1、Period TwoLearning about Language定语从句()使用定语从句应注意的几个问题1定语从句的主谓一致关系代词作从句的主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致，先行词是句子时，从句的谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。The recorder that has been given to me is homemade.给我的那台录音机是国产的。I，who am your classmate，will share the work with you.我是你的同学，要和你分担这项工作。注意：“one of复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词时，从句的动词通常用复数形式，但当o
2、ne前有the (only)，the (very)等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数形式。He is one of the students who have made great progress.他是取得很大进步的学生之一。Mr. Wang is the (only) one of my friends who has been invited to have dinner with us.王先生是惟一被请来和我们共进晚餐的我的一个朋友。2双重限制性定语从句一个先行词同时被两个限制性定语从句修饰。She is the only girl I know who can dance.她是我认识的
3、惟一会跳舞的女孩。3使用关系代词还是关系副词关系代词起代词的作用，关系副词起副词的作用。因此，同样的先行词，由于在从句中担任的逻辑作用不同，须用不同的关系词去代替它，尤其是一些表示时间或地点的先行词。This is the place where he works.(关系词作状语in the place，因此用where)这是他工作的地方。This is the place that/which we visited last month.(关系词作宾语，因此用that或which)这是我们上个月参观过的地方。I often think of the days that I spent in
4、Browns last summer.我时常回忆起去年夏天在布朗家度过的那段时光。Ill never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.我永远也不会忘记第一次到北京的那一天。4that代替关系副词在口语或非正式场合，that可代替关系副词，且常可省略。This is the place (that) he works.(where)这是他工作的地方。This was the time (that) he arrived.(when)这是他到达的时间。This is the reason (that) he came.这是他来的原因。尤其是当
5、先行词是way时，关系词通常用that或不用任何关系词，这里应当注意的是how不能用作关系副词引导定语从句。This is the way (that/in which) he did it.他就是这样做的。5关系词的省略关系词可以省略，但这只限于限制性定语从句中，在非限制性定语从句中，关系词则不可省略。关系词省略主要限于以下几个方面：(1)关系代词作宾语时的省略。当关系代词who，whom，which和that在定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末时的介词宾语时，可以省略。Is there anything (that) you want?想要什么东西吗？Who is the man (th
6、at，who，whom) you were talking to just now?刚才和你讲话的人是谁？(2)关系代词作表语时的省略。当关系代词that在定语从句中用作表语时，可以省略。China is not the country (that) it was.中国已不是过去的中国了。(that作表语)(3)关系代词作宾补时的省略。当关系代词that在定语从句中用作宾语补足语时，可以省略。Im not the mad man (that) you thought me.我并不是你所认为的那个疯子。(that作宾语补足语)(4)关系代词作主语时的省略。一般说来，关系代词作主语时是不能省略的，
7、但是在以下三种特殊情况下，也可省略。当定语从句为there be结构时，作主语的that可以省略。Ive told you all (that) there is to tell.该告诉的我都告诉你了。当主句为there be结构时，在定语从句中作主语的that，which，who有时可省略。Theres a gentleman (who) wants to see you. 有一位先生要见您。当主句为it is，here is结构时，在定语从句中作主语的that有时可省略。Heres a little book (that) will tell you how to raise roses.
