1、Unit 4Astronomy：the science of the stars阅读单词1.astronomy n天文学2astronomer n. 天文学家3solar adj. 太阳的；日光的4billion pron.&n.&adj.(英)万亿；(美)十亿5.carbon n碳6dissolve vt.& vi. 溶解；解散7acid n. 酸8mammal n. 哺乳动物9.dioxide n二氧化物10extinct adj.灭绝的；绝种的11lessen vi.& vt. 减少；减轻12weightlessly adv. 失重地写作单词1.system n系统；体系；制度2unli
2、ke prep. 与不同；不像3fundamental adj. 基本的；基础的4multiply vi.&vt. 乘；增加5gentle adj. 温和的；文雅的6crash vi.& vt. 碰撞；坠落7pull n&vt. 拉(力)；拖；牵引力8float vi.&vt. (使)浮动；(使)漂浮n. 漂浮物语境活用1A truck went out of control and crashed(碰撞)into the back of a bus. 2Some experts think reading is the fundamental(基本的)skill upon which sch
3、ool education depends.3Those anxious for reform say that the present system (系统)is too narrow.4He found something floating(漂浮)on the lake，which frightened him.5If you multiply(乘)two and three，you will get six.拓展单词1. religion n宗教；宗教信仰religious adj.宗教的2theory n学说；理论theoretical adj.理论的；理论性的3violent adj
4、.猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的violence n暴力violently adv.猛烈的；激烈地4harmful adj.有害的harm n&v.伤害；危害harmless adj.无害的5exist vi.存在；生存existence n存在；生存6puzzle vi.&vt.(使)迷惑；(使)为难n.谜；难题puzzled adj.迷惑不解的；困惑的puzzling adj.令人迷惑的7globe n球体；地球仪；地球global adj.全球性的；全世界的语境活用1The more violent (violence) scenes in the film were cut when it w
5、as shown on television.2Scientists have many theories about how the universe first came into existence (exist)3The debate between science and religion (religious) continues to be heated.4Now that we are all part of the global (globe) village，everyone bacomes a neighbour.5To explain the puzzling (puz
6、zle)findings，he offers two theories.第一组短语识记1.in ones turn轮到某人2watch out for 密切注意；当心；提防3depend on 依靠；取决于4break out 突发；爆发5block out 挡住(光线)6get the hang of 熟悉；掌握；理解语境活用1.Do remember to watch out for cars while crossing the street.2At last the firefighters put out the fire in the supermarket，which broke
7、 out at ten this morning.3Youve made me suffer in the past，so now you，in your turn，suffer again!4She bought a heavy curtain to block out the light.5Sorry，I cant get the hang of the usage of it.第二组短语识记1.in time及时；终于2prevent.from 阻止；制止3now that 既然4cheer up 感到高兴；感到振奋5lay eggs 下蛋6give birth to 产生；分娩语境活用
8、1.Now that we all understand that the haze is harmful to our health，we should take effective measures to 2.prevent it from getting bad to worse.No matter what happens，we must 3.cheer up and try to reduce the pollution.If we keep on，well succeed 4.in time.填写课本佳句1.This produced a chain reaction，which
9、made it possible for life to develop.(动词itadj./n.to do)这就产生了连锁反应，使生命的发展成为可能。2But when I tried to step forward，I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.(倍数asadj.adv.原级as.)但当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍远，因而我摔倒了。3“Oh，dear，”I cried，“walking does need a bit of practice now
10、 that gravity has changed.”(now that“既然”)“天哪，”我大声说，“既然重力改变了，看来走路也的确需要练一练了。”4We watched，amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earths gravity increased.(过去分词作状语)我们惊奇地看着，随着地球引力的增加，宇宙飞船的外层燃烧起火。1harmful adj.有害的 经典例句Experts point out that fruit juices can be harmful to childrens
11、teeth.专家指出果汁可能损害儿童的牙齿。(1)be harmful to对有害(2)harm n& vt.伤害；损害do harm to sb.do sb.harm伤害某人Dont believe him.No harm has been done (do) to him ever since.As secondhand smoking is harmful (harm) and dangerous, people want a total ban against smoking in public.一句多译如果使用不当，这种药物会对你造成伤害。If used improperly，the
12、 medicine will do/cause harm to you/do you harm.(harm n)If used improperly，the medicine will be harmful to you.(harmful)2exist vi.存在；生存 教材原句They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years.它们也生蛋，在地球上生存了一亿四千多万年。(1)exist in存在于之中exist on 靠为生There exists/existed. 某地有；存在(2)exis
