1、小题必练9：非谓语动词（一）高考主要考查非谓语动词的作用和形式。在作用方面主要考查作定语、状语、补语时用不定式还是分词；作宾语时用不定式还是动名词；在形式方面主要考查用一般式还是完成式、主动式还是被动式、现在分词还是过去分词等。一、考点1 动词不定式（2020全国II卷）They are easy (care) for and make great presents.【答案】to care【解析】sth. is easy to do，表示某事容易，且此处为动词不定式表示被动，故填to care。【点拨】(一)不定式的用法1.作主语(1)不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。I
2、t is right to giveup smoking.戒烟是正确的。(2)在“It is/wasadj.for/of sb. to do sth.”结构中，若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用of，此时形容词常为kind, nice, foolish等词，且sb.与形容词之间可构成逻辑上的系表关系；若形容词侧重于描写不定式动作的特征、特点，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用for。It is generous of him to contribute so much.他捐献了这么多真是太慷慨了。2.作宾语(1)下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：决心学会
3、想希望，拒绝设法愿假装decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, helpWe agreed to meet at the school gate.我们一致同意在校门口见面。(2)在某些动词如find, think, consider, feel, make, believe后，常用it作形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的宾语。We think it
4、 our duty to protect the environment.我们认为保护环境是我们的责任。3.作表语不定式作表语多表示某一次具体的、特定的或有待实现的动作。My dream is to enter Peking University.我的梦想是考入北京大学。4.作宾语补足语(1)在很多动词后都可以用不定式作宾语补足语，如ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind, prefer, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach等。Father wi
5、ll not allow us to play in the street.父亲不会允许我们在街上玩耍。(2)下列动词(短语)接省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语：一感 (feel)，二听(hear, listen to)，三使(let，have, make)，五看 (see, notice, observe, watch, look at)，半帮助 (help)，但在变为被动语态时需加to。Nobody saw him come in. (主动语态)没人看见他进来。5.作定语(1)不定式作定语表示将来的动作。I have a lot of work to do.我有许多工作要做。(2)不定式常
6、放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需要加相应的介词。I need a pen to write with.我需要一支钢笔写字。特别注意如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way等，不定式后的介词习惯上可以省去。(3)不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词，且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系。He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.他总是第一个到校，
7、最后一个离校。(4)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有：ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way等。The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。特别注意不定式作定语时，若句子主语是不定式动作的执行者，则用主动形式表被动含义；若句子主语不是不定式动作的执行者，则用被动形式表被动含义。She has a sister to look after.她有一个妹妹
8、要照顾。(she是look after的执行者)6.作状语(1)作目的状语。表示“为了”，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性，不定式前也可加in order或so as，但so as to不能置于句首。To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs.为了提高社区服务水平，一些学校已经发起了义务志愿者服务计划。(2)作结果状语。不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果，有时前面加only，以加强语气。常用于下列结构中：only to do表示意
9、想不到的结果enough to do 足够做too . to do 太而不能so/such . as to . 如此以至于Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。(3)作原因状语。表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词作表语时，后可接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种心理活动或情绪的原因，常用于这类结构的形容词有sorry, surprised, disappointed, excited, glad, happy, anxious, del
10、ighted, pleased, foolish等。Maggie was glad to be home in her own bed.玛吉回到家躺在自己的床上，觉得非常高兴。7. “疑问词+不定式”结构疑问词who，what，which，when，where，how等后上加上不定式相当于名词性从句。同样一句话，英语里可以用从句和不定式结构来表达，意思没有区别。I didnt know how I could get back to the village.I didnt know how to get back to the village.我不知道怎么回到村子。(二)动词不定式的时态和语态
11、1.动词不定式的时态和语态的构成和用法形式意义主动语态被动语态一般式与句子谓语动词的动作同时发生或在谓语动词的动作之后发生to doto be done进行式在谓语动词的动作发生时正在进行to be doing完成式在谓语动词的动作之前发生to have doneto have been done完成进行式发生在谓语动词的动作之前并且持续到谓语动词的动作发生时仍在进行to have be doing2.动词不定式语态四注意(1)不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。Have you got a key to unlock the door?你有开门的钥