8、这是一本关于玫瑰花栽培的小册子。(5)关系副词when的省略。用作时间状语的关系副词when通常不能省略。但有一种特殊情况，即用于day，year，time等少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成that)。That was the year (that) I first went abroad.就是那一年我第一次出国了。Ill never forget the day (that) we met.我永远也忘不了我们见面的那一天。(6)关系副词where的省略。用作地点状语的关系副词where通常不能省略，但有一种特殊情况，即用于place，somewhere，anywhere，everywhere
9、，nowhere少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成that)。This is the place (where) they met yesterday.这就是他们昨天碰头的地方。Have you somewhere (that) I can lie down for an hour?你有没有一个什么地方可以让我躺一个小时？(7)关系副词why的省略。关系副词why通常只用于the reason后引导定语从句，且通常可换成that或for which，均可省略。Thats the reason (why，for which，that) he came.这就是他来的原因。6关于“介词关系代词”介词后
10、跟有关系代词时要注意，此时的关系代词虽然用作介词的宾语，但不能省略，可以是which，但不能是that。另外，某些表示时间、地点或原因的“介词关系代词”结构可以与相应的关系副词when，where，why互换。This is the pan in which I boiled the milk.这是我煮牛奶的锅。I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss music.我想找一个能和我谈音乐的人。The documents for which they were searching have been recovered.他们寻找的文件已
11、经找到了。These are the reasons for which (why) we do it.这些就是我们这样做的理由。The period in which (when) man learnt to make tools of iron is called the Iron Age.人类学会制造铁器的时期称为铁器时代。7包括先行词与关系词的引导词有些从句中的“引导词”既包括先行词也包括关系词。What he saw gave him a little fright.他看到的情况使他有点害怕。句中的what引导的是主语从句，不是定语从句。但若作进一步分析，这里的what可分解为“先行
12、词关系代词”，也就是说，what he saw可分解为the thing that he saw。They eat whatever they can find.他们找到什么就吃什么。句中的whatever引导的是宾语从句，不是定语从句。但若作进一步分析，这里的whatever可分解为“先行词关系代词”，也就是，whatever they can find可分解为anything that they can find。Whoever wants it may have it.谁想要它都可拿去。句中的whoever引导的是主语从句，不是定语从句。但若作进一步分析，这里的whoever可分解为“先
13、行词关系代词”，也就是说，whoever wants it可分解为anyone who wants it。8定语从句与并列句有的考题为了增加难度和试题的灵活性，通常将定语从句与并列句结合起来考查，此时同学们要特别注意句中是否有并列连词and，but等。比较：(1)He has two children，and both of _ are abroad.Athem Bwhich Cwhom Dwho(2)He was two children，both of _ are abroad.Athem Bwhich Cwhom Dwho第(1)题选A，第(2)题选C。由于第(1)题中用了并列连词and
14、，从而使整个句子为并列句，and后应是一个独立的简单句，所以选A不选C；第(2)题没有并列连词and，both of whom are abroad为非限制性定语从句。另外，请比较下面一题，由于空格后没有谓语动词，而只有非谓语动词being，所以答案选A(逗号后为独立主格结构)。He has two children，both of _ being abroad.Athem Bwhich Cwhom Dwho.单项填空1He is the only one of the students who _ a winner of scholarship for 3 years.Ais Bare Ch
15、ave been Dhas been答案D解析先行词为one，谓语动词用单数；又因for 3 years故选D项。2Earth is a rocky planet _ liquid water，which is necessary for life，can exist.Awhich Bas Cwhere Dwhen答案C解析where引导定语从句，在定语从句中作地点状语。3By nine oclock，all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangman，_ appeared a rare rainbow
16、soon.Aof which Bon which Cfrom which Dabove which答案D解析根据句意，rainbow应出现在山顶上方，故用介词above；on表示“在上面”，往往和所指物体表面接触，above指在某物的上方。4For many cities in the world，there is no room to spread out further，_New York is an example.Afor which Bin which Cof whic h Dfrom which答案C解析句意是：对于世界上许多城市来说，没有可以进一步延展的空间，其中纽约是一个例子。
17、表达“中的一个”应使用介词of，of用以表示所属关系。5The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors，_ are beyond our control.Amost of them Bmost of whichCmost of what Dmost of that答案B解析句意：植物的生长速度受诸多因素的影响，绝大多数的因素是我们控制不了的。which引导非限制性定语从句，且作介词of的宾语。6The man pulled out a gold watch, _were made of small diamon
18、ds.Athe hands of whom Bwhom the hands ofCwhich the hands of Dthe hands of which答案D解析watch指物，故定语从句的引导词不可用whom，可排除A、B两项。由句意可知，空格处可填入whose hands或the hands of which表示所属关系。7The book was written in 1946，_ the education system has witnessed great changes.Awhen Bduring which Csince then Dsince when答案D解析从句时态
