.wh
73、ereC.whatD.then3.The reason were so late isA.because of the car breaking downB.due the care broke downC.that the car broke downD.because the car broke down4.The reason she failed in the exam wasA.that she hadnt worked hardB.because she hadnt worked hardC. why she hadnt worked hardD.because she was t
74、oo careless5.A hinge joint is permits the forward andbackward movement of a door.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.where6. Stopping pouting polluted water into the rivet is the factory has to solve at present.A.whatB.whichC.asD.that5 同位语从句所谓同位语，就是用来补充说明名词的成分。当我们用一个完整的句子来补充说明名词时，即构成同位语从句。所以同位语从句都是位于一个名词后面，用来进一步说明
75、前面的名词的内容，这个名词就是同位语从句的先行词。5.1 同位语从句句型(一)：名词+that+陈述最常见的同位语从句句型是“名词+that+陈述句”。请看例句：1 I have been left with the knowledge that its better to expect nothing than to give everything and then be disappointed.妙语点睛 这里的that从句用作同位语，来补充说明先行词knowledge。精品译文 我从中懂得了，不抱任何期待比付出努力却最终失望要好。这句话讲的就是我们都熟悉的一个道理，即期望越大失望往往就越
76、大。读者以后若想表达这个意思，不妨用上这个句子。2 A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.妙语点睛 这里的that从句用作同位语，来补充说明先行词theory。精品译文一个世纪之前，弗洛伊德阐述了他具有革命性的理论，即梦是一种对我们潜意识里的欲望和恐惧所产生的内心深处的反映。以上讨论的同位语从句都是紧跟在先行词后面的。但其实同位语从句与其所修饰的先行词还可能被其他成分隔
77、开，形式上便形成“名词+其他成分+that+陈述句”这样的结构。这里的其他成分主要有两种：一类是先行词的定语，一类是句子的谓语，这两者都可能分隔先行词和同位语从句。这种被分隔开来的情形在阅读文章中是常见的，遇到时一定要认真分析，才能正确理解句子的意思。下面将分别举例讨论。5.2同位语从句句型(二)：名词+定语+that+陈述句如果一个名词后面既有定语又有同位语从句，那么往往定语在前，同位语从句在后，这样便形成了先行词与同位语从句被定语分隔的结构，即“名词+定语+同位语从句”。请看例句：1 The statement by the driver of the vehicle that he di
78、d not see the lorry was rejected by the Court.图解难句the statement 主语中心词by the driver of the vehicle 修饰 statement的定语 句子的主语that he did not see the lorry 补充说明statement的同位语从句was rejected by the Court 句子的谓语妙语点睛这里的介词短语by the driver of thevehicle和同位语从句that he did not see the lorry共同修饰中心名词statement。具体来说，the s
79、tatement by the driver of the vehicle表示“这位汽车司机的陈述”，即介词短语用来限定statement是由谁作出的；the statement.that he did not see the lorry表示“他说没有看见卡车这一陈述”，即同位语从句用来详细说明statement的内容是什么。所以我们看到，这里的先行词statement与同位语从句that he did not see thelorry被作定语的介词短语by the driver of the vehicle隔开。精品译文 该汽车司机说自己没有看见卡车，但法庭对此并不相信。2 The late
80、st purported taped message from Osama Bin Laden has raised concern among European intelligence and law enforcement officials that their countries are now on his hit list.图解难句the latest purported taped message from Osama Bin Laden has raised 主谓结构concern 宾语中心词among European inteligence and law 修饰conce
81、m的定语 宾语部分enforcement officialsthat their countries are now on his hit list 补充说明concern的同位语从句妙语点睛 这里的介词短语among European intelligence and law enforcement officials和同位语从句that their countries are now on his hit list共同修饰中心名词concern。具体来说，concern among European intelligence and law enforcement officials表示“
82、引起欧洲情报部门及执法部门官员们的担忧”，即介词短语用来说明什么人会concern;concern.thattheir countries are now on his hit list表示“担忧他们的国家现在在他的袭击目标名单上”，即同位语从句用来详细说明concern的内容是什么。所以我们看到，这里的先行词concern与同位语从句that their countries are now on his hit list被作定语的介词短语among European intelligence and law enforcementofficials隔开。其实，读者不妨记住concern这个常
83、用句型，即sth.has raised concern among sb.that+从句；如果不是从句，则接介词短语over sth.，表示“什么事情引起了什么人对另一件事的担忧”。精品译文 最近，一盘据说是本拉登本人声音的录音带引起了欧洲情报部门及执法部门官员们的担忧，他们担心自己的国家现在在他的袭击目标名单上。5.3 同位语从句句型(三)：名词+谓语+that+陈述句如果一个名词作主语，并且它后面还带有一个同位语从句，此时我们通常把这个同位语从句置于谓语的后面，而不是放在名词的后面，因而造成先行名词与同位语从句的分隔，结构是“作主语的先行词+谓语部分+同位语从句”。比如本章讨论的第一个例句
