1、核心考点突破 考点1介词的分类与语法功能1.介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。介词分为：简单介词，如at,in,for等；合成介词，如within,inside,onto,throughout等；短语介词，如according to,out of,because of,by means of,in spite of,instead of等；双重介词，如from behind/above/under,until after等；分词介词，如considering,including,judging(from/b
2、y)等。 2.介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等。如：This machine is in good condition.(表语)Where is the key to my bike?(定语)Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(状语)She always thinks herself above others.(宾补)考点2介词搭配1.“动词+介词”搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。(1)rob sb.of sth./clear the road of snow 表示“夺去、除去”的动词与
3、of 连用。(2)supply us with food/fill the glass with wine 表示“供给”的动词与with连用。(3)make a desk of wood/make bread from flour/make the material into a coat表示“制作、制造”与of,from,into连用。(4)介词+the+部位与动词的关系=动词+sb.s+部位strike him on the head表示“击，拍，碰，摸”与on连用。catch him by the arm表示“抓，拉，拿，扯”与by连用。hit the boy in the face表示
4、“肚，胸，眼，脸”等人体前部与in连用。(5)say to sb.(suggest、explain、apologize、murmur、whisper与“对象”连用必须用to)不可说suggest sb.sth.。同一动词与不同介词搭配意义不同。如：look for“寻找”/to“眺望”/at“看”，agree with sb./on sth./to sth. “同意”,call for“需要”/on“拜访”/in“请”,hear of“听说”/from“收到信”同一介词与不同动词搭配，意义各异。如：reply to the letter“回信”，sing (dance) to the musi
5、c“和唱(跳)”，amount to “达到，加起来有”，devote to“把贡献给”，drink to“为干杯”，object to“反对”，look forward to “渴望”，come to“苏醒”，belong to“属于”，search for“搜”，ask.for.“寻找”，use.for“用作”，leave for“前往”，take.for“误以为”，call of“倡导”，wait for“等待”，care for“喜欢”，make up for“弥补损失”，turn to“求助(救)于”，help oneself to“随意”，agree to“同意”，compare.
6、to“把比作”，send for“派人去请(拿)”，sail for“驶向，航向”，set out for“动身去”，go in for“爱好”。2.常见“形容词+介词”搭配。afraid for “替而担心”，afraid of“担心”，angry about/at sth.,angry with sb. “对某事生气”，different from“与不同”，different to.“不关心”，anxious for sth.“渴望”，anxious about sth./sb. “担心”，tired of“讨厌”，tired from/with“因疲倦”，strict with sb.
7、 “对某人严格”，strict in sth.“对某事要求严格”，good at“擅长”，good for“对有益”，popular with sb.“受欢迎”,popular in some place“流行”，popular for.“因而流行”，helpful to“对有帮助”，be familiar with“熟悉”，be familiar to“为熟知(悉)”，sorry for.“替后悔”，disappointed at sth.“对失望”，absent from“缺席”，rich in“富有”，worthy of“值得的”，glad about sth.for sb.“为某人某事
8、高兴”，far from“离远”，grateful for sth.to sb.“为某事感激某人”，free from“没有(免除)”，proud of(take pride in)“自豪”，satisfied with (by)“满意”，sure of/about“确信”，fond of“喜欢”，fit for“适合”，busy with sth.(in doing sth.)“忙着干某事”，full of“充满”，ready for“准备”，similar to“相似”，wrong with“不对；有毛病”这些搭配还有很多，而且都是固定的，要熟练掌握，达到自然而然就能运用。3.“名词+介词
9、”要注意习惯搭配和意义区分。如：the absence of water“缺水”，the hope of success“成功的希望”，have a chance of(for)entering college“上大学的机会”，take pride in them“为他们感到骄傲”，the key to the question“问题的答案”，a medicine for cough“治咳嗽的药”，the ticket for tomorrow“明天的票”，his absence in Beijing“去了北京”，his absence from Beijing“不在北京 ”考点3核心介词用法
10、归纳与辨析1.表示时间的介词in的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in，如：in the 1990s,in January,in(the)winterin和during表一段时间内两词可互用。如：in the night,during the night,in the war,during the war。但略有区别：当接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用during，接“活动”的动名词及短语时用in。如：during the discussion/in discussing the problem during her stay in Hubei/in playi
11、ng basketball/during the course of/in digging the tunnel 2.在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on。3.表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。有些时间名词前有one，each，any，every，some，all，next，last，that修饰时,不接介词。如：that day，next Sunday some day，one day4.till、until、to的用法。(1)till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。如：He waited for me till twel
