1、专题十六 猜测词义【3年模拟】Passage1OnNovember7,LewisPughcompletedaone-kilometerswiminthefreezingwatersofKingEdwardCove,offSouthGeorgiainAntarctica.Hewaswearingonlyhisswimmingglasses,capandSpeedos!Pughisanadvocateforouroceansandseas,workingtoprotecttheseecosystemwiththeirlargediversityofmarine(海洋的)life.Whenasked
2、whyhedoesntwearawetsuit,Lewissays, “Iaskworldleaderstodoeverythingtheycantoprotectouroceans.Sometimesthestepstheyneedtotakearedifficultandunpopular.IfImaskingthemtobecourageous,Imustalsobe.Swimminginawetsuitwouldnotsendtherightmessage.”IttookPughabout19minutestocompletetheone-kilometerswiminAntarcti
3、cawherethewateraveragedabout1.6degreesCelsius(摄氏度).Hesaysthathisbodycanonlytolerateabout20minutesinthefreezingwatersbeforeitstartsshuttingdown.Asheswims,hisbodytemperaturesteadilydrops,whichinturncauseshismuscle(肌肉)controltodrop,slowinghimdown.Whenheisdonewithhisswim,hissupportteamrusheshimtoahotsho
4、werandittakesalmostanhourforhisbodytemperaturetoreturntonormal.DoctorsandPughcautionthatonemustreceivemonthsoftrainingtoswiminsuchcoldwaters.Evenexpertswimmerswhoareunusedtofreezingwatercandrownwithinminutesbecauseofthephysicalshockexperiencedbythebody.Pughsayshetrainedforsixmonthsbeforethisswim.Thi
5、sisnotthefirsttimethatLewishasswumindangerousconditions.In2007,heswamonekilometerintheNorthPoletodrawattentiontothemeltingArcticiceduetoclimatechange.In2015,heswamintheBayofWhalesinAntarcticasRossSeaaspartofhissuccessfulcampaigntohelpsetupamarinereservethere.1.WhydidLewisPughswimwithoutawetsuit?A.To
6、swimfaster.B.Toshowhisbravery.C.Tobuilduphisbody.D.Towinpublicattention.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword “it” inParagraph3referto?A.Hisbody.B.Thewater.C.Hisbodytemperature.D.Thewatertemperature.3.WhatsPughsadviceaboutswimminginfreezingwaters?A.Onemustbefullyprepared.B.Oneshouldbeexpertatswimming.C.Onesho
7、uldbereadytotakeonchallenges.D.Onemustbeusedtolong-distanceswimming.4.Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?A.LewisPugh:swimmingforacauseB.HowtosurviveaswimincoldwatersC.HowtoprepareforextremeswimmingD.LewisPugh:achievingtheimpossible答案语篇解读这是一篇记叙文,主要讲述了LewisPugh 为了呼吁政府采取措施保护海洋而在极地海洋水温很低的情况下,不穿潜水衣游泳的勇敢事迹。1
8、.B细节理解题。本题题干意为:为什么LewisPugh不穿潜水衣游泳?根据第二段的“Iaskworldleaderstodoeverythingtheycantoprotectouroceans.Sometimesthestepstheyneedtotakearedifficultandunpopular.IfImaskingthemtobecourageous,Imustalsobe.Swimminginawetsuitwouldnotsendtherightmessage.”可知,他不穿潜水衣的原因是他要展示他的勇敢,故选B项。2.A猜测词义题。本题题干意为:第三段中画线词“it”指的是什
9、么?解此题要结合上下文语境,上文是说他在冰冷的水里游泳身体只能忍受大约20分钟,下文中提到他在游泳时体温在慢慢下降,肌肉控制力也在下降,可推测出此处的it指的是hisbody,故选A项。3.A细节理解题。本题题干意为:关于在冰冷的水中游泳Pugh给出了什么建议?根据第四段的“DoctorsandPughcautionthatonemustreceivemonthsoftrainingtoswiminsuchcoldwaters.”可知,一个人要想在冰冷的水里游泳必须得训练几个月才可以,即做足准备工作,故选A项。4.A主旨大意题。本题题干意为:文章的合适的题目是什么?文章主要讲述的是Pugh 为
10、保护海洋而在极寒的水里游泳,他用实际行动去展示他保护海洋的决心,由此可知A项是最佳标题。Passage2Eventhedirtonthegroundislikelytomakeclimatechangeworse,anewstudyfinds.Researchershaveshownthatwarmertemperaturesareheatingthesoil,whichiscausingmicrobes(微生物)tobecomemoreactiveandreleasemoreofthesoilscarbonintotheatmosphere.BenBond-LambertyoftheJoin
11、tGlobalChangeResearchInstituteistheleadauthorofthestudy.Hesays, “Thesesoilchangescanpotentiallycontributetoevenhighertemperatures.”ThefindingswerepublishedonAugust2inthejournalNature.Scientistsstudieddevicereadings,soilmeasurements,plantgrowthdetailsandsatelliteobservationsfromaroundtheworld.Theirwo
12、rkisthemostcompletestudyyetonthesubject.Theyfoundasharpincreaseincarbonreleasedintotheatmospherebybacteriaandfungi(真菌)insoilfrom1990through2014.Researchersexplainthatthecarboncomesfromthedeadplantsandleavesthemicrobeseat.Astemperaturesrise,themicrobeseatmore.Andthemoretheyeat,themorecarbontheymakein