84、：1 Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.妙语点睛 这里的先行词concerns与that引导的同位语从句被谓语were raised隔开。精品译文 人们日益担心，证人可能会因此而受到鼓励，在法庭上夸大其词以保证陪审团对被告做出有罪的判决。请看其他例句：2 Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies
85、as young as 6 months old.图解难句evidence 主语中心词 主语came up 谓语that specific speech 补充说明 主语sounds are recognized evidence内容的by babies as young as 同位语从句6 months old妙语点睛这里的名词evidence作主语，且其后带有一个that引导的同位语从句，来补充说明evidence的详细内容，但这个同位语从句并没有紧跟在名词后面，而是被谓语came up隔开。注意：此处that引导的同位语从句不是作came up的宾语，因为came up是不及物动词，而是作
86、evidence的同位语。精品译文 有证据表明，六个月大的婴儿就能辨别出特定的说话声。在英语语法新思维中级教程通悟语法里我们说过，同位语从句主要是由that引导，而很少用whether以及连接代词或连接副词引导，这是因为我们多是用陈述句来补充说明名词的内容，而很少用一般疑问句或特殊疑问句来补充说明名词的内容。思维总结重点是掌握that引导的同位语从句，尤其是先行词与that从句被分隔的情况。思维训练Exercise 5选择最佳答案填空。 There are signs restaurantsarebecoming more popular with families.A.thatB.which
87、C.in whichD.whose2. Scientists have reached the conclusionthe temperature on Earth is getting higher and higher.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.when3.An idea came to her she might do theexperiment in another way.A.thatB.whatC.whenD.which4. Obviously there was little certainty thechairman would agree to this pr
88、oposal.A.whichB.whyC.whatD.that5. We were all overjoyed at the news theexperiment turned out a success.A.whichB.thatC.whenD.what6.The author wishes to call our attentionmodern man has polluted his environment to such an extent that he might destroy himself if he went on like that.A.to thatB.in thatC
89、.to the fact whichD.to the fact that7. Dreary months dragged by before the tragic news reached her her beloved brother had been killed for anti-Nazi activities.A.whichB.whatC.whenD.that6 从句的“嵌套结构”在一个复杂句子当中可能会同时含有多个名词从句、于是形成笔者称之为名词从句的“嵌套结构”。当然也可以是名词从句与定语从句或状语从句构成保护或被保护的关系，从而也形成“嵌套结构”。这样都会使句子变得更复杂，遇到时
90、要仔细分析句子结构，方能理解句子的意思。至于如何快速理清句子结构，笔者提出了“连词与动词配比原则”。6.1 名词从句的“嵌套结构”所谓名词从句的“嵌套结构”，即指多个名词从句之间存在的包含与被包含的关系。请看例句：1 I realized that what I said was not exactly what I meant to say.妙语点睛 在that引导的宾语从句中同时含有what引导的主语从句whatIsaid和what引导的表语从句what I meant to say。精品译文 我后来意识到，当时所说的话并非是我真正想要说的。2 The question is how wh
91、at you have learned can be put into practice.妙语点睛在how引导的表语从句中含有what引导的主语从句what you have learned。how引导的从句的谓语是can be put into practice，而what引导的从句的谓语是have learned。精品译文 问题是，你所学到的知识如何才能应用于实践。我们再来看下面这道练习题：3 Prof. Lees book will show you can beused in other contexts.A.that you have observedB.that how you h
92、ave observedC.how that you have observedD.how what you have observed正确答案 D。妙语点睛本题考查的就是多个名词从句的套用。这个句子的结构类似于上面第二个例句，都是在how引导的从句里嵌套了一个由what引导的主语从句。所不同的是，例句2里的how引导的从句是一个表语从句，这里的how引导的从句是宾语从句，作show的直接宾语。精品译文 李教授的这本书能够让你知道如何把观察到的东西应用到其他场景中。6.2连词与动词的配比原则对于复杂的名词从句，尤其是当一个复杂句子里“嵌套”有多个名词从句时，我们一定要注意弄清楚各个不同层次的名
93、词从句之间的逻辑关系。此时我们往往就要借助于名词从句的谓语动词和连词来帮助我们断句。因此，在分析句子结构时，我们可以先找到句中的各个谓语动词，然后再找连词。又因为连词后面必然是从句，而从句中必然有谓语动词，因此，在每个连词后面必然要找到一个与之相应的从句的谓语动词。当把连词与对应的谓语动词划分清楚之后，整个难句的结构也就迎刃而解了。在英语中，有N个谓语动词，就会对应有N-1个连词以及N-1个对应的从句，这就是笔者提出的“连词与动词的配比原则”，也就是说，在英语句子中，谓语动词的个数一定是多于连词个数的，通常是多出一个，因为这个多出的动词就是主句的谓语动词。请看例句：1That the seas
94、 are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fastthings are changing.图解难句that the seas are being 主语从句。其中thatoverfished 引导的从句的谓语动词 是 are beingoverfishedhas been known for 主句的谓语。yearswhat researchers such 主语从句。其中whatas Rans