12、匙吗？(2)不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。He needs a room to live in.他需要一间房间居住。(3)不定式作表语(性质)形容词的状语，和句中主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for sb.。The book is very hard to understand.这本书很难理解。(4)在there be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。There is a
13、 lot of work to do. (有人必须去干活)请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的：There is nothing to do. (无事可做，感到十分乏味)二、考点2 动名词(2019全国卷)A 90yearold has been awarded“Woman Of The Year”for _ (be) Britains oldest fulltime employeestill working 40 hours a week.【答案】being【解析】for为介词，故其后的动词应用v.ing形式。【点拨】(一)动名词的句法功能1.作主语动名词短语作主语时，有时用it作形式主语。H
14、earing how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.听别人对你刚读过的这本书的反应会带来额外的乐趣。It is worth making an appointment before you go.去之前预约一下是值得的。知识拓展下面句型中常用动名词作主语：It is/was a waste (of .)/no use/no good doing sth.2.作表语动名词作表语表示通常的情况，多指抽象的、经常性的动作，句子主语通常是无生命的事物或由what引导的名词性从句。表语与主语通常
15、是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语和表语有时可互换位置。My job is teaching you English.=Teaching you English is my job.我的工作是教你们英语。3.作宾语(1)下列动词(短语)只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finis
16、h, enjoy/appreciate禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡forbid, imagine, risk; cant help (禁不住), mind, allow/permit, escapeHe tried to avoid answering my questions.他试图对我的问题避而不答。(2)由“动词介词”构成的短语，其后跟动名词作宾语，常见的有be/get used to (习惯于), look forward to (期盼), feel like (想要), insist on (坚持), get down to (开始认真做某事), devote . to . (致力
17、于), object to (反对), stick to (坚持), give up (放弃)等。Its time I got down to thinking about that essay.我该认真思考一下那篇论文了。(3)下列动词或词组既可以接动名词作宾语，也可以接不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别：4作定语(1)动名词可置于名词前作定语，表示被修饰的名词的用途、性能或目的。a walking sticka stick for walking手杖a sleeping cara car for sleeping卧铺车(2)表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可以表示经常性
18、的动作或状态。John is a promising young man.约翰是一个有前途的年轻人。(二)动名词的时态和语态形式意义主动语态被动语态一般式与谓语动词的动作同时或稍后发生doingbeing done完成式先于谓语动词的动作完成having donehaving been doneDo you like playing chess？你喜欢下棋吗？She was pleased that the teacher wasnt angry with her for her having been so rude.她很高兴老师没有因为她的无礼而生气。(三)动名词的复合结构动名词前面可以有
19、自己的逻辑主语构成动名词的复合结构。动名词的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾格、名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。在句子开头通常用动名词所有格或物主代词。Toms doing sth可作主语、宾语、表语his doing sthTom doing sth可作宾语、表语him doing sthYour leaving will be a great loss to us.（作主语）你的离开对我们来说将会是一个巨大的损失。Peters sailing across the ocean surprised us a lot. （作主语）Peter横渡大洋这一举动令我们很震惊。I dontlike yo
20、ur speaking ill of other people.(作宾语)我不喜欢你说别人的坏话。I object to anyone smoking in the room.（作宾语）我反对任何人在房间里吸烟。The trouble is their not having enough time.（作表语）问题是他们没有足够的时间。1. Peter was so excited when he received an invitation from his friend (visit) Chongqing.【答案】to visit【解析】句意：当彼特的朋友邀请他参观重庆时，他是如此激动。动词
21、不定式to visit限定invitation做后置定语。故填to visit。2. He gave a lame excuse for (absent) which made him very embarrassed.【答案】being absent【解析】句意：他找了个站不住脚的理由来解释缺席的原因，这使他很尴尬。be absent表示缺席，且作介词for的宾语，应用动名词短语being absent，故填being absent。3. Helen was kinder to her youngest son, which made the others (envy) him.【答案】en
22、vy【解析】句意：海伦对她的最小的儿子比对其他的孩子要好得多，这使其他的人很是嫉妒。make sb.do sth.表示让某人做某事，使役动词make后跟省略不定式符号to的不定式，作宾语补足语。故填envy。4. I like getting up very early in the morning because the morning air is so good (breathe).【答案】to breathe【解析】句意：我喜欢早起，因为早晨可以呼吸到新鲜空气。breathe和air之间虽然是动宾关系，但good后省略了for me，其逻辑主语是I，故用动词不定式的主动形式。故填to