13、tocarbondioxideandreleaseintotheatmosphere.Thisuncontrolledcyclespeedsupandintensifiesclimatechange,saysJerryMeliloofMarineBiologicalLaboratoryinMassachusetts.Melilowasnotpartofthestudy.Overall,soilreleasesaboutninetimesmorecarbonthanhuman-causedactivities.Butthatispartofanaturalcycle:Theamountofcar
14、bonreleasedintotheairisaboutequaltothecarbonoceansandplantstakein.However,carbonreleasedfromfossilfuelcausesanimbalance.Burningcoal,oilandnaturalgasputsmorecarbonintotheatmospherethannaturecantakeout.Theadditionalcarbonheatstheairandsoil.Andastheairandsoilgethotter,theearthwillreleaseyetmorecarbonth
15、anithasbeenholding.“Ifsomethingisntdone,wearereallyintrouble,” saidRattanLalofOhioStateUniversity.Headdedthatpropersoilconservationcanhelpkeepmorecarboninsoil.Conservationmethodsincludeavoidingturningthesoil,coveringoff-seasoncropsandleavingcropdepositsontheground.1.Whatstherightorderoftheuncontroll
16、edcycle?evenhighertemperaturesarecausedmicrobesbecomemoreactivemicrobesreleasemoreofthesoilscarbonintotheatmospherewarmtemperaturesheatthesoilA.B.C.D.2.Whatcanwelearnfromthetext?A.Carbonreleasedfromfossilfuelcontributestoabalance.B.Scientistshavedonethemostthoroughresearchonthesubject.C.Theamountofc
17、arbonreleasedintotheairisalwaysequal.D.BenBond-LambertyandRattanLalaremembersofthestudy.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword “intensifies” inParagraph6mean?A.Fuels.B.Causes.C.Releases.D.Affects.4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TheearthbecomingmuchwarmerB.HightemperaturesheatingthesoilC.Warmersoilreleasi
18、ngmorecarbonD.Microbesmakingclimatechangeworse答案语篇解读本文为说明文。研究表明,随着全球气候变暖,土壤的温度也随之升高,这造成了土壤里的微生物变得更加活跃并向空气中释放出更多的二氧化碳,这使全球气候变暖形势更加严峻。1.D细节理解题。本题题干意为:这种恶性循环的正确顺序是什么?根据第一段可知其顺序是:全球气候变暖使土壤的温度升高(土壤里的)微生物变得更加活跃微生物向大气中释放出更多的二氧化碳大气温度变得更高。2.B细节理解题。本题题干意为:从文中我们可以知道什么?根据第四段尤其是该段的最后一句(他们的工作是关于气候变暖如何影响土壤的最全面的研究)
19、可知答案为B项。3.A猜测词义题。本题题干意为:第六段中的画线词“intensifies”的意思是什么?根据画线词前的(这种恶性循环加快)可推知画线词的意思与动词fuel(加强)相同。4.C主旨大意题。本题题干意为:本文的合适的题目是什么?本文的首句为本文的中心,根据首句(即使是地面上的土也可能使气候变化变得更糟)可知本文的题目是:变暖的土壤释放出更多的二氧化碳。Passage3Eventhebiggestandbrightestdreamcanloseradiance(光辉)inthefaceofself-doubt.Wheredoesself-doubtcomefrom?Itresults
20、fromfear.Afterall,ifyourequiteconfidentofyourabilitytoaccomplishsomethingyoucaredeeplyabout,thenyouwonthavedoubt.However,withoutsomedegreeoffeartoovercome,confidencecannevertrulybebuilt.Itsaclassicchicken-and-eggproblem.Confidencecomesfrom,inlargepart,theexperienceofovercomingscarythingsandmovingpas
21、tfear.Self-doubtgrowslargerwhenweforget,evenmomentarily,thepurposebehindwhatwearedoing.Whenourpurposeisconspicuous,self-doubtwillstillbethere,butitwillbekeptinitsplace.Whenyoureceiveavaccine(疫苗),youareinjectedwithaweakstrainofavirus,tosupportthedevelopmentofresistancetosomethingmuchmoreseverethatyou
22、mightmeetdowntheroad.Similarly,self-doubtisaprocessbywhichyoucanseeopportunitiesforfailureaheadoftime,butalsothepossibilitiesoffacinganddefeatingit.Self-doubtpreparesyouagainstthethingsthatmightruinyoulateron.Haveyouevernoticedthatwhenyoudoubtyourself,youautomaticallythinkofallthelittlethingsyouneed
23、todotoaccomplishyourgoal?Youbecomecautiousandcareful.Doubtpromotesarundownofyourmentalchecklisttoensurethateverythingistakencareof.Itproducesagreatersensecaringaboutwhatyouaredoingandtheskillsyoucanapplytogetthejobdone.Self-doubtisanecessarypartofpersonalgrowthandachievements.Withoutit,wewouldmakeal
24、lsortsofunforcederrorsduringthecourseofachievingourgoals.Thechoicewehave,however,istoapproachthebarrierofself-doubtasanopportunityforlearning,reflectionandimprovement,andnotasadreamkiller.1.Whatisconfidencemainlybasedon?A.Defeatingfear.B.Powerfulskills.C.Greatdetermination.D.Makingwisechoices.2.Theu
25、nderlinedword “conspicuous” inParagraph2canbebestreplacedby “”.A.randomB.ambiguousC.urgentD.evident3.HowisParagraph3mainlydeveloped?A.Bylistingexamples.B.Bymakingcomparisons.C.Bymakingclassifications.D.Byanalyzingcauseandeffect.4.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.TheEffectsofSelf-doubtB.TheOriginsof