12、ve oclock.He didnt get up till (until) 10 a.m.(不可用to)但注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。如：Not until 9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back to school.(2)to表“终结”时常和from连用，但要注意不与from连用时的意义。如：from July to September,from six to (till) eight(从到为止)，但from morning till night(从早到晚)，不能用to。5.表示方式、手段、工具的介词(1)by the year/hour/
13、day按年/小时/天，但to the pound按磅算，to the ton按吨计。(2)表泛指的方式、手段:by post,by telephone(radio),但on the phone/on the radio/on TV(电讯器材)，by electricity，by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescope(3)交通工具类。另外：by means of 用方法，
14、by way of 经由，取道于，用方法;with the help(permission)of sb./with sb.s help(permission)“在帮助下”。(4)表方式、手段的其他用法。He beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具、机器)One smells with his nose.(with+人体器官，但by hand“手工，用手”)He stood up with pride.(with+情绪、情感、态度的名词)注意：使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如in English(ink,pencil)。另外如：in high(good,low)spi
15、rits,in anger,in joy,in comfort,in sorrow,in safety,in danger,in need,in debt,in love,in fun,in pain,in tears,in surprise,in good(poor)health,in good order,in flower,in a way,in a low voice,in silence,in(with)satisfaction,in a hurry,in(with)words,live/feed on food,kneel on ones knee,take(catch)sb.by
16、 surprise(出其不意)6.表示“除之外”的几组常用介词比较。(1)besides “除以外，(还有)”。作副词时意思是“而且，更何况”。如：It was too late to see a film,and besides,I was tired.(2)except“除去，除之外(不再有)”。如：We all went except John.在否定句中，两词可以换用，如：He has no other hats except/besides this one.(3)except for“除了(对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明)”后接名词、代词或what从句，此时与except tha
17、t+句子意思相同。如：He was very clever except for carelessness.(4)except that.“除了一点以外”。如：He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.(5)but和except在表示“除了以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：前面有不定人词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。All but one are here.Nobody but I likes making model ships.后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。He has nothing to do
18、 but wait.(前有do,后省to)；but与一些固定结构连用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不，but for.如不是7.介词的省略：介词for表示时间的省略要求。(1)以all开头的名词短语，for要省略。如：I stayed with her all the morning.(2)否定句中，表示时间的短语前的for不能省略。如：I havent seen you for thirty years.(3)时间状语在主句之前，for不能省略。如：Fo
19、r the whole morning,the old man kept reading.8.某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。(1)要求接to的名词有：key,answer,visit,entrance,apology,introduction,road等。(2)要求接in 的名词有：interest,satisfaction,expert等。He is expert in teaching small children.介词的用法很繁杂，要在平时注意积累。考点4并列连词并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。英语中常用的并列连词有:and(和)，as well as(又，也)，but(但是，而)
20、，both.and(两者都)，either.or(或者或者)，for(因为)，hence(所以)，however(不管用什么方法，怎么样都行)，nevertheless(然而，但是)，neither.nor(既不也不，都不)，nor(也不)，not only.but also(不但而且)，or(或，否则)，so(这样，就)， therefore(所以)，yet(然而)等等。 这些连词在句中有些是表示并列或对称关系；有些是表示意思转折；还有些可以表示因果关系。1.and和or(1)并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。如：She went to the library and I w
21、ent to the park.She had a high fever and stayed in bed.We will die without air or water.(2)但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：如：There is no air or water in the moon.There is no air and no water on the moon.在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。如：We cant live without air and water.or和and用在祈使句后，相当于一个条件状语从