13、tence n. 存在；生存come into existence 产生；成立；开始存在(3)existing adj. 现存的；现行的Even though he is a little boy，strange ideas always exist in his mind.The old lady became seriously ill last week；she has only existed on milk ever since.There exists (exist)a good way to solve the problem at present.完成句子Scientists
14、have many theories about how the universe first came into existence.关于一开始宇宙是如何产生的，科学家们有多种观点。exist是不及物动词，没有被动语态，也不用于进行时态。3.puzzle n谜；难题vt.& vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难 教材原句How life began on earth is one of the biggest puzzles that scientists found hard to solve.地球生命如何起源是科学家们觉得很难解决的最大的难题之一。(1)puzzle over/about 苦思冥
15、想；绞尽脑汁(2)puzzling adj.令人迷惑的(3)puzzled adj.困惑的；感到迷惑的be puzzled about对迷惑不解(2019江苏卷)In the 1960s，while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park，Bob Christiansen became puzzled (puzzle) about something.Where the missing plane has gone still remains a puzzle to us.When the little girl w
16、as asked such a puzzling(puzzle) question，she stood there with a surprised look on her face.完成句子消防员对这场火灾的起因困惑不解。The firemen were puzzled about the cause of the fire.(puzzled adj.)4in time及时；终于；迟早 教材原句They were in time to produce carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, which were to m
17、ake the earths atmosphere.最终产生了二氧化碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。(1)on time准时；按时(2)in no time 立即，马上(3)at no time 决不(置于句首时，句子部分倒装)(4)at a time 一次(5)at one time 曾经；一度At no time did I feel they were being unreasonable.The car came to a stop just in time to prevent an accident.Youd better do one thing at a
18、 time, so that you can concentrate on it.同义句改写If you study hard，you will succeed sooner or later.If you study hard, you will succeed in time.5in ones turn轮到某人；接着佳句背诵When it was in my turn, I was too excited to speak.当轮到我时，我激动得都说不出话来了。(1)in turn依次；轮流；反之；反过来(2)take turns to do sth.轮流做某事(3)It is ones t
19、urn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事(4)It turns/turned out that. 结果The young parents had to take turns to look (look) after their sick baby.It turned out that this young man was none other than the old mans son.句式升级People try to avoid public transportation delays by using their own cars, and this in turn creates
20、more problems.(用非限制性定语从句改写)People try to avoid public transportation delays by using their own cars, which in turn creates more problems.6cheer up感到高兴；感到振奋Upon arriving at the classroom，the author was cheered up by a warm welcome.They do this in order to encourage crowds to cheer their sports team o
21、n.Lets go to the football game and cheer for our favorite team.(1)cheer sb. up使某人振作起来cheer sb. on 为某人加油cheer for 为而欢呼(2)Cheers！口语(用于祝酒)干杯！7lay v放置；搁；下(蛋)，产(卵)用lay，lie的正确形式填空The boy lied that the white hen had laid a black egg and that he had laid it in the box which was lying under his bed.Mothers r
22、outinely lay babies on their backs to sleep.1This produced a chain reaction, which made_it_possible_for_life_to_develop.这就产生了连锁反应，使生命的发展成为可能。该句型为make itadj./n.for sb.to do.其中it作形式宾语，而真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。make宾语宾语补足语Susan made it clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.The noise in the s
23、chool made learning(learn) difficult.完成句子精通这项技术可能会让我们更加有效地利用网络。Mastering the technology makes it possible for us to use the Internet more effectively.(不定式作宾语)2But when I tried to step forward，I found I was carried twice_as_far_as on the earth and fell over.而当我试着向前迈步时，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了
24、。twice as far as.是一种倍数的表达方法，意为“是的两倍远”。as far as.“远到”。英语中常见的倍数表达法有：(1)Abe倍数asadj./adv.原级as B(2)Abe倍数adj./adv.比较级than B(3)Abe倍数the名词(size/weight/length.)of B(4)A倍数what从句，表示“A是的多少倍”。The black cloth is twice the length (long) of the white cloth.It is shown that men have twice as more serious accidents a