23、breathe。5. We had better put off interviewing the athlete, for he is busy preparing for an international contest _(hold) in Shanghai next month.【答案】to be held【解析】句意：我们最好推迟采访这位运动员，因为他正忙于准备下个月在上海举行的国际比赛。此处contest和hold之间是一种被动关系，这里是动词不定式一般式的被动式作后置定语，故填to be held。6Everyone in our class was working hard a
24、nd doing what we could _(enter) a good college. 【答案】to enter【解析】此句为省略句，即在could后省略了动词do，若把句子补完整应为Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could do to enter a good college。即句中的不定式短语（to enter a good college）是用作目的状语的，而不是与情态动词could一起构成谓语。故填to enter。7.You dont have to run fast or for long_
25、 (see) the benefit.【答案】to see【解析】句意：你不必跑很快或很久就能看到它的好处。分析句子结构可知，此处应该使用不定式形式作目的状语。8.The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice _ (improve) water quality.【答案】to improve【解析】根据“改善水质”是“政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不种植水稻”的目的，可知此处应用动词不定式作目的状语。9.Once his message was delivered, he allowed me _ (stay) and wa
26、tch. 【答案】to stay【解析】allow sb.to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“允许某人做某事”。10.While regularly eating out seems to_ (become) common for many young people in recent years, its not without a cost.【答案】have become【解析】根据后面的时间状语in recent years可知，此处应该用动词不定式的完成时。11.They are required _ (process) the food that we eat, to recove
27、r from injury and for several other bodily functions.【答案】to process【解析】require sb.to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“需要某人做某事”。12.For 25 days, she never left her baby, not even to find something _ (eat)! 【答案】to eat【解析】句意：25天中，她寸步不离她的孩子，甚至不去找东西吃！不定式to eat作定语，修饰前面的不定代词something。13.When a new day breaks, the walls have
28、 given up their heat and are now cold enough _ (cool) the house during the hot day; at the same time, they warm up again for the night.【答案】to cool【解析】“be形容词enoughto do sth.”为固定结构，意为“足够，能够做某事”。14.I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused _ (stop) until we reached the next s
29、top. 【答案】to stop【解析】refuse后接动词作宾语时，要用其不定式形式，即refuse to do sth.“拒绝做某事”。15. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of _ (die) early by running. 【答案】dying【解析】此处作介词of的宾语，且后有副词early作状语，故填动词die的动名词形式dying。16.I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid _ (look) directly into hi
30、s eyes so he doesnt feel challenged. 【答案】looking【解析】avoid后接动名词形式作宾语，故填looking。17.I still remember _ (visit) a friend whod lived here for five years and I was shocked when I learnt she hadnt cooked once in all that time. 【答案】visiting【解析】remember doing sth.“记得做过某事”，为固定搭配。18.Fast food is full of fat an
31、d salt; by _ (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.【答案】eating【解析】by在此处表示“通过”，是介词，后面接动名词形式作宾语。19.But unlike her school friends, 16yearold Sarah is not spending halfterm _ (rest)【答案】riding【解析】keep后接动名词作宾语，keep doing sth.意为“继续做某事”。20. The next morning he hi
32、red a boat and set out(find) the well-known painter.【答案】to find【解析】句意：第二天早上，他租了一条船，出发去找这位著名的画家。结合句意表示出发去做某事应用短语set out to do sth.，后跟不定式做目的状语。故填to find。21. The Romany resist _ (make) permanent homes, and choose not to become citizens of the countries they move to.【答案】making【解析】句意：吉普赛人拒绝建立永久的家园，并选择不成为
33、他们移居的国家的公民。resist doing sth. 意为“反对做某事”。故填making。22.Many students objected to _(arrange) for extra lessons during holidays. 【答案】being arranged【解析】句意：很多学生都反对假期期间被安排补课。根据句意可知，主语many students与arrange为动宾关系，故用被动语态be arranged。object to中的to为介词，后接名词或动名词作宾语。故填being arranged。23.My ambassadorial duties will inc
34、lude _(introduce)British visitors to the 120plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.【答案】introducing【解析】句意：我的大使职责将包括把英国参观者介绍给成都的120多只大熊猫及其他一些在碧峰峡雾山中一个研究中心里的熊猫们。include为及物动词，后面应用动名词形式作宾语。故填introducing。24.If mankind toys with nature in this way, we may
