1、2011高考英语语法教案：省略与高考英语中有时为了避免重复，使语言简练紧凑，在不损害句子结构或不引起误解的原则下，往往省去一个或多个句子成分或词语。英语中的省略有两种:一是替代省略,即用其他词代替句子中重复或相同的部分;二是结构省略。即根据语境需要,承前或后省略句子中相同的某些句子成分。这类题型在历届高考试题中屡见不鲜。一、替代省略1.用it, one, that替代句子中重复出现的名词、代词或句子。one是指代同名称的另一样东西(同类异物),代替前面句子中重复出现的可数名词;that替代特指可数或不可数名词,后面常跟有in或of短语作后置定语;it指代同名称的同样事物(同类同物)。高考链接
2、1) Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _ I always treasure.A. that B. one C. it D. what 析:正确答案是B. one代替泛指的an unforgettable moment,在句中作同位语,起补充说明的作用.I will always treasure是定语从句修饰one. 2) -Why dont you take a break? -Didnt we just have _? A. it B. that C. one D. this 析:由题
3、干分析,代词指代的是前面的a break,为单数泛指概念,故答案为C. one代替泛指的单数名词,相当于a / an+单数名词.若替代前面提到的泛指复数名词要用ones,替代特指复数名词则用those或the ones. 3) Equipped with modern facilities, todays libraries differ greatly from _. A. those of the past B. the past C. which of the past D. these past 析:答案是A. those代替the libraries. 2.在两个分句中,当两者(人或
4、物)情况或意思完全相同,第二个分句用so, neither, nor, either等引出时,出现省略现象,其中neither, nor, so还可引起倒装结构,表示也不、也。高考链接 1）-Its burning hot today, isnt it? - Yes, _yesterday. A. So was it B. So it was C. So it is D. So is it解析：答案为A。今天天气很热。是的，昨天也是这样。so+助动词/情态动词+主语句型。这一结构用来表示相同概念，即前面所说的情况也同样适用于另一人或物，意思是“同样”、“也那样”，常理解为倒装结构2）I rem
5、inded you not to forget the appointment. _. ASo you did BSo I do not C So did you D， So do I解析：答案为A。我提醒过你不要忘掉那个约定。是的，你确实提醒我了。3）Father ,you promised!Well, .But it was you who didnt keep your word first.Aso was I Bso did ICso I was Dso I did 解析：答案为D。上句动词是promised，因此下句应该用did。So did I表示“我也一样”，so l did表示
6、“我确实许过诺”。4)-David has made great progress recently. - _ and _ . A. So he has; so you have B. So he has; so have you C. So has he; so have you D. So has he; so you have 析:正确答案是B项.So置于句首,构成So+主语+助动词(情态动词)结构,表示同意对方的话;So置于句首,构成So+助动词(情态动词)+主语的倒装结构,表示亦如此。3.有时可用so代替名词性从句,以避免重复前面所说的内容,可以用于这类结构的动词有think, be
7、lieve, suppose, expect, imagine, guess, hope等.肯定回答结构为主语+动词+so,否定回答结构为主语+助动词否定形式+动词+so或主语+动词+not。但动词为hope, guess时,否定回答只能说hope (guess) not,不能说dont hope (guess) so。高考链接 1）-Will you be able to finish your respect today? - .A. I like it B. I hope so C. Ill do so D. Id love it解析：答案为B。考查情景对话。句意为“希望如此”。2)-T
8、he boys are not doing a good job at all, are they? -_. A. I guess not so B. I dont guess C. I dont guess so D. I guess not(2003春北京卷) 析:正确答案是D.I guess not相当于I guess they arent doing a good job at all。二、结构省略1.动词不定式的省略. 动词不定式作宾语或宾语补足语时,可采用省略结构,但符号to要保留,表示省略了动词不定式及其以后的成分. 高考链接 1) The boy wanted to ride
9、his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _ . A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 析:正确答案是A. to后省略了ride his bicycle in the street. 2) -Ill be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat? -Not at all. _ . A. Ive no time B. Id rather not C. Id like it D. Ill be ha
10、ppy to析:正确答案是D. to后省略了look after your cat。但当不定式是由be或have构成时,to后必须保留be或have。例如: -Are you fond of classic music? -No, but I used to be. -Have you told Ann about her failure in the test? -Yes, but I oughtnt to have. 2.状语从句的省略. 高考链接 1）When first _ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.A. i
11、ntroducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced 解析：答案为B。这里when first introduced 想当于when first these products are introduced to ，按照主被动关系，应该是产品被引入市场，用被动形式。2) The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun 析:正确答案是D.连词o
12、nce后省略了it (the research) is. 9) Though _ money, his parents managed to send him to university. A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in 析:正确答案是C.连词though引导的状语从句完整结构应该是though they (his parents) lacked money。注意:1)在时间、地点、条件、方式、让步或比较状语从句中,如果谓语动词中含有be,主语又与主句的主语一致或主语是it时,则从句的主语和谓语的部分可省略。如: Please s
13、peak English if (it is) possible and use Chinese when (it is ) necessary. Unless (you are) invited, you should remain silent at the meeting. 2)状语从句中省略主语时,后面用现在分词表示该动作与被省略的主语为主动关系,用过去分词则表示该动作与被省略的主语为被动关系.例如: While (they were) building the tunnel, the workers discovered an underground lake. According
14、to the directions, when (it is) taken, the drug has no side effect. 3.疑问句及其省略回答. 1)特殊疑问句的省略回答高考链接 10)-Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard. -Why _ ? John is sitting there doing nothing. A. him B. he C. I D. me 析:在日常用语中,当人称代词用在不带谓语的句子中作主语时,习惯上用宾格,答案是D.完整回答应该是Why do I have to go and join h
15、er cleaning the yard? 2)-What do you think made Mary so upset? - _ her new bicycle. A .As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing 析:答案是C.完整回答应该是Losing her new bicycle made her so upset. 要解决这类特殊疑问句的省略回答问题,关键在于弄清特殊疑问词表达的意义,然后据此作出合理的分析和推断. 2)考查含情态动词的一般疑问句的回答高考链接 1) I think Ill give Bob a ring.You _ . You havent been in touch with him for agesA. will B. may C. have to D. should 解析：答案为D。should 在这里表示劝告。2)-Could I call you by your first name? -Yes, you _. A. will B. could C. may D. might 析:答案是C. 此类题目考查了答语的省略,即保留相应的情态动词,省略了其后与前面出现的相同的部分