26、Self-doubtC.TheBenefitsofSelf-doubtD.DifferentAttitudestoSelf-doubt答案语篇解读本文为说明文。你平时会自我怀疑吗?如果会的话,不必过分担心,自我怀疑未必是件坏事。1.A细节理解题。本题题干意为:自信主要基于什么?根据第一段中的“However,withoutsomedegreeoffeartoovercome,confidencecannevertrulybebuilt.Confidencecomesfrom,inlargepart,theexperienceofovercomingscarythingsandmovingpas
27、tfear.(然而,如果不或多或少地克服一些困难,自信心永远不会被真正地建立自信心在很大程度上来源于克服恐怖的事和抛开过去的恐惧的经历。)”可知,自信主要来源于战胜恐惧的经历,故答案为A项(战胜恐惧)。B:强大的技能;C:巨大的决心;D:做明智的选择。2.D猜测词义题。本题题干意为:第二段中的画线词“conspicuous”最适合被“”替换。根据第二段(当我们忘记,即使是瞬时忘记我们所做的事的目的时,自我怀疑会越来越严重。当我们的目的明确时,自我怀疑仍会存在,但是它会保持在属于它的位置。)可推知画线词“conspicuous”的意思是“明显的,明确的”,故答案为D项。A:任意的;B:模棱两可的
28、,模糊不清的;C:紧急的。3.B推理判断题。本题题干意为:第三段主要是以什么方式展开的?根据文章第三段内容尤其是关键词“Similarly”可推知,本段主要采用了比较的写作手法,因此答案为B项。A:通过举例;C:通过分类;D:通过分析因果。4.C主旨大意题。本题题干意为:文章的最佳题目是什么?通读全文尤其是最后三段可推知,本文主要介绍自我怀疑有哪些好处,因此本文的最佳标题是C项。高级语块self-doubt自我怀疑accomplishonesgoal实现某人的目标长难句Whenyoureceiveavaccine,youareinjectedwithaweakstrainofavirus,to
29、supportthedevelopmentofresistancetosomethingmuchmoreseverethatyoumightmeetdowntheroad.当你被注射疫苗时,你被注射了某种病毒的弱毒株以支持抵制生活中你可能遇到的更厉害的病毒的生长。本句的主干是:youareinjectedwithaweakstrainofavirus;Whenyoureceiveavaccine 为时间状语从句;不定式短语tosupportthedevelopmentofresistancetosomethingmuchmoresevere作目的状语;thatyoumightmeetdownt
30、heroad为定语从句,先行词为something。Passage4AteacherfromRelaxKidsinTamworth,theUK,usedtwoapplestoshowherstudentsthedamagingandoftenunseenconsequencesofbullying.Andherpostaboutthepowerfullessonhasgoneviral.RosieDuttonexplainedthatduringoneofherclassessheintroducedtworedapplestothechildren.Whatthekidsdidntknoww
31、asthatpriortothelesson,Duttonhadrepeatedlydroppedoneoftheapplesonthefloor.Andyet,ontheoutsideatleast,bothappleslookedperfect. “IpickeduptheappleIddroppedonthefloorandstartedtotellthechildrenhowIdislikedthisapple,andthatIthoughtitwasdisgusting,thatitscolourwashorribleandthatthestemwasjusttooshort,”Du
32、ttonwrote.Shethenencouragedthestudentstodothesame.Someofthechildrenlookedatherlikeshewas “crazy”,butthestudentspassedtheapplearoundthecircle,callingitnames.Continuingtheexercise,theteacherthenpassedthesecondapplearoundthecircle.Thisapple,however,wasshoweredwithcommentslike “Yourskinisbeautiful!” and
33、 “Whatabeautifulcolouryouhave!”Duttonthenshowedthestudentsbothapplesonceagain,highlightingthat “therewasnochange,andbothapplesstilllookedthesame.”Thatis,untilshecutthemopen. “Theapplewedsaidunkindwordstowasbruisedandallmushyinside,”shesaid.Therewas,shesaid,animmediate “lightbulb” momentforherstudent
34、s. “Theyreallygotit.Whatwesawinsidethatappleiswhatishappeninginsideeveryoneofuswhensomeonemistreatsuswiththeirwordsoractions.”Duttonexplainedhowimportantitistoteachchildrentostandupforoneanother,andtostopanyformofbullying.“Letscreateagenerationofkindcaringchildren,”theteacherwrote. “Thetonguehasnobo
35、nes,butisstrongenoughtobreakaheart.Sobecarefulwithyourwords.”1.Whathadtheteacherdonetothefirstapplebeforethelesson?A.Shehadintroducedittothekids.B.Shehaddamageditpurposely.C.Shehadmadeitlookperfect.D.Shehadcoloureditbrightly.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedpart “callingitnames” inParagraph3mean?A.Sayingrudet
36、hingstoit.B.Makingfunofit.C.Cheeringforit.D.Shoutingatit.3.Whatdidtheteacherinstructthekidstodowiththesecondapple?A.Dropit.B.Praiseit.C.Ignoreit.D.Observeit.4.Whatsthepurposeoftheteachersusingtwoapplesinclass?A.Todrawthekidsattention.B.Toexplainherpersonalpreferences.C.Tomakeacomparisonbetweenthem.D
37、.Tohelpthekidsunderstandtheresultsofbullying.答案语篇解读本文为记叙文。作者讲述了一位老师用两个苹果给学生上了一节生动的有关恃强凌弱危害性的课。1.B细节理解题。根据第二段第二句Whatthekidsdidntknowwasthatpriortothelesson,Duttonhadrepeatedlydroppedoneoftheapplesonthefloor.可知答案为B项。2.A猜测词义题。根据倒数第三段第二句中的saidunkindwordsto可知答案为A项(辱骂)。3.B细节理解题。根据第四段中“Yourskinisbeautiful!