25、s women do on average while driving according to recent statistics.moremany完成句子This factory produces twice as many cars as that one.这家工厂生产的汽车是那家工厂的两倍。The price of the coat is three times what I have paid for mine.这件外套的价格是我的外套价格的三倍。(1)两倍用twice或double，三倍及三倍以上用“.times”表达；(2)前面的倍数还可以用分数、百分数、小数或者a quarte
26、r，a half等表达。.课文里的高考根据课文内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。The earth was just a cloud of dust after the “Big Bang”The earth exploded loudly (loud) with fire and rock.They were in time to produce many things，which were to make (make) the earths atmosphere.As the earth cooled down，water began to appear on its
27、 surface.It allowed the earth to dissolve harmful (harm) gases.Then life began to develop.Small plants multiplied and filled the oceans and seas with oxygen.This encouraged the development (develop) of early shellfish and fish.Land animals such as insects，reptiles and dinosaurs appeared (appear)afte
28、r green plants appeared.Small clever animals spread all over the earth.They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere，which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem c
29、an be solved (solve).话题微写作假设你对探月感兴趣，现在写一篇英语短文，设想如何在假期到月球旅行。1去月球旅行的问题：如何吃饭、喝水；2月球现状：月球没有重力，食物会飘移；3解决办法：食物放在试管中，吸食；4去月球旅行的期望。注意： 1.请根据以上要点写一篇80个词左右的短文； 2.尽量使用本单元的知识点； 3.可适当增加细节。范文If I visited the moon，there would be a problem I might be faced with：how to eat and drink.The gravity of the moon is so wea
30、k that the food will float around.I would have to take all my food with me.So it could be put in a tube and then I would be able to suck it more easily.Perhaps I would use a straw to do it.It can prevent the food from floating away.Only in this way can the problem be solved.I will have a try in time
31、.第14讲复合句(宾语从句) 宾语从句在复合句中起宾语作用，它既可作谓语动词的宾语，也可作介词、非谓语动词的宾语。 1我认为看太多电视对人的健康有害。答案：I think watching TV too much is harmful to our health.2我想知道他的英语考试是否及格了。答案：I wonder whether he has passed the English exam.3我想知道他发生了什么事。答案：I wonder what has happened to him.4我不知道他在哪所学校读书。答案：I dont know which school he is in
32、.5她不知道谁首先发现了美洲大陆。答案：She doesnt know who first discovered America.6你能告诉我最近的邮局在哪儿吗？答案：Could you tell me where the nearest post office is?7你知道他将于什么时候动身去香港吗？答案：Do you know when he is leaving for Hong Kong?8我经常考虑如何才能提高我的英语口语。答案：I often consider how I can improve my oral English.9他问我班上谁的书法最好。答案：He asked m
33、e whose handwriting was the best in the class.10我认为多花时间练习英语是必要的。(it作形式宾语)答案：I think it necessary to spend more time practising English.学生用书课时冲关(十四)P219基础巩固单句语法填空1Look at the pictures and take turns to_tell (tell)the story.2If you want to succeed in the years to_come(come)，you must study hard from no
34、w on.3It is uncertain whether hell succeed in passing the driving test or not.4Sometimes he found it very hard to fall asleep at night，so he went to see the doctor.5Now that the weather is fine，lets go for a picnic.6I had meant to call you，but was prevented from doing so.7Therefore，I couldnt spare e
35、nough time to write you back in time.8He failed the exam and I didnt know how to cheer him up.9After several years of practice，I think I will finally get the hang of spoken English.10Depending on their professional knowledge，they quickly put out the fire.能力提升 .阅读理解One way to clean space might be thr
36、ough a large space net，like a huge fishing net to catch all the litter floating around the Earth.Its not science fiction(科幻小说)A Japanese company is looking into developing a satellite that would then throw out a net made by Nitto Seimo Co，which makes fishing nets.It would form around the litter and
