1、2013高考英语书面表达01-02：文字提纲式作文专题指导（1）综观历届高考书面表达试题，我们不难发现文字提纲式作文大体分为两种：提纲要点式和提纲表格式。不过无论是以哪种形式出现都不外乎是用文字（中文、英文）给出写作信息和要求的写作形式，即给出要点或提纲，也称作要点式书面表达，或文字提示作文，属于控制性作文。文字提纲式作文既是历年高考的传统题型，也是历年高考的主流题型。2012年全国及各地高考就高达12篇（全国课标卷，全国大纲卷，天津卷，重庆卷，安徽卷，广东卷两篇，江苏卷，江西卷，辽宁卷，山东卷，四川卷）以文字提纲式命题的作文。这类题型的主要特点是：要点明确，范围具体，贴近生活，易于动笔。此类
2、试题中有较多的文字说明，实际上规定了考生表述的思路，对考生的写作范围作了较为明确的限定，试题中规定的要点一个也不能回避。考生既不能随意发挥也不能逐条翻译。但随着高考改革的进程加快，这种题型的开放度越来越大。近几年，在允许考生适当添加细节内容的基础上，要求考生发表自己的观点或看法。文字提纲式作文在体裁上，一般以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主，要求考生根据提纲说明某种情况或辩论某种观点。文字提纲式作文有时也可能是应用文。具体解题步骤第一 认真审题，攫取要点审主题：高考书面表达题材不同，写法就有所不同。要通过仔细观察，认真分析，确定成拙。第三 灵活表达，化解难点在“一刻千金”的考场上考生要想准确表达出所
3、有内容，并非易事。考生往往会遇到难以表述的内容，或一时想不起确切的习惯用语或句型来进行表达。面对这种情况有些考生不去认真考虑，进行变通表达，而是空着不写或是胡编乱造甚至用汉语拼音代替，其结果必然是答非所需、词不达意、甚至汉语式英语满天飞。正确的做法是要从另一个角度运用自己学过的熟悉的知识去灵活表达，同样能写出想要表达的内容。第四 逻辑清晰，过渡自然 一篇优质的作文，逻辑是完整清晰的，并且句子与句子，段与段之间的衔接也是自然而然的。为达到这一效果，我们要注意连词的运用。特别提醒：做提纲表格式书面表达要特别注意1.注意文体,避免“填表式”的表达提纲表格式的提示题虽以表格作为提示,但要求以“短文”的
4、形式(包括不同文体)来表达。答题时应注意不同文体的格式。切忌将短文写成“履历表”。例时间：上周末（被采访的）对象：眼科医生（eye-doctor）王教授主题：我国中小学生近视（short-sightedness）问题Time: last weekendThe interviewed person: an eye-doctor Professor Wang Topic: the problem about our country primary and middle students short-sightedness.上述“填表式”的表达显得滑稽可笑，显然不符合高考书面表达的要求。恰当的表达应
5、为：Last weekend, I had an interview with eye-doctor Professor Wang about our country primary and middle students short-sightedness.2.灵活变通，避免“硬译式”的表达首先，表格中的汉语提示简洁凝练，概括性强，表达时切忌逐字逐句翻译，简单罗列提示要点。必要时还要做灵活调整或进行补充。这样做的目的是将所要求写的内容准确、完整地表达出来。例学生现状负担过重的原因每日在校时间9小时考试压力大；作业多；来源:Z。xx。k.Com来源:学科网来源:Z#xx#k.Com家长期望高。
6、来源:学_科_网每日家庭作业时间34小时来源:Zxxk.Com来源:学科网ZXXK来源:学_科_网Z_X_X_K每日课外活动时间几乎没有每日睡眠时间不足罗列表达：The time we spend in school every day is 9 hours and 3 to 4 hours to do our homework at home. The time to do outside activities is less and no enough time is for sleep every night.灵活表达：Every day I have to stay at school
7、 for nine hours to have lessons and spend at least three to four hours doing my homework at home. We teenagers are eager to play and enjoy ourselves, but we hardly have any time to do what we want. Besides, we dont even have enough sleep.机械重复：We have the pressure of examinations. We have too much ho
8、mework to do. Our parents have high expectations of us.灵活表达：There seem to be three cases about the overload: the pressure of examinations, too much homework and high expectations from the parents.例工厂发展情况：近十年发生巨变 错误表达：In the past ten years the mill has taken place great changes. 正确表达：Great changes ha
9、ve taken place in this mill in the past ten years.3.注意衔接，避免“单句式”表达 高考书面表达不同于单句翻译。有些同学表达时只注意了单个句子的完整性，而忽略了句子与句子之间的衔接以及整个语篇的连贯性，致使全文逻辑性不强，可读性差。例试比较：（2012江苏卷）生活中冲突时有发生。假设你班同学苏华和李江打篮球时发生争执，导致关系紧张。请你结合此事，并根据以下提示，用英语写一篇短文，向学校英文报“Happy Teens”专栏投稿。简要描述事情的经过打篮球碰撞争执,等等分析发生冲突的原因1.遇事不够冷静2.谈谈避免冲突的做法(请考生根据自己的经历或感
10、想，提出至少两种做法)注意：1.对所有要点逐一陈述，适当发挥,不要简单翻译；2.词数150左右。开头已经写好，不计入总词数；3.作文中不得提及有关考生个人身份的任何信息，如校名、人名等。Conflicts with others are common in everyday life.一、认真审题，攫取要点通过审题，确定本文的话题为“生活中冲突时有发生，举例并分析其发生的原因以及对如何避免冲突提出自己的意见”。围绕这个话题，将题目中叙述的文字转换成以下要点：生活中冲突时有发生（开头句已经给出）；苏华和李江打篮球时因为碰撞发生争执，导致关系紧张；他们俩遇事不够冷静。二、理顺要点，挖掘要点本题理顺
11、要点很简单：按照什么时间、发生了何事、结果如何的逻辑顺序安排就可以了。但是本题难就难在，该书面表达留给我们发挥的空间很大。这体现在两个方面：一是“分析发生冲突的原因”和“谈谈避免冲突的做法”需要我们去想象挖掘要点；二是在“简要描述事情的经过”时，我们要增加合理的细节。1.简要描述事情的经过给出事情发生的时间：如“昨天下午，今天上午”等等（因为记叙有六要素：记叙要有六要素：时间、地点、人物，原因，过程及结果。）；为什么会发生碰撞：根据常识可知：抢球；他们是如何争执的：大吵大叫。争执的结果：演化成可怕的争吵，导致两个人关系紧张。2.分析发生冲突的原因在这篇作文里，我们要分析争执是双方造成的。题目中
12、已经提示了原因之一是“遇事不够冷静”。那我们可以继续拓展下，“遇事不冷静” 就可能导致说粗话。为什么会遇事不冷静呢？比如说“他们都太在乎输赢了”。还有他们也许是没意识到“在激烈的比赛中，阻挡、推攘、碰撞等”是难免的。3.谈谈避免冲突的做法这一段是让自主发挥个人观点的，也是最容易出彩的地方。需要注意的是在提出一个应对办法时，用一句话交待下这样做的意义或者益处，以此增强方法的说服力。大的方面说都是对society有益的，比如说“is essential to competitive society”等。这篇作文是用来投稿的。那么，就决定了这种文稿具有一定教育意义或者启迪意义的。因此，如果再添加一段