22、句，如： Hurry up,or you will miss the train.Use your head,and youll find a way.2.下列连词连接两个主语时谓语动词采用就近原则。not.but.意思为“不是而是”;either.or 意思为“或者或者”;neither.nor 既不也不，都不;not only.but also 不但而且。注意：当not only.but also 连接两个句子时，not only 置于句首时，第一个分句要倒装。如： Not only did she write more correctly,but(also)she wrote more
23、quickly.3.but,yet和while表示转折或对比关系。如:He tried to do it but couldnt.He is hardworking but not successful.It is very good,yet it can be better.but表示转折，while表示对比。Some people love cats,while others hate them.注意：but用于否定词、疑问词之后，表示否定意义，相当于that not，此时but作从属连词，引导从句。如：No man is so old but he may learn.(=No man
24、is so old that he may not learn/No man is too old to learn.)4.for与because及because of的区别：(1)for表示因果关系，是对前面叙述情况的补充解释或原因推断。例如：It must be raining all night,for the ground is so wet.He may not have finished with the task,for he is such a slow man.for是并列连词，连接的是并列分句，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。(2)becaus
25、e是从属连词，它引导的是原因状语从句，可放在句首，也可放在主句后，但是放在句首时，because引导的从句要用逗号与主句分开。如：I was late because there was a traffic jam.Because there was a traffic jam,I was late.用why提问的句子通常用because回答，而不用for回答，如：Why cant you come？Because I am not myself today.(3)because of是短语介词，后面只能跟名词或者代词，不能跟从句。如：There were many traffic accid
26、ents today because of the heavy snow.5.nor和neither，表示并列关系，用于否定句之后继续否定，并将其后的分句倒装。如：He cant do it,nor can I,nor/neither can anybody else.6.as well as，表示并列关系，如：The tailor will make the emperors clothes by night as well as by day.Her mother as well as she is going to the department store.考点5从属连词英语中常见的从属
27、连词有after，as,although，as soon as，as long as，as if，as.as，as though，before，because，even if，if，in order that，in case，now that，provided，since，so.that，so that，such.that，so.as，till，until，unless，when，while，whether等等。从属连词主要是引导状语从句，名词性从句等。1.引导时间状语从句的连词主要有：when，while，as after，before，since，until,till，as soon as
28、，once等。 2.引导原因状语从句的连词通常有：because，as，since，now that等。其中，because语气最强，表示理由充分，有必然的因果关系；since次之，表示一种间接或附带的原因；as更次之，并列连词for只起解释作用。 注意：as比because语气弱，as可译为“因为”，也可译为“由于”，as引导的原因状语从句 一般置于主句前，as和because都不能和so(所以)同时使用。如:As all of you are here,lets begin our discussion.As he is not well today,lets go without him
29、.3.引导条件状语从句的连词通常有：if，provided“如果”“假设”，unless“除非”“如果不”，相当于“if not”，in case “以防”“万一” as/so long as意为“只要”等。 4.so.that 和 such.that 都引导结果状语从句，其中so修饰形容词或副词，而such修饰名词。 如：He is so helpful that we all like him.He is such a helpful fellow worker that we all like him.如果名词前有表示数量的形容词many，few，much，little修饰，用so而不用
30、such。另外，二者都可以用于下列结构，但是形式上要注意：so+adj.+a(n)+n.相当于 such+a(n)+adj.+n.。5.so that 可以引导目的的状语从句，也可引导结果状语从句。表示目的时，是“为了、以便”的意思。so that常为in order that所代替，从句中通常有：may，will，can，should这类情态动词。口语中常省略that，书面语中常省略so。如：I went the lecture early so that I got a good seat.The teacher spoke through a microphone so that stu
31、dents in every classroom can hear him.The teacher spoke through a microphone so that students in every classroom can hear him.6.though，although 的意思是“虽然”“尽管”，even if(though)的意思是“即 使”“纵然”。它们都可引导一个让步状语从句though，although及even if(though)不能和but连用，如：Well try to finish the work in time though there are some difficulties.Even if father were to object,we would not change our minds.引导名词性从句的连词主要有that，whether，if，wh-等。that本身无词义， whether 和 if 都表示“是否”。