37、draw it back towards the Earth，and the litter would burn up in the planets atmosphere.The idea of a net is because that would catch the smallest pieces of the space litter which could make holes in satellites，spacecrafts or other expensive equipment.Whats surprising is that there are so many people
38、that dont think there is a problem with space litter，especially since billions and billions of dollars worth of valuable equipment has to travel around the litter clouds every day.Another similar net idea is being developed by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)Theyre developing a
39、space garbage collecting vehicle that would be armed with 200 special nets to collect the space litter.Called the Electrodynamic Debris Eliminator，or EDDE，it was created by Star Inc.It would fly in low Earth orbit and pick up litter as it traveled.Its said that it could pick up over 2,000 pieces of
40、litter in seven years.Star says they could do a first test run of the EDDE as soon as 2013.All in all the main problem in getting rid of all space litter is likely money.Cleaning it all up will be very expensive for sure.However，something needs to be done and the sooner，the better.语篇导读面对日益严重的太空污染，日本
41、的一家公司正在研制一种类似渔网的太空垃圾处理网。1Why does the author mention a fishing net in Paragraph 1?ATo introduce the topic.BTo explain the use of a fishing net.CTo help us understand how the space net works.DTo show the differences between a fishing net and a space net.解析：C推理判断题。根据第一段第一句中表示“像”的like以及下文中对太空垃圾处理网的介绍可推
42、知，作者提到渔网是为了方便读者进行类比，从而帮助读者了解太空垃圾处理网是如何运作的。2The author thinks it is surprising that _.Athere is so much litter in spaceBsuch a net can be used to clean spaceCspace litter can do damage to satellitesDmany people dont regard space litter as a problem解析：D细节理解题。根据第三段第一句可知，作者认为令人吃惊的是很多人并不觉得太空垃圾是个问题。3Accor
43、ding to the passage，EDDE _.Acan collect 2,000 pieces of litter per yearBwill be sent into space in the near futureCis an organization that deals with space litterDis the name of a net made by Nitto Seimo Co解析：B细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句可知，EDDE将会在2013年(不久的将来)进入太空收集垃圾。根据第四段倒数第二句可知，A项中的per year错误；根据第四段第二、三句可知，EDD
44、E是一个收集太空垃圾的机器的名字，且它是由Star Inc研制的，故排除C、D两项。4What is the main problem concerned with cleaning space?AThe cleaning will be expensive.BWe havent found an excellent method.CWe may damage the expensive equipment.DIt is not worth the huge cost to clean space.解析：A细节理解题。根据最后一段前两句可知，处理太空垃圾一个主要问题是费用问题，这一清理工作需要
45、花很多钱。.阅读填句Have you ever told somebody about something that happened at work or school that day？If so，you were reporting the event.You may think being a reporter means simply getting the facts straight and telling a story._1_To be a good reporter，you need to be able to read，write，speak and listen eff
46、ectively._2_So making your communication skills the best is quite important if you want to be a good reporter.Keep a notebook or a journal，and remember to practice noting down what happens，when and where it happens.In addition，you should obey the following rules._3_When an issue is debatable，do your
47、 best to cover both sides.Dont assume things，and never make up the details；reporters are supposed to seek and report the facts.Lying，making up stories or quotes，or misquoting someone will damage your credibility(可信度)_4_As a reporter，your job is to report the facts so that others can form their own o
48、pinions.Make sure you present all the important details instead of twisting them with your own viewpoint.Generally，a story starts with who，what，where，when why and how.Design the details from those mentioned above，begin with the most important information and end with the least important information.