38、” and “Whatabeautifulcolouryouhave!”可知那位老师让那些孩子赞美第二个苹果,故答案为B项。4.D推理判断题。由全文可知老师在班上用两个苹果的目的是帮助孩子们懂得恃强凌弱的危害,故答案为D项。高级语块priorto在前面call.names侮辱长难句“IpickeduptheappleIddroppedonthefloorandstartedtotellthechildrenhowIdislikedthisapple,andthatIthoughtitwasdisgusting,thatitscolourwashorribleandthatthestemwasj
39、usttooshort.”Duttonwrote.“我拿起在地上摔过的那个苹果开始告诉孩子们我多么讨厌这个苹果,我认为它令人厌恶,它的颜色很差,而且茎太短了。”Dutton写道。Iddroppedonthefloor为定语从句,先行词为theapple。Passage5TheHashHouseHarriersisanunusualinternationalrunningandsocialclub.Runsareorganized,whicharefollowedbyatriptothepublichouseafterwardsforasocialget-together.Therunisafu
40、nandexhilaratingevent.Agroupofpeopleknownasthe “hares” layatrail(alonglineofmarks).Theyoftenuseflourortoiletpapertomarkthetrail.The “hounds”aretherunners.Theymustfollowthetrailandtrytogettotheend.Soundseasy?Itcanbe,butitcanalsobedifficultasthe “hares”mayalsolayafalsetrail.Sometimesthe “hares” leavea
41、fewminutesbeforethe “hounds”andthetaskofthe “hounds” istogetholdofthe “hares” beforetheylaythetrail.Therearenowmorethan1,500HashHouseHarriergroups,withoneinmostofthemajorcitiesaroundtheworld.HashingbeganinKualaLumpur(Malaysia),in1938.AgroupofmenfromtheUK,CecilLee,Frederick “Horse” Thomson,Ronald “To
42、rch”Bennett,andAlbertStephenIgnatiusGispertwouldmeetafterworkonMondayeveningstorun.Theyoftenfollowedpapertrailsthroughtheoutskirts(市郊)ofKualaLumpur.Aftertherun,thetiredrunnerswouldoftengotoapublichouseforafewdrinks.Later,theyputtheirsocietyontheofficiallist.Gispertsuggestedthename “HashHouseHarriers
43、”.ItcamefromtheSelangorClubAnnexwheretheylived.ItwasknownlocallyastheHashHousebecauseofitsboring,unimaginativefood.Theword “hash”meansmanydifferentthingsmixedtogetherwithoutanyorder.Therearemanytraditionsrelatedtohashing.Thetraditionalsymbolofhashingistheoutlineofafootwiththewords “On-On”writtenonit
44、,whichiswhathashersshoutwhentheyhavefoundthetrail.1.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains “exhilarating”underlinedinParagraph1?A.Important.B.Common.C.Exciting.D.Frightening.2.Whatisthetaskofthe “hounds” duringthehashing?A.Markingthetrail.B.Catchingthe “hares”.C.Followingafalsetrail.D.Gettingtothepublichou
45、se.3.Whatdowelearnaboutthecreatorsofhashing?A.Theyoftenranonweekends.B.Theyled1,500hashinggroups.C.Theyworkedinapublichouse.D.TheywereBritishmeninMalaysia.4.Whatwastheclubnamedafter?A.Aplace.B.Aman.C.Akindoffood.D.Atypeofsport.答案语篇解读本文为说明文,介绍了一个名为TheHashHouseHarriers(城市猎狗行动)的世界性休闲健身俱乐部的相关内容。1.C猜测词义题
46、。本题题干意为:下面哪一项能最好地解释第一段中的画线词“exhilarating”?根据画线词前面的fun以及下文对这项活动的具体解释可推知画线词“exhilarating”与fun意思相近,故答案为C项。2.B细节理解题。本题题干意为:在hashing活动中,“hounds”的任务是什么?根据第一段中的“.thetaskofthe hounds istogetholdofthe hares.”可知在hashing过程中,“hounds”的任务是抓住“hares”,故答案为B项。3.D细节理解题。本题题干意为:对于“城市猎狗行动”的创始人,我们了解什么?根据第二段中的“Hashingbegan
47、inKualaLumpur(Malaysia),in1938.AgroupofmenfromtheUK.”可知:该活动的创始人是一群生活在马来西亚的英国男士,故答案为D项。4.A细节理解题。本题题干意为:该俱乐部是以什么命名的?根据第三段中的“ItcamefromtheSelangorClubAnnexwheretheylived.”可知:这个俱乐部是以地名命名的,故答案为A项。Passage6NobellaureateC.N.YangandTuringAwardwinnerYaoQizhihavebecomeChinesecitizensandofficiallyjoinedtheChine
48、seAcademyofSciences(CAS)asacademicians,theacademysfacultyofficesaidonTuesday,Feb21st,2017.TheyarethefirstoverseasscientiststorelinquishtheirforeigncitizenshiptojointheofficialfacultyofChinashighestscientificresearchorganization.Yang,94,wouldjointhemathematicalphysicsdepartment,whileYao,70,wouldenter
49、theinformationtechnologyandsciencedepartment.“Theyarebothinternationallydistinguishedscholars,” thefacultyofficesaidinapressstatement. “TheirentryintotheacademysfacultywillincreasetheinfluenceofChinasscientificcirclesglobally.”YangandhiscolleagueLiZhengdaoreceivedthe1957NobelPrizeinPhysicsfortheirwo
50、rkonparitynon-conservationofweakinteraction,becomingthefirstChinesetowinaNobelPrize.YaoreceivedtheTuringAward,themostfamousawardincomputerscience,in2000,“inrecognitionofhisfundamentalcontributionstothetheoryofcomputation,includingthetheoryofpseudorandomnumbergeneration,cryptography,andcommunicationc
51、omplexity”.Inlate2016,bothscientistsgaveuptheirforeignnationalityandsubmittedtheirrequesttojointheacademy.Theofficehadtocarryoutnewprocedurestoacceptthem.Inrecentyears,theofficeisactivelytryingtobuilda “bigacademicianfamily”,connectingwell-knownscholarsaroundtheworldtocontributetoChinasmajorscientif
52、icdevelopment.Therearenow754Chineseand78foreignscientistsattheacademy.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword “relinquish”inParagraph2mean?A.Possess.B.Abandon.C.Demand.D.Hate.2.Whatdoweknowaboutthetwoscholars?A.Theystudyphysics.B.TheyreceivedtheNobelPrize.C.TheywererecognizedasthereceiversoftheTuringAward.D.The