95、om Myers and 引导的从句的谓语动Boris Worm have shown 词是have shown。is (just) 主句的谓语。how fast things are 表语从句。其中howchanging 引导的从句的谓语动词是are changing。妙语点睛我们看到，在第一个句子中，与连词that对应的谓语动词是are being overfished，而主句的谓语是has been known。这里第二个句子是一个“嵌套”式的主系表结构，主语是what引导的从句what researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm ha
96、ve shown,表语是how引导的从句how fast things are changing。它们各自都有对应的谓语动词：what引导的从句的谓语是have shown，而how引导的从句的谓语是are changing。主句的谓语是is。精品译文 海洋正在被人们过度捕捞，许多年以来这已是尽人皆知的事实了。研究人员(如RansomMyers和Boris Worm)所揭示的仅仅是情况变化得多么迅速。当然，这种名词从句的“嵌套结构”里面还可以带有定语从句或者是状语从句，这样就形成了三大从句的“嵌套结构”。比如下面这个例句：2 No one is in the least interest in
97、 the marks a little child gets on his test; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require general intelligence.图解难句what we are interested in 主语从句is 主句的谓语whether we c
98、an conclude from his mark on the test 表语从句中的主谓状结构that the child will do better or worse than other 表语从句children of his age at tasks which we think require 表语从句中的宾语从句general intelligence宾语从句的结构图示：that the child will do better or worse 宾语从句的主谓状结构than other children of his age 插入比较结构，分隔了better与at的搭配at
99、tasks 中心词taskswhich 引导定语从句，修饰tasks 介词短语，其中at与上面we think 插入语 better or worse 构成语义搭配require (“general intelligence) 定语从句的谓语部分妙语点睛 这里的从句关系有些复杂，所以我们要抓住“连词与动词的配比原则”来断句。总体来说，这个句子是一个主系表结构，主语是what引导的从句what we are interested in，即是一个主语从句，其谓语动词是are。表语是whether引导的从句whether we can conclude from his mark on the te
100、st that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require generalintelligence，即是一个表语从句，其谓语动词是canconclude。这个表语从句较为复杂，具体来说，表语从句的谓语conclude后面带了一个that引导的宾语从句that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks。这里的比较结构thanother chil
101、dren of his age分隔了better or worse与at的语义搭配，实际上本来应该是do better or worse.attasks。这里than引导的是一个比较状语从句。在tasks后面带有一个定语从句which we think require general intelligence。这里特别要注意的是，定语从句的谓语是require，而we think是插入语。关于定语从句的插入语，请参看第二章“定语从句”中的2.17节。总之，这个句子含有的从句包括(以及连词与从句的谓语动词的配对关系是)：主语从句(what.are)，表语从句(whether.can conclu
102、de)，宾语从句(that.will do)，比较状语从句(than.do，这个do被省略了)以及定语从句(which.require)。精品译文 我们对一个小孩在考试中取得的分数并不感兴趣，我们所感兴趣的是我们是否能够从他们的考试分数中作出判断：这个孩子在我们认为需要“一般智商”的练习任务中的表现是否将会好于或差于其他同龄孩子。思维总结要求能熟练使用“连词与动词的配比原则”来分析结构复杂的从句。思维训练Exercise 6请分析下面句子结构，然后译成地道汉语。On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a ma
103、nner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.2.Initially I had doubted their claim, knowing for a fact that the center was located somewhere in New England.3. On the other hand,he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some o
104、f his critics that while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.写给读者的话一、本章学习思路名词从句是三大从句中最为简单的。虽然如此，但笔者记得自己第一次学习名词从句时，常常搞不清楚什么是主语从句、什么是同位语从句等等，也常常混淆各个连词比如that，what和which在用法上的区别。后来笔者发现了名词从句的本质特点之后，一切就变得非常简单明了。比如that和what的区别：因为that是后来添加到陈述句上的，所以当然不会在从句中充当成分；而what本来就是疑问句中的疑问词，是不可或缺的成分。因而，二
105、者在用法上当然有巨大的差别。因此，以后若对名词从句感到模糊不清，读者只要从名词从句的本质三种句子充当四种成分出发，一切问题便会迎刃而解。在具体学习时，主要是抓住两点：一是名词从句的位置特点，比如that引导的主语从句一般是置于句末的，宾语从句的各种位置关系，同位语从句可能与先行词被分隔等；二是名词从句的各个引导词在用法上的区别，尤其是that，what和which用法的区别，这是各类考试经常出题考查的地方。总之，读者只要真正吃透了名词从句的本质，并以此为中心，然后抓住两个“基本点”，即从句的位了。二、本章重点及难点本章的重点内容包括：认识名词从句的本质(1小节)，that引导的主语从句的各种句