13、，用简短的话语进行呼吁，文章就更加完整了。三、灵活表达，化解难点本篇所给要点和增加的细节比较多，有些要点和细节表达起来还比较棘手。要解决这个问题我们就要灵活表达来化解难点。1.简要描述事情的经过2.分析发生冲突的原因Su Hua and Li Jiang were not calm enough. Both of them attacked at each other by mean things.They cared too much about whether they would win or lose.They didnt realize that such a thing was c
14、ommon in such a close game.In my opinion, both Su Hua and Li Jiang were to blame. Because they were not calm enough and both attacked at each other by words. They cared too much about whether they would win or lose. But ,as we all know, something like blocking, pushing and bumping is common in such
15、a tough game.To be honest, it was Sus fault but Li was also to blamethey were not calm enough and both said some really mean things. They cared too much about winning and losing. As a matter of fact, blocking, pushing and bumping are just part of a tough game. （范文）3. 谈谈避免冲突的做法To avoid such conflicts
16、, we should be friendly to one another, which is important to enjoy a peaceful life. It is also a virtue to forgive each other especially in such a competitive and stressful society. We should not blame each other but communicate more. Whats more, we must learn to how to handle such conflicts if we
17、stood in the opposite side. To avoid such conflicts, we should be kind to one another, which is essential to enjoying a harmonious life. It is also a virtue to forgive and forget, especially in such a competitive and stressful society. Instead of blaming each other, we should communicate more and pu
18、t ourselves in others place. （范文）四、逻辑清晰，过渡自然 Conflicts with others are common in everyday life. Yesterday afternoon there was a basketball game, during which Su Hua and Li Jiang tried to catch the ball and knocked down each other. Then they started shouting at each other. As a result, a horrible qua
19、rrel happened, which contributed to the tension between them.In my opinion, both Su Hua and Li Jiang were to blame. Because they were not calm enough and both attacked at each other by mean things. They cared too much about whether they would win or lose. But, as we all know, such a thing is common
20、in such a close game.To avoid such conflicts, we should be friendly to one another, which is important to enjoy a peaceful life. It is also a virtue to forgive each other especially in such a competitive and stressful society. We should not blame each other but communicate more. Whats more, we must
21、learn to how to handle such conflicts if we stood in the opposite side.(161 words)【范文】Conflicts with others are common in everyday life. During the basketball game yesterday afternoon, Su Hua and Li Jiang bumped into each other, trying to catch the ball. Then they started shouting and yelling, and i
22、t turned into a horrible quarrel.To be honest, it was Sus fault but Li was also to blamethey were not calm enough and both said some really mean things. They cared too much about winning and losing. As a matter of fact, blocking, pushing and bumping are just part of a tough game.To avoid such confli
23、cts, we should be kind to one another, which is essential to enjoying a harmonious life. It is also a virtue to forgive and forget, especially in such a competitive and stressful society. Instead of blaming each other, we should communicate more and put ourselves in others place. Dont be self-centered and try to be considerate. We must learn to handle conflicts calmly and wisely.(150 words)