19、为现在完成时，故选since when来引导定语从句；A、B两项从句应用过去时某种形式；C项不合句子结构。8Chans restaurant on Baker Street，_ used to be poorly run，is now a successful business.Athat Bwhich Cwho Dwhere答案B解析非限制性定语从句缺主语。A项不能引导非限制性定语从句；C项指人；D项不能作主语。9He was educated at the local high school，_ he went on to Beijing University.Aafter which B
20、after that Cin which Din that答案A解析根据句子结构，排除B、D两项；根据句意“这之后他去了北京大学”，排除C项。10Last week，only two people came to look at the house，_ wanted to buy it.Anone of them Bboth of them Cnone of whom Dneither of whom答案D解析上文中只有两人，排除A、C两项；none指三者或三者以上；如选B，需加连词and。11Human facial expressions differ from those of anim
21、als in the degree _ they can be controlled on purpose.Awith which Bto which Cof which Dfor which答案B解析to.degree达到程度。句意为：达到哪种程度可以根据某种目的加以控制。12It is 30 years since we last met.But I still remember the story，believe it or not，_ we got lost on a rainy night.Awhich Bthat Cwhat Dwhen答案B解析that引导同位语从句，which引
22、导定语从句，要在句子中作成分。13_ is reported in the newspaper，talks between the two countries are making progress.AIt BAs CThat DWhich答案B解析as 引导非限制性定语从句，“正如”；which引导非限制性定语从句不能放在句首。14Mark was a student at this university from 20052009，_ he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students Union.Aduring which
23、 time Bfor which timeCduring whose time Dby that time答案A 解析考查which引导的定语从句。during which time表示在20052009这段时间内。15Why does she always ask you for help?There is no one else _，is there?Awho to turn to Bshe can turn to Cfor whom to turn Dfor her to turn答案B解析she can turn to为定语从句，作no one else的定语，省略了关系代词who或w
24、hom。.完成句子1It was ten oclock when_he_got_up (他起床时)2He is from Africa，as_can_be_seen_from_his_skin (这一点从他肤色上可以看得出来)3He asked us all that_we_had_seen_and_heard (我们的所见所闻)4The old man has two sons，neither_of_whom_is_a_college_student (两个都不是大学生)5The student in_whom_all_the_teachers_took_great_pride (老师们引以
25、为自豪的) was admitted to Beijing University last year.6Is this the reason he_explained_at_the_meeting (他在会上解释的) for his carelessness in his work?7It was the first time he_had_been_sent_abroad (他被派往国外)8China is no longer what_she_was_50_years_ago (她五十年前那样)9We were deeply impressed by the teachers and sc
26、hools that_we_had_ever_visited (我们访问过的)10As_is_often_the_case (就像平常一样)，he took the first place this time.阅读理解AIt was a great day for Zheng Jie on July 1,2008，when she became the first Chinese singles player to get through to the semifinal(半决赛)of a major tennis competition.In beating 18th seed Nicole
27、 Vaidisova，she showed her attacking style and her persistence.This was the latest victory for the then 24yearold player.Zheng won the 2006 Wimbledon doubles competition with Yan Zi，but an ankle injury prevented her from playing for the whole of 2007.Her ranking(排名)dropped to 133，but she entered Wimb
28、ledon in 2008 with a wild card(外卡)Then she astonished the crowd on day five by beating top seed Ana Ivanovic in two sets.“She played really great.And the balls came much faster，” Ivanovic said after the match.Zheng went on to defeat Hungarian Agnes Szavay in round four and then Vaidisova.“Did I thin
29、k I could reach the semifinal when I was given a wild card？No，”Zheng said，“I cannot believe I have gone this far.”After the match，there was a chance that she could play in the final，which will be held on her birthday.But before that could happen，she would have to overcome Serena Williams.Williams wa