106、型(2.1小节)，宾语从句的各种位置特点(3.1-3.6小节)，同位语从句的三种结构(5.1-5.3小节)，“连词与动词的配比原则”(6.2小节)。其中，如果真正用好了“连词与动词的配比原则”，会极大地有助于我们分析复杂难句。而这是一个难点，不是一日之功，需要多加训练。此外，同位语从句与先行词被分隔的结构也可能会给句子的理解造成障碍，读者也要特别小心。三、本章学习时间安排本章内容不多，从阅读、理解各章节内容到完成所有的练习，大约可以安排三天到一周的时间。当然读者可以根据自己的英语水平，适当安排时间来学习。这里要强调的是，每学习完一部分内容，读者应该停下来思考一下，看看自己是否真正理解了这部分内
107、容，而这可以通过每节后面的练习来检验。笔者建议读者不要一气呵成地读完所有内容，而不做练习。所以，要踏踏实实地学，不要囫囵吞枣、急于求成。尤其是英语基础不太好的读者，更应该多练习、勤思考！综合练习选择最佳答案填空。If you had told me just I was to do theywould never have found fault with my handling of the case.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.whatever2. the London Zoo will adopt as ameasurement at the critical moment
108、 is to try all ways preserving the animals in the zoo.A.ThatB.WhatC.ItsD.Whether3. How close parents are to their childrena strong influence on the character of the children.A.haveB.hasC.havingD.to have4. that snow men were often spotted on themountainside above 7, 000 meters by the local inhabitant
109、s.A.It was used to be sayingB.It used to be saidC. It used to sayD.It was used to saying5. The problem now is we can adopt toovercome the difficulties in shortage of funds.A.what measureB.that measureC. measure thatD.measure which6. theories approximate the truth is theday-to-day business of science
110、.A.Determining how closelyB.How closely to determineC.How one determines closeD.One is close to determining7. the students think it their duty to studyhard has laid the foundation for the universitys high reputation.A.That allB.WhatC.All thatD.What all8. Its doubtful the government of thatcountry ca
111、n accept them as permanent residents.A.whetherB.thatC.howD.what9. It has always puzzled me the old mantied a red silk ribbon on the young tree in his courtyard.A.thatB.whyC.whereD.what10. was the curiosity of all mankind toexplore the unknown.A.That moved the human spiritB.What moved the human spiri
112、tC. What the human spirit movedD. Which moved the human spirit1 the mass of the nucleus is slightly lessthan the total mass of the protons and neutrons which made up the nucleus.A.It found thatB. It was found thatC.It was found forD.It finds that12. His success was due to he had beenworking hard.A.t
113、hatB.the fact whichC.the fact thatD.the fact of13. makes mistakes must correct them.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhoeverD.Whatever14. He works too hard. That is is wrong with him.A.that whichB.that whatC.whatD.the thing what15.The reason why I plan to go is ifI dont.A.because she will disappointB.that she will be
114、disappointedC. because she will have been disappointedD.for she will be disappointed16. A:What is that building?B: the garden equipment is stored.A.Theres in whichB.Thats whereC.The building thatD.Thats the building which17. You can take room you prefer.A.to whatB.whicheverC.thatD.who18. Free movie
115、tickets will be given es first.A.whoeverB.whomeverC.whicheverD.whatever19. We agreed to accept they thought wasthe best tourist guide.A.whateverB.whomeverC.whicheverD.whoever20. Yet no firm evidence had come to lightthe men arrested were actually responsible.A.whichB.asC.whatD.that2 that as both bir
116、ds and mammalsbecome larger, their metabolic rates per unit of tissue decrease, and they generally live longer.A. The truthB.It is trueC.If trueD.To be true22. is the center of our planetary systemwas a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages.A.It is the sun and not the earthB. Being the sun a