53、yshouldfollowsomeentryproceduresconductedbytheofficialfacultyoffice.3.Whatdoestheofficethinkofthetwoscholarsentryintotheacademysfaculty?A.ItwillincreaseChinaseconomicpositionglobally.B.ItwillinspiremorepeopletogofortheNobelPrize.C.ItwillimprovetheglobalinfluenceofChinasscientificcircles.D.Itwillmake
54、thesciencedepartmentsinChinamoreharmonious.4.Whatsthemainpurposeofthefifthparagraph?A.TotellusYaosgreatachievements.B.ToexplainwhyYaowilljointheoffice.C.ToshowhowstrongChinasacademyteamis.D.TocompareYangwithYaointermsofscience.答案语篇解读本文为新闻报道。诺贝尔奖获得者杨振宁和图灵奖得主姚期智已经加入中国国籍,并正式转为中科院院士。1.B猜测词义题。本题题干意为:第二段画
55、线词“relinquish”是什么意思?根据倒数第二段中的“gaveup”可推知答案为B项。2.D推理判断题。本题题干意为:对于这两位学者我们知道什么?根据倒数第二段(2016年下半年,两位科学家都放弃了外国国籍,提交了加入中科院的申请。中科院教员办公室不得不实施新的程序来接纳他们)可知:这两位学者要遵守中科院教研办公室的接纳程序,故答案为D项。3.C细节理解题。本题题干意为:该办公室对两位学者成为中科院教员如何评价?根据第三段(中科院办公室在一份新闻声明中表示:“他们都是国际知名的学者。他们的加入将提高中国科学家在全球的影响力。”)可知答案为C项。4.A推理判断题。本题题干意为:第五段的主要
56、目的是什么?第五段主要介绍了姚期智的成就,故答案为A项。Passage7“Chinabecamethefirstcountrytocloneamonkeyusingnon-reproductivecells,” scientistssaidonThursday.ByDecember2017,theChineseAcademyofScienceshadcreatedtwoclonedmacaques(猕猴)bynucleartransferringofbodycellsanycellintheorganismotherthanreproductivecells.Thiswasthesimilar
57、technologyusedtocreatethefamousclonedsheepDollyin1996.“Tetra,amonkeybornin1999,istheworldsfirst-everclonedmonkey,butitwasdoneusingasimplermethodcalledembryosplitting(胚胎分裂),andcouldnotbegeneticallymodifiedtosuitexperimentalneeds,”saidPuMuming,aleadingresearcherattheChineseAcademyofSciences. “Cloninga
58、monkeyusingbodycellshasbeenaworld-classchallengebecauseitisaprimate(灵长类)thatsharesitsgeneticmake-up,thereforeallofitscomplexity,withhumans,”hesaid.“Fordrugandotherlabtests,scientistshavetopurchasemonkeysfromallovertheworld,whichiscostly,badfortheenvironmentandproducesinaccurateresultsbecauseeachmonk
59、eymighthavedifferentgenes,”Pusaid.“Bycloningmonkeyusingbodycells,wecanreproducealargenumberofgeneticallyidenticalmonkeysinashortamountoftime,andwecanevenchangetheirgenestosuitourneeds,”headded. “Thiscansavetime,cutdownexperimentcosts,andproducemoreaccurateresults,leadingtomoreeffectivemedicine.”SunQ
60、iang,directorofthenon-humanprimateresearchfacilityattheinstitute,saidmostofthedrugtrialsarecurrentlydoneonlabmice.However,drugsthatworkonmicemightnotworkorevenhaveseveresideeffectsonhumansbecausethetwospeciesaresodifferent.Monkeysandhumansarebothprimates,sotheyaremuchcloselyrelatedandtestingonmonkey
61、sissupposedtobeaseffectiveastestingonhumans.ThisachievementwillhelpChinaleadtheworldresearchinaninternationalscienceprojectrelatedtothestudyofprimatebrains.1.Whichdescriptionofthetwoclonedmacaquesistrue?A.Theywerethefirstmonkeysever-clonedintheworld.B.Theywerecreatedusingreproductivecells.C.Theywoul
62、dbefedtosuitexperimentalneeds.D.ThetechnologyusedtocreatethemwassimilartothatofcreatingDolly.2.Theunderlinedwordinthefourthparagraphisclosestto“” inmeaning.A.sameB.similarC.relevantD.close3.Whatcanbelearnedfromthepassage?A.PuMumingandSunQiangweredoingmostworkincloningthetwomacaques.B.Geneticresearch
63、onmonkeyscanbeseenaseffectiveasthatonhumans.C.Mostdrugtrialshavebeendoneonmicebecausemicesharethesamegeneticmake-upandcomplexitywithhumans.D.Scientistscanreproducemassclonedmonkeystocutdownexperimentcosts.4.Thispassageabovecanbemostprobablyreadin.A.asciencemagazineB.aguidebookC.sciencefictionD.abroc
64、hure答案语篇解读本文为新闻报道,报道了中国在生命科学领域所取得的突破成功克隆了两只猕猴。1.D细节理解题。本题题干意为:对于两只克隆猕猴的描述哪个是正确的?根据第一段最后一句(这项技术和1996年用于克隆羊多莉的技术类似)可知答案为D项。根据第二段第一句(1999年出生的猴子Tetra是世界上第一只克隆猴)可排除A项(它们是世界上最先被克隆出来的猴子);第一段第一句中“usingnon-reproductivecells”与B项中的“usingreproductivecells”相悖,故排除B项;C项(它们会被喂养以满足实验需要)在文中未提及,故排除。2.A猜测词义题。本题题干意为:第四段
65、中的画线词在意思上与最接近。第三段提到:为了研发药物和进行其他实验测试,科学家们不得不在世界各地购买猴子,这样不仅成本高,对环境不利,并且由于买来的这些猴子基因不同,还会使得测试结果也不精确。第四段介绍说:通过体细胞克隆猴子可以解决这个问题,即在短期内大规模培养出相同基因的猴子,由此可知identical的意思是“相同的”,故答案为A项。3.B细节理解题。本题题干意为:从文中可以得知什么?根据最后一段第一句Monkeysandhumansarebothprimates,sotheyaremuchcloselyrelatedandtestingonmonkeysissupposedtobease
66、ffectiveastestingonhumans.(猴子与人都属于灵长类动物,所以他们关系非常密切,对猴子有效的测试应该同样适用于人类)可知答案为B项。文中并未提到孙强从事克隆猴工作,故排除A项;根据倒数第二段中However,drugsthatworkonmicemightnotworkorevenhaveseveresideeffectsonhumansbecausethetwospeciesaresodifferent.(然而,对于老鼠有效的药物未必对人类有效,甚至可能对人类有严重的副作用,因为两个物种差异巨大)”可排除C项;根据第二段内容可知通过胚胎分裂克隆的动物无法进行基因改造来满
67、足实验需求,由此可知,并非所有的克隆猴都能削减实验费用,故排除D项。4.A推理判断题。本题题干意为:上面这篇文章最可能在被读到。本文报道的是在克隆方面所取得的科研成果,应该出自科学杂志,故答案为A项。高级语块nucleartransferring细胞核移植modifyv.(略微地)修改,更改长难句Tetra,amonkeybornin1999,istheworldsfirst-everclonedmonkey,butitwasdoneusingasimplermethodcalledembryosplitting(胚胎分裂),andcouldnotbegeneticallymodifiedto