30、s in good form，thrashing Agnieszka Radwanska in the quarter final 64,60.“Serena is a twotimes winner and an excellent player on grass，while I am in the semifinal for the first time，” Zheng said，“In 2004，I lost to her in the first round when she was the defending champion.I hope to do better this tim
31、e.”Zheng，who is from Chengdu，gave her share of any winnings to the people who suffered in the earthquake in Sichuan.She has done much to raise the image of Chinese tennis and Wimbledon.Former womens No.1 Tracy Austin predicted，“There are going to be more people watching that semifinal than I think e
32、ver in the history of Wimbledon.”1What is the best title for the passage?AThe Womens Semifinal of WimbledonBZheng Jie：the Best Tennis PlayerCZheng Jie Made History for Chinese TennisDWimbledon，A Major Tennis Competition答案C解析主旨大意题。通读全文可知，郑洁闯入温网女子单打半决赛在中国网球历史上是第一次，改写了中国的网球史，故C项最能概括文章内容。2When did Zheng
33、 Jie beat Ana Ivanovic according to the passage?AIn the semifinal of the competition.BOn the fifth day of the competition.CAfter defeating Hungarian Agnes Szavay.DAfter beating 18th seed Nicole Vaidisova.答案B解析细节理解题。根据第二段第四句“Then she astonished.in two sets.”可知，郑洁打败头号种子选手Ana Ivanovic是在比赛的第五天。故答案为B项。3F
34、rom the passage we learn that Zheng Jie _.Acelebrated her birthday on July 1,2008Bwon the championship of WimbledonChas lost to Serena Williams twice in the finalDhas helped people who suffered in the Sichuan earthquake答案D解析细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句“Zheng，who is from Chengdu，.in the earthquake in Sichuan.”可知，
35、答案为D项。4The underlined word “thrashing” in Paragraph 3 can be replaced by “_”Abeating easilyBhitting heavilyCdefending activelyDastonishing greatly答案A解析词义猜测题。根据划线词前面的“Williams was in good form”可知，Williams状态很好，由句中的“in the quarter final 64,60”可知，她轻松战胜了对手，故答案为A项。5From the passage we can infer that _.AZh
36、eng Jie reached the semifinal of Wimbledon twiceBChinese tennis players are the best in the worldCZheng Jie won a champion title at the age of 22 with Yan ZiDfew people watch the matches of Wimbledon now答案C解析推理判断题。第二段“This was the latest victory for the then 24yearold player.”这个句子中的then指的是第一段提到的2008
37、年闯进半决赛，那时她24岁；根据“Zheng won the 2006 Wimbledon doubles competition with Yan Zi”可推测，郑洁在22岁时和晏紫获得了2006温布尔登网球公开赛的双打冠军，故答案为C项。BDoris Lessing，the Londonresiding novelist whose deeply autobiographical writing has swept across continents and reflects her engagement with the social and political issues of he
38、r time，won the 2007 Nobel Prize in Literature.Ms. Lessing，who turns 88 is the 11th woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.But she never finished high school and largely educated herself through eager reading.Doris was born in 1919 in Iran.Ms. Lessing moved with her family to Zimbabwe because of
39、the promise of farming riches，where Ms. Lessing had what she has called a painful childhood.She left home when she was 15，and in 1937 she moved to Salisbury (now Harare) in Southern Zimbabwe，where she took jobs as a telephone operator and nursemaid.She got married at 19 and had two children.A few ye
40、ars later，feeling imprisoned，she abandoned her family.She later married Gottfried Lessing.When she divorced Mr. Lessing，she moved to London，where she began her literary career.Her debut novel，published in 1950，was “The Grass Is Singing” which described the relationship between a white farmers wife a