117、nd not the earthC.The sun and not the earthD.That the sun and not the earth23.It is a widely held theory the ancestralprototype of the flowering Asterales was a woody plant,perhaps a small tree.A.whereB.untilC.whileD.that24. that his story may be a fabrication?A.Was it ever dawned upon youB.Have the
118、y ever dawned upon youC.Do they ever dawned upon youD.Has it ever dawned upon you25. he was the assassin.A.It had never occurred to me thatB.He had occurred thatC. To him occurred thatD.What occurred to him was26. The question is can be put intopractice.A.how you have learnedB.how that you have lear
119、nedC.that why you have learnedD.how what you have learned27. the trainer wanted to tell is.Asian elephants are easier to tame than African ones.A.That,thoseB.What, thatC.What, theD.That,which28.When reports came into London Zoo awild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were
120、not taken seriously.A.whatB.asC.whichD.that29. The quantum theory states , such aslight,is given off and absorbed in tiny definite units called quanta or photons.A.energy thatB.that it is energyC. it is energyD.that energy30. In the fourteenth century, that glasscoated with silver nitrate would turn
121、 yellow when fired in an oven.A.the discoveryB. it was discoveredC.with the discoveryD. if it was discovered3The early feminist leader Susan B. Anthony became increasingly aware through her work in the temperance movement the same rights as men.A. women were not granted thatB. that women were not gr
122、antedC. not granted women that wereD.that were not granted women32. The early years of theUnited States government were characterized by a debate concerningor individual states should have more power.A.whether the federal governmentB.either the federal governmentC.that the federal governmentD.the fe
123、deral government33. When I try to understand that preventsso many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes.A.why it doesB.what it doesC.what it isD.why it is34. Fossils records indicate existing in thepast have become extinct.A.that many species of
124、organismsB.many species of organisms that areC.many species of organism areD.there are many organisms35. According to some educators, the goal of teaching is to help students learn what to know to live a well-adjusted and successful life.A.do they needB.they needC.they are neededD.as they may need2.
125、辨别改错。36.Nutritionists (A) believe what (B) diet affects how (C) one feels physically (D) and emotionally.37. Is there any proof (A) which (B) the food of the plant differs (C) from that of (D) animals?38. A man cannot be really happy if that (A) he enjoys doing is ignored (B) by society as of (C) no
126、 value or importance (D).39. More and more people have realized (A) such (B) a fact of (C) heart diseases are related to (D) the way people live.40. Widely acknowledged as a great (A) and important playwright, Eugene ONeill brought to the United States stage it (B) was probably its first really (C) serious drama (D).4 We consider necessary (A) that (B) the instrument should (C) be adjusted each time (D).