35、 be on the way to_（destroy) our future.【答案】destroying【解析】句意：如果人类以这种方式玩弄自然，我们可能即将毁灭我们的未来。短语on the way to doing sth.表示“即将做某事”。to为介词后接动名词。故填destroying。25.You can never imagine the great difficulty that I had_(persuade) him to drop the experiment. 【答案】persuading【解析】句意：你绝对想象不到我说服他放弃实验有多大困难。本题是考查“做某事有困难”，
36、其英语表达是have difficulty (in) doing sth，句中I had作the great difficulty的定语。根据所给词和句意，故填persuading。26.We have always regretted_（sell)the house,because the price now is twice that of last year.【答案】selling/having sold【解析】句意：我们一直后悔把房子卖了，因为现在的价格是去年的两倍。regret doing后悔做过某事，该用法是固定用法，用动名词作宾语，表示动作已经发生。表示没有明确发生时间的动作，用
37、动名词的一般式；表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作，用动名词的完成式，根据句意，房子已经卖掉，故一般式和完成式都可以，所以填selling/having sold。27. The traditional approach to _(handle) complicated problems is to break them down into simple ones.【答案】handing【解析】名词approach后接介词to，故用动名词形式作介词to的宾语。句意：处理复杂问题的传统方法是把它们分解成简单的问题。故填handling。28. Scientists say therell be man
38、y more discoveries _(make) about the tomb of Qing Shihuang.【答案】to be made【解析】根据句中时态用一般将来时可知，这里用不定式表示未发生的事情，逻辑主语discoveries 与make之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。句意：科学家们说，关于秦始皇墓将有更多的发现。故填to be made。29. The manager was removed from his post, leaving many problems remaining difficult _(solve).【答案】to be solved【解析】根据句意可知“
39、留下的问题仍未解决”，故用不定式表示未发生的事情。problem与solve之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。句意：经理被解雇了，留下了许多仍很困难的问题要解决。故填to be solved。30. Keep_ (hold) your position for a while. It helps develop your strength and flexibility.【答案】holding【解析】根据语境可知，此处作动词keep的宾语，构成固定搭配，keep doing sth.意思是继续做某事因此填动词-ing形式。Fido, a little dog,was very anxious to
40、 get the favor on his master. He took care, however, neither to be troublesome,31would he follow him into the living room unless he was asked. He also tried to make32(he) useful to his kind master. He would drive away strange pigs and other animals33came into the yardOnce when his master was sick, F
41、ido34(lie) at the room door and did not leave, even to get his foodWhen his master was well enough, Fido 35 (admit) into the room, and showed so many signs of joy that his master was more fond 36 him than everFido even had a chance of 37(save) his masters life. His master was sleeping in a summerhou
42、se with Fido at his side. Suddenly38dog saw the wall shake, and dirt fall from the ceiling. Fido knew that there was danger, and began barking39( awake) his master. As this did not succeed, he jumped up, and40( gentle) bit his finger. His master had just time to get out of the door when the whole bu
43、ilding fell. Fido was hurt by some of the rubbish. And his master had him kindly taken care of till he got well【答案】31.nor32.himself33.which/that34.lay35.was admitted36.of37.saving38.the39.to awake40.gently【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章记叙了一条名叫Fido的狗，经过努力，赢得主人喜爱的故事。31考查固定搭配。句意：但是，他很小心，既不惹麻烦，也不会进入主人的房间，除非主人允许。该题考查neit
44、hernor固定搭配，意为“既不也不”。故填nor。32考查反身代词。句意：他努力使自己对主人来说有用。该空作make的宾语，且指主语本身，故应用反身代词。故填himself。33考查定语从句。句意：他会赶走来到院子里的奇怪的猪和其他动物。“came into the yard”是定语从句，修饰strange pigs and other animals，引导词在从句中作主语，指物，应用关系代词which/that引导该从句。故填which/that。34考查动词时态。句意：有一次，他的主人生病了，Fido躺在房门前，甚至不出去觅食。该空作谓语，且根据前面的时间状语可知，该空叙述的是发生在过去
45、的情况，应用一般过去时态。故填lay。35考查动词时态和语态。句意：Fido被允许进入房间。该空在句中作谓语，主语Fido和admit之间是被动关系，且根据该句时间状语，该句应用一般过去时态。故填wasadmitted。36考查介词。句意：他的主人比以前更加喜欢他。该题考查be fond of(喜欢)这个固定搭配。故填of。37考查动名词。句意：Fido甚至有机会挽救主人的生命。该空作介词of的宾语，应用动名词。故填saving。38考查冠词。句意：突然，这条狗看见墙在晃动。该处特指上文提到的Fido，表特指，用定冠词the。故填the。39考查非谓语动词。句意：他开始狂吠，想要唤醒主人。“_( awake) his master”是目的状语，表目的，用动词不定式。故填to awake。40考查副词。句意：他跳起来，轻轻地咬他的手指。该空修饰bit，修饰动词用副词，故填gently。