41、nd her black servant.In her earliest works Ms. Lessing drew upon her childhood experiences in colonial Zimbabwe to write about the collision of white and black cultures and racial injustice.Because of her outspoken views，the governments of Southern Zimbabwe and South Africa declared her a “prohibite
42、d alien” in 1956.After learning she has been honored as the Nobel Prize winner in Literature，Ms. Lessing first said she was a bit surprised，“Because I had forgotten about it actually.”But on a second thought，she said she was not that surprised，referring to the number of times she had been mentioned
43、as a likely honoree.“Either they were going to give it to me sometime before I passed away or not at all.”Ms. Lessings strongest legacy may be that she inspired a generation of feminists(女权主义者) with her breakthrough novel，“The Golden Notebook”Ms. Lessing wrote candidly about the inner lives of women
44、 and rejected the idea that they should limit their lives to marriage and children although she denied that she herself was a feminist.But the fact that “for women and for literature，Doris Lessing is a mother to us all” cannot be denied.6The writer wrote this passage mainly to _.Aintroduce the 2007
45、Nobel Prize winner in Literature Doris LessingBappreciate the novels written by Doris LessingCreview Doris Lessings literature and personal lifeDinform the readers the 2007 Nobel Prize Award答案C解析主旨大意题。本文全文是对2007年诺贝尔文学奖获得者Doris Lessing获奖及其个人生活轨迹和文学历程的相关介绍，所以C项符合。A项只是一个方面。7We can know from the passage
46、 that _.Agood education contributes greatly to Doris Lessings successBthere are together 11 women including Doris Lessing who have won the Nobel PrizeCMs. Lessing has never been considered as a possible candidate for the Nobel PrizeDMs. Lessing is now living in London答案D解析细节理解题。从第二段文字“But she never
47、finished high school.”可知A项错；文中说是共有11名女性获得the Nobel Prize in Literature，而B项则变为只有11名女性获得诺贝尔奖，故也不正确；第四段文字“.referring to the number of times she had been mentioned as a likely honoree.”可知C项错；首段“Doris Lessing，the Londonresiding novelist.”可知她现在住在伦敦。8What can we know about Doris Lessings earliest works?ATh
48、ey were about feminism.BThey were welcome by the citizens.CThey were not popular with the government.DThey broke the law.答案C解析细节理解题。由第三段可知当时政府禁止了她的书籍，故她的早期作品不受政府欢迎，C项为正确答案；书的内容是关于“the collision of white and black cultures and racial injustice”而非女权主义，A项不正确；B项和D项文中没有提到。9Which of the following facts ab
49、out Doris Lessing is TRUE according to the passage?AShe enjoyed a colorful and happy childhood.BShe showed her writing talents when she was a little girl.CShe might not have led a happy life during her marriage.DShe felt a great surprise that she should be awarded the Noble Prize.答案C解析细节理解题。由第二段文字“.
50、what she has called a painful childhood.”可知A项错；Doris Lessing是在第二次婚姻失败后才开始写作的，可知B项错；Lessing离异两次可知她的婚姻并不幸福，故C项正确。知道获奖后Lessing只是a bit surprised，所以D项错。10From the passage，we can learn that _.ADoris Lessing encourages women to pursue their own happiness through her writingsB“The Grass Is Singing” brings D
51、oris Lessings most fame and recognitionC“The Golden Notebook” is Doris Lessings first novelDDoris Lessings writings largely focus on personal life and love affairs答案A解析推理判断题。由末段“Ms. Lessing.rejected the idea that they should limit their lives to marriage and children.”可知她鼓励女性寻求幸福，“The Grass Is Singing”是她的debut novel即处女作，而“The Golden Notebook”是她的breakthrough novel，所以B、C两项应该调换；首段提及她“reflects her engagement with the social and political issues of her time”所以D项说她的作品只限于personal life and love affairs是错误的。