68、suitexperimentalneeds.1999年出生的猴子Tetra是世界上第一只克隆猴,但这是通过一种相对简单的被称为胚胎分裂的方式实现的,这种方式无法进行基因改造来满足实验需求。本句中并列连词but连接两个分句;在第二个分句中谓语部分wasdone.与couldnotbegeneticallymodified并列,由and连接。Passage8Afewweeksago,IcalledanUbertotakemetotheBostonairportforaflighthomefortheholidays.AsIslidintothebackseatofthecar,thewarmint
69、onation(语调)ofthedriversaccentwashedovermeinafamiliarway.IlearnedthathewasarecentWestAfricanimmigrantwithafewyoungchildren,workinghardtoprovideforhisfamily.Icouldrelate:IamthedaughteroftwoEthiopianimmigrantswhomadetheirshareofsacrificestoensuremysuccess.ItoldhimIwasonacollegebreakandheadedhometovisit
70、myparents.ThatshowhefoundoutIwenttoHarvard.Anapprovingeyeglinted(闪烁)atmeintherear-viewmirror,andquickly,wecrossedtheboundariesoftheriderandthedriver.Ibecamehisdaughter,allgrownuptheproductofhissacrifice.Andthencamethefatefulquestion:Whatdoyoustudy?Ianswered “historyandliterature” andtheprideinhisvoi
71、cefaded,asIknewitmight.Ididntevengettoadd “andAfrican-Americanstudies” beforehecutin,hisvoicethickwithdisappointment, “AllthatworktogetintoHarvard,andyoustudyhistory?”HereIwas,hisdaughter,squanderingthebiggestopportunityofherlife.Hewentontodelivertheage-oldlecturethatallimmigrantkidsknew.Wearetobeco
72、medoctors(orlawyers,ifourparentsarebeinggenerous)tomakemoneyandsendmoneybackhome.Theunspokendemand,madeacrossgenerations,whichmyUberdriverlaidoutplainly,issimple:Fulfillyourroleinthenarrative(故事)ofupwardmobilitysoyourchildrencandothesame.Iusedtofeelanxiousandbackedintoacornerbythequestioning,butnowa
73、sajuniorincollege,Imgratefulfortheirsupportmorethananything.Thisholidayseason,IvepromisedmyselfIwontgetannoyedattheirinquiries.Iwontdefensivelyrespondwith “butIplantogotolawschool” whenIgetunrequestedadvice.Illjustsmileandnod,andenjoythewarmthoftheoccasion.1.Whatdisappointedthedriver?A.Theauthorsatt
74、itudetowardshim.B.Theschoolthattheauthorisstudyingin.C.Theauthorsmajorinhistoryandliterature.D.TheauthorsinterestinAfrican-Americanstudies.2.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword “squandering” inParagraph4?A.Wasting.B.Creating.C.Valuing.D.Seizing.3.Whyareimmigrantkidsexpectedtobedoctorsorla
75、wyers?A.Theyareverysmartingeneral.B.Theyhavemoreopportunities.C.Theirparentsarehighachievingaswell.D.Theirparentswantthemtomoveupwardinsociety.4.Howdidtheauthorfeelaboutthedriversquestioning?A.Gettingupset.B.Feelingsatisfied.C.Defendingherself.D.Appreciatinghisconcern.答案语篇解读本文为记叙文。大学生回家度假时,总会因别人的质问而
76、怀疑自己选择的专业。而同样身为大学生的作者却在这个假期中找到了“自救”的方法。1.C细节理解题。本题题干意为:是什么使得那位司机很失望?根据第三段最后一句中.hisvoicethickwithdisappointment, “AllthatworktogetintoHarvard,andyoustudyhistory?”(他的声音中满是失望:“你费了这么大的劲进了哈佛,就学历史?”)可知作者选择的专业使那位司机感到失望,故答案为C项。2.A猜测词义题。本题题干意为:下面哪个词可以替换第四段中的画线词“squandering”?由那位司机的情感变化(先是自豪,然后失望,再接下来对我的一番教训)线
77、索可推出:他认为我“浪费了”自己生命中最大的机遇,故答案为A项(浪费)。3.D细节理解题。本题题干意为:为什么移民的孩子都被期望成为医生或律师?根据第四段最后一句中Fulfillyourroleinthenarrative(故事)ofupwardmobilitysoyourchildrencandothesame.可知答案为D项(他们的父母想让他们进入上层社会)。4.D细节理解题。本题题干意为:作者对于那位司机的提问感觉如何?根据最后一段尤其是第一句Iusedtofeelanxiousandbackedintoacornerbythequestioning,butnowasajuniorinc
78、ollege,Imgratefulfortheirsupportmorethananything.(我过去常会因这种提问感到焦虑并退到角落里,但现在作为一名大三的学生,我对他们的支持只有感激)可知答案为D项(感谢他的关心)。高级语块Icanrelate我有同感onabreak休假长难句Theunspokendemand,madeacrossgenerations,whichmyUberdriverlaidoutplainly,issimple:Fulfillyourroleinthenarrative(故事)ofupwardmobilitysoyourchildrencandothesame.
79、我的优步司机直接敞开来说的这个代代相传的不言而喻的要求很简单:完成你向上发展的叙事角色,好让你的孩子也这么做。本句主干为:Theunspokendemandissimple,过去分词短语madeacrossgenerations及从句whichmyUberdriverlaidoutplainly作名词demand的定语。Passage9Workingwellinateamrequiresfullcooperation.Itsanimportantskillforalmosteveryemployeetohave.Yourabilitytodoyourjobisdependentuponothe
80、rsgettingyourworkdone,andothersdependonyoutogettheirworkdone.Communicatewell.Lackofcommunicationisoneofthebiggestreasonsforateamsfailure.Seekinputfromteammemberssotheyfeellikeavaluablepartoftheteam.Communicationestablishestrustamongteammembers.Inaddition,communicatingwellcanhelppreventandresolveconf
81、lict.Meetregularlytokeepmembersinvolvedinandawareofyourworkprogress.Postdecisionswhereeveryoneintheteamcanseethem.Beflexible.Inteamwork,prioritiesandresponsibilitycanchangeinstantly.Stayreadytoshiftfocus.Trainingteammemberstobeabletodopartsofotherteammembersjobscanbeavaluablepartofteamwork;beingflex
82、iblehelpstobuildappreciationforallthepartsoftheteam.Meetdeadlines.Workhardtoensureyoumeetestablisheddeadlineswhenyouworkinateamenvironment.Othersaredependingonyourwork.Negotiatetimelineswithyourteammatesatthestartofaproject.Doingsoallowsyoutohaveasayinhowworkgetsaccomplished.Establishaccountability.