49、By including the most important information first，you will allow your editor to cut out the back of the story if it is too long._5_You can report on current events，or you can do feature stories，which are usually more interesting.Carry a camera and a tape recorder so that you have them on hand whenev
50、er yo need them.Be prepared to hand in your notes.Your news publisher may want to check your information before publishing it.AStrive(奋斗)for accuracy.BReporters should practice noting down whatever happens.CYou also need to be able to ask good questions.DSend out stories you find interesting.EEnd wi
51、th some important information.FAvoid expressing personal opinions.GBut actually its not so easy.语篇导读本文介绍了要成为一名合格的记者，除了确认事实之外，还需要注意的问题。1G过渡句。空前提出，你可能认为成为一位记者只是确认事实和讲故事，下文强调记者需要做复杂的工作，由此推断，本空应是一个过渡性句子，引出下文，因此选G。2C细节句。C选项信息“be able to ask good questions”与下文信息“your communication skills”匹配，故选C。3A细节句。由下文信
52、息“do your best to cover both sides”可知，作为记者，报道要全面准确，A选项中accuracy一词符合此意。4F主旨句。由本段信息可知，本段阐述了作为记者应该向他人呈现事实，而非按照自己的观点歪曲事实，故F项“Avoid expressing personal opinions.”符合本段主旨。5D细节句。上文提到如果故事太过冗长，可能会删掉末尾，简而言之是要把有趣的部分呈现出来，D项与之相符。.语法填空I first met Dean when we were both 15.It was half way into the summer term when
53、he showed up at school.No one knew_1_he was，or where he came from.There was no _2_(announce)He just walked into the classroom one day，all alone，and seated_3_(he)down at a desk.I pretended not to notice him，and so did everyone else.He was a new kid and you dont talk to new kids，do you？Instead，you jus
54、t carry on doing what youre doing.It was the first class after the morning break，and we were all hanging around_4_(excited)，waiting for the art teacher_5_(arrive)The classroom was_6_(noise)Most of us were sitting around talking，trying to look cool.But at_7_same time，we flicked sly glances at him and
55、 checked him out.He didnt seem to care，and just sat there，cool as you like，sucking the end of a pencil and _8_(look)around the room.Even then，before we_9_(speak)a word to each other，I knew there was something special about Dean.I didnt knew what it was，and I wasnt sure if I liked it _10_not，but I kn
56、ow it was something I couldnt resist.语篇导读作者初遇迪安是在15岁的时候迪安有一天自己一个人走进了教室，但没有人知道他是谁，来自哪里，大家都打量着他。作者当时觉得他身上有异于常人之处。虽然不知道那是什么，但是觉得那是自己无法抗拒的东西。1who考查宾语从句。句意为：没人知道他是谁，来自哪里。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导宾语从句，作从句的表语，并表示“谁”。故填who。2announcement考查词性转换。此句为there be结构，句中缺主语且系动词为was，故填announcement。3himself考查词形变化。句意为：有一天，他一个人走进了教室，
57、并坐在了一张桌子旁。seat oneself意为“就座”。主语为He，故填himself。4excitedly考查词性转换。句意为：那是早休后的第一节课，我们都兴奋地闲呆着，等着美术老师来上课。修饰动词短语应用副词，作状语。5to arrive考查非谓语动词。句意见上一题解析。wait for sb.to do sth.意为“等待某人做某事”，是固定用法。6noisy考查词性转换。句意为：教室里人声嘈杂。此处作表语，表示主语的性质，故填形容词noisy。7the考查冠词。句意为：但是与此同时，我们偷偷地、诡秘地瞄他，观察他。at the same time意为“与此同时”，是固定短语。8looking考查非谓语动词。句意为：他好像根本不在乎，就酷酷地坐在那里，叼着铅笔头，看着教室里发生的一切。此处与前面的sucking是并列关系，故填动词的ing形式作伴随状语。9spoke考查动词的时态。句意为：当时甚至在我们彼此说话之前，我就知道了迪安有异于常人之处。文章整体讲述过去的事情，且根据knew可知此处该动作发生在过去，用一般过去时。10or考查连词。句意为：我不知道那是什么，我也不确定我是否喜欢它，但是我知道那是某种让我难以抗拒的东西。like it or not意为“喜欢与否”。