83、Allteammembersmustberesponsibleforthesuccessandfailureoftheproject.Althougheveryteamdoesntneedaleader,teamsrequireaformalwaytoensureeverybodydoeshispart.Tryusingmeetingstoreportonprogress.Celebrateaccomplishmentsandencouragetheteam.Seniorexecutivesmaynotalwaysrecognizetheimportanceofsometeammembersw
84、ork.Sharecongratulationsatteammeetingsandtalkaboutwhoseworkisinvaluableinhelpingyougetyourworkdone.1.Whatcanyouconcludefromthefirstparagraph?A.Workinginateammeansyourworkisseparate.B.Workinginateammeansyourworkiseffective.C.Beingamemberofateammeansyourworkisindependent.D.Beingamemberofateammeansyour
85、workisinterdependent.2.Whichofthefollowingdeedsdoesnotcontributetoeffectiveteamwork?A.Keepingsilentinateamdiscussion.B.Beingabletodopartsofothersjobs.C.Acknowledgingothersworkpublicly.D.Holdingmeetingstoreportonprogress.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword “accountability” refertointhefifthparagraph?A.Succes
86、s.B.Responsibility.C.Insurance.D.Community.4.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.HowtoSucceedinCommunicatingwithOthersB.HowtoWorkEffectivelyinaTeamEnvironmentC.WaystoWorkWellinCompletingProjectsD.WaystoImprovetheEfficiencyofEmployees答案语篇解读本文为说明文。作者介绍了如何发挥团队精神高效工作。1.D推理判断题。根据第一段尤其是最后一句可推知:作为团队中的一员意味着你们的
87、工作是相互依赖的,故答案为D项。2.A细节理解题。A项与第二段主题Communicatewell.相悖,故答案为A项;B项与第三段中“Trainingteammemberstobeabletodopartsofotherteammembersjobscanbeavaluablepartofteamwork”相符,故被排除;C项与最后一段中最后一句相符,故被排除;D项与第五段最后一句相符,故排除D项。3.B猜测词义题。第五段主要讲的是建立问责制,由此可判断accountability意为“责任”,故答案为B项。4.B主旨大意题。文章介绍了在团队工作中应注意的五项内容,由此可推知本文最佳题目为:在
88、团队中如何高效工作,故答案为B项。高级语块meetdeadlines按期完成bedependentupon依靠长难句Althougheveryteamdoesntneedaleader,teamsrequireaformalwaytoensureeverybodydoeshispart.虽然不是每个团队都需要有领导,但是团队需要有一个正规方式确保每个人各司其职。本句为复合句。although引导让步状语从句。Passage10Fivedaysaweek,28-year-oldEbonySmitharrivesatChangingGearsBikeShopat10:50a.m.,tenminut
89、esbeforeopening.Walkingintotheshop,sheturnsonthelights,openstheregister,andreviewstherepairorders.Forthenextseveralhoursshewillrepairbikeswithprofessionalskillandcare,andguidecustomersthroughbikechoiceslikeanexperiencedrider,learningabouttheirneedsandpreferences,andhelpingthemtofindtheperfectfit.Alt
90、houghSmithhadalmostnoexperienceofridingabikeanddidntevenenjoyridingonewhenshefirstcametoChangingGears,shehasstayedinthepositionfornearlyadecadenow,andhercustomersarethankfulforherheartfeltassistance.Whatsmore,manyoftheshopvisitorsareyouthfromfamilieslivinginlow-incomehousingnamedAlamedaPoint.Smithli
91、vedinthisneighborhoodthroughoutherchildhood,andtotheseyoungstersandfamiliessheisapositiverolemodelsomeonedeterminedtosucceedinspiteofeducationalandfinancialstruggles.WhenshefirstbeganatChangingGearsat19yearsold,Smithwaslivingwithherparents,whostruggledtomakealiving.Shehadfailedtoearnahighschooldiplo
92、mawhenshedidntpassCaliforniaHighSchoolExitExam.However,whenathree-monthjobtrainingpositionopenedatthebikeshopin2008,Smithtookachancetoturnherlifearound.Shesignedupandwasquicklyhired.SmithisjustoneofthethousandsofChangingGearsemployeesaroundtheworld,andhercontinuedsuccessatChangingGearsembodiesthesho
93、psdutyto “operateabicycle-basedsocialenterprisethatmeetstheneedsoftheunderprivilegedofourlocalarea”.Inaddition,theshophasastrongenvironmentalfocus,whichincludesbicyclereuseandrecycling.ThroughouttheyearsChangingGearshasalsoengagedyouthandfamiliesinbicyclefieldtripsandprovidedfreebicycleparkingandrep
94、airserviceatlocalfarmersmarketsinordertoencouragebikeridingasapracticalandgreenformoftransportation.Throughitsblend(协调)ofeffectivesmallbusinesspracticesandasocialandenvironmentalmission,ChangingGearsstaysinspiredtousebicyclesasavehicleforsocialchange.1.WhatcanwelearnaboutEbonySmith?A.Sheisabikeshopo
95、wner.B.Sheisaprofessionalrider.C.Shehasagoodknowledgeofbikes.D.Shehasalotofshoppingexperience.2.WhathelpedEbonySmithgetintothecareer?A.Familysupport.B.Personalinterest.C.Trainingopportunity.D.Highschooleducation.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword “embodies” inParagraph4probablymean?A.Beanexampleof.B.Bether
96、easonfor.C.Besimilarto.D.Bemodeledafter.4.WhichofthefollowingisChangingGearsduty?A.Makingbikedonations.B.Offeringhelptothepoorpeople.C.Improvingbike-ridingtechniques.D.Drawingpeoplesattentiontobikeenterprises.答案语篇解读本文为记叙文。ChangingGearsBikeShop承担起社会责任,帮助所在地区的穷人,培训他们并雇用他们,EbonySmith就是众多雇员中的一位。1.C细节理解题
97、。根据文章第一段最后一句Forthenextseveralhoursshewillrepairbikeswithprofessionalskillandcare,andguidecustomersthroughbikechoiceslikeanexperiencedrider,learningabouttheirneedsandpreferences,andhelpingthemtofindtheperfectfit. 可知,EbonySmith对自行车了如指掌,因此选择C项。2.C细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后两句However,whenathree-monthjobtrainingposi
98、tionopenedatthebikeshopin2008,Smithtookachancetoturnherlifearound.Shesignedupandwasquicklyhired.可知本题选择C项。3.A猜测词义题。根据画线词所在的句子可知,EbonySmith是众多雇员中的一个,她的成功体现了ChangingGears承担起满足所在地区贫困人口的需求的社会责任,即EbonySmith的成功是一个例子,因此本题选择A项。4.B细节理解题。根据文章第四段SmithisjustoneofthethousandsofChangingGearsemployeesaroundtheworld
99、,andhercontinuedsuccessatChangingGearsembodiestheshopsdutyto “operateabicycle-basedsocialenterprisethatmeetstheneedsoftheunderprivilegedofourlocalarea”. 可知本题选择B项。高级语块1.inspiteof尽管2.engagesb.insth.使某人从事某事Passage11InsomeislandsnorthofScotland,headlice,whichliveonthehairorskinofpeopleoranimals,wereapar
100、toflife.Ifthelicelefttheirhost,hebecamesickandfeverish.Therefore,sickpeoplehadliceputintheirhairintentionally.Therewasamethodtotheirmadness:Assoonasthelicehadsettledinagain,thepatientimproved.Thestoryexplainstheconfusionofcauseandeffect.Iftheliceleavethesick,itisbecausehehasafeverandtheysimplygethot
101、feet.Whenthefeverbreaks,theyreturn.Wemaylaughatthisstory,butfalsecausalitymisleadsuspracticallyeveryday.Considertheheadline:“Fact:WomenWhoUseShampooXYZEveryDayHaveStrongerHair”.Thisstatementsaysverylittleleastofall,thattheshampoomakesyourhairstronger.Itmightsimplybetheotherwayround:Womenwithstrongha
102、irtendtouseShampooXYZandperhapsthatsbecauseitsays “especiallyforthickhair” onthebottle.Afurtherexample:Scientistsfoundthatlongperiodsinthehospitaldidharmtopatients.Thiswasmusictohealthinsurersears,who,ofcourse,arekeentomakestaysasbriefaspossible.But,clearly,patientswhoaredismissedimmediatelyarehealt
103、hierthanthosewhomuststayonfortreatment.RecentlyIreadthatstudentsgetbettergradesatschooliftheirhomescontainalotofbooks.Thisstudywassurelyashotinthearmforbooksellers,butitisalsoanexampleoffalsecausality.Thissimpletruthisthateducatedparentstendtovaluetheirchildrenseducationmorethanuneducatedonesdo.Plus
104、,educatedparentsoftenhavemorebooksathome.Inshort,adust-coveredcopyofWarandPeacealoneisntgoingtoinfluenceanyonesgrades;whatcountsisparentseducationlevels,aswellastheirgenes.Anotherexampleoffalsecausalitywasthesupposedrelationshipbetweenthebirthrateandthenumbersofstork(鹳)pairsinGermany.Bothwereindecli
105、ne,andifyouplotthemonagraph,thetwolinesofdevelopmentfrom1965to1987appearedalmostthesame.Doesthismeanthestorkactuallydoesbringbabies?Obviouslynot,sincethiswasapurelyaccidentalconnection.Inconclusion,connectionsarenotcausality.Takeacloserlookatlinkedevents:Sometimeswhatispresentedasthecauseturnsouttob
106、etheeffect,orjusttheotherwayround.Andsometimesthereisnolinkatalljustlikewiththestorksandbabies.1.Whichisanexampleoffalsecausality?A.Womenwithstronghairtendtouseacertainshampoo.B.Birthrateandthestorkpopulationareconnected.C.Longerperiodsinthehospitalbenefitpatients.D.Licecanmakeapersonsickandfeverish
107、.2.Theunderlinedphrase “ashotinthearm” inParagraph4means.A.painB.defeatC.guidanceD.encouragement3.Accordingtotheauthor,studentsgetbettergradesprobablybecause. A.theirhomesarefullofbooksB.theyhavereadWarandPeaceC.theireducatedparentsvalueeducationD.theirparentsaresuccessfulbooksellers4.Itcanbeconclud
108、edfromthepassagethat. A.connectionsarepureaccidentsB.causeandeffectareinterdependentC.connectionsaremostlycauseandeffectD.linkedeventsmayturnouttobeunrelated答案语篇解读本文为议论文。文章通过一些事例来论证表面上的因果关系可能存在因果倒置,而且两个事物之间有联系不代表一定是因果关系。1.B细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后一句Obviouslynot,sincethiswasapurelyaccidentalconnection.可知出生率和鹳
109、的数量之间不存在因果关系。2.D猜测词义题。前一句说家里藏书多孩子的学习成绩就好,由此可推知此研究对书商来讲有激励作用,故选D项。3.C细节理解题。根据第四段第三句Thissimpletruthisthateducatedparentstendtovaluetheirchildrenseducationmorethanuneducatedonesdo.可知本题选C项。4.D主旨大意题。根据文章最后一句可知表面上有联系的事物之间可能毫无关联。高级语块theotherwayaround相互,颠倒长难句But,clearly,patientswhoaredismissedimmediatelyarehealthierthanthosewhomuststayonfortreatment. 但是,很明显,马上就能出院的病人比那些需要住院治疗一段时间的病人更健康。those指代patients;两个who都引导定语从句。
