1、专题 11 动词的基本用法动词在英语高考中占绝对比重，所以是我们复习的重点。首先说一下动词的两种分类形式：延续性动词和瞬间动词；及物动词和不及物动词。一、延续性动词和瞬间动词。“Nothing lasts forever”, 万物都没有永恒的，因此在英语中，延续性动词还是不常见的，一般都词都是瞬间动词。理解瞬间和延续性动词对学习英语很重要。瞬间动词如果没有时间状语，很少用一般现在时。而延续性动词除了为了表达特殊意义，一般没有现在进行时。比如：I eat apples. 我吃苹果。-这个句子仅仅表达了主语的习性，除此以外，没有任何含义。因此，这个句子必须要加一定的时间状语，才有更丰富的意思。I
2、ate the apples just now. I have already eaten the apples. I will eat all the apples within 3 days. 如果说主动语态还能表达一个习性，那么这个句子的被动语态的一般现在时就没有任何意义了。Apples are eaten. 苹果被吃。要想让句子有意义，就必须要变换时态The apples were eaten by somebody. The apples have been eaten by somebody. The apples will be eaten up within 3 days. 这
3、一切都是因为 “eat”是一个瞬间动词。有些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，因此它们有意义，但是含义却不一样。这样的动词如（broken,excited, delighted, pleased, shocked, moved, touched等）The glass is broken. 杯子碎了。（强调现在的状态）The glass was broken. 杯子被打碎了。(强调被打碎的动作，而且发生在过去)延续性动词，本身就是持续的一种状态，所以它们很少用现在进行时。The house belongs to me. 不能说成“The house is belonging to me.”真的有延续性
4、动词的进行时，它只表示临时的概念。You are clever. 你聪明。You are being clever. 你这会聪明了。（早你干吗了？）所以 I live here（一直）.和I am living here（目前）, 意思略有不同。延续性动词的一般过去和一般现在可以代指完成时。I stayed there for 3 hours. 我在那逗留了3个小时。与I had been there for 3 hours. 接近二、及物动词和不及物动词。所谓“及”就是“触及，碰到”的意思， “及物”就是可以接宾语，“不及物”就是不能接宾语。在英语中，区分及物和不及物也是很关键的。区分及物和
5、不及物，能让我们避免好多汉式英语。The sentence doesnt make sense. 句子讲不通“make sense”在一起形成一个不及物动词。要想及物，我们就再给它“接出”一截(加介词或)，构成及物动词。I cant make sense of what he said. 我听不懂他所说的。三、按语法功能分：助动词、实意动词、情态动词助动词（be, do, have, used to, shall, should, will, can, may, must, have to, would rather, do you think）情态动词（need, dare, can, ma
6、y, must, have to, shall, should, might, please）四、高考考察方向：一）、提供暗示-捆绑冠词。这种题型，重要会在语法填空中能用到，用来推测冠词是“已知、既定”，还是“未知、待定”。比如：1. Sarah looked at finished painting with satisfaction. 通过动词的“过去时”和分词“finished”我们能确定事件已经发生，成为既定事实，用冠词“the”。2. He missed _ gold in the high jump, but will get a second chance in the long
7、 jump. 同理，由“missed”的过去时，能知道事件发生，成为既定事实，加冠词“the”。二）、直白考察-词语辨析。这样的考查，通常在完形填空中比较常见，主要涉及的是词语辨析，根据上下文逻辑，选择最适合的动词或短语。以2020年的完形填空为例：1. If we _ it is a door, theyll want to go outside constantly. A. admit B. believe C. meanD. realize解析：通过上下文的意思，我们推出“如果承认是门，他们就会不停的想到外面去。”所以作者谎称是“窗子”，来骗小孩。所以选择“A, 承认”。2. But t
8、he bottom line is that I shouldnt lie to my kids. I should just repeatedly having to say,No. We cant go outside now. A. delay B. regret C. enjoy D. accept解析：我们对孩子应该有个底线，我们得接受不停的说“不，现在我们不能出去。”所以和第一题的意思接近，都表示“认可、承认”3. I hate lying to the kids. One day theyll _ and discover that everything theyve alway
9、s known about windows is a lie.A. win outB. give up C. wake upD. stand out解析：我不喜欢撒谎。（因为）突然某天孩子明白并发觉他们所一直熟知的“窗子”是一个谎言。后面的“discover”就给我提供了暗示，选取并列性含义的词汇，所以用“wake up”警觉，明白。4. they just it and wonder, “What if it isnt a door?” A. get hold of B. stare at C. knock onD. make use of解析：孩子们会盯着它，心里在想“这要不是一个门呢？”
10、三）、借助暗示-考查时态。这种考查主要涉及语法填空的时态，通过上下文推断动词的时态。1. The unmanned Change-4 probe (探测器) the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess (touch) down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin. （touched） 通过上文的“was”以及下文的“last week”可知，事件发生在过去，用一般过去时。2. Chinese New Year is a celebration marking the end of
11、 the winter season and the beginning of spring. This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers (carry) special significance. (carries)3. Then, with the rise of science, changes began. New methods （mean）that fewer people worked in farming. (meant)四）、考查定义-活用概念。此种考查，主要通过上下文中的标志性短语或含义，确定时态的形式。这种
12、试题在北京卷中体现的最明显。1. Oliver is a host of a TV program on food. He says food (play) a big role in his life.分析：本句如果是说话人想表达一种客观事实，那么用一般现在时完全没有问题，所以可以用“plays”;如果要表示仅仅当前很重要，则可以用“现在进行时，is playing”；但是如果说话人想表达“食品一直在自己的生活中起着重要的作用”，“play”是一个延续性的动词，用“现在完成”和用“现在完成进行”在意义上几乎没太大区别，所以，答案可以是“has played” 或“has been playi
13、ng”两个答案。在高考英语中，一个空能出现四个答案的情况还是非常罕见的，所以北京卷的这道试题算是一个极致了。2. The Neanderthals (live) alongside human ancestors in Europe for tens of thousands of years, before dying out about 40,000 years ago.分析：同样，“live”是也是一个延续性动词，延续性动词的“一般式”可以代指“现在完成”或“过去完成时”，就能推出三个答案“lived/had lived/had been living”，因为这个句子的暗示性时间状语是“
14、for tens of thousands of years”，表示一个延续性的状态，所以本题规避掉了“was living”，比上一道题少了一个答案。3. By about 6000 BC, people discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise. (had discovered)分析：本题中的暗示性时间状语“by”表示“到什么时间为止”，是完成时的标志，而“公元前6000年”就确定出是“过去完成时”。五、16个时态。1. 考纲对于时态的要求，掌握红色部分。英语中一共有16个时态，大体分4段，前三段为主，过去将来时中只要求掌握
15、一个时态。 一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时一般过去将来时现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时过去将来进行时现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时过去将来完成时现在完成进行时过去完成进行时将来完成进行时过去将来完成进行时2.考纲考查时态的含义。（1）一般现在时A表示当前的状态；B表示当前一段时间内经常反复发生的动作；C客观真理。 （2）一般过去时（A表示过去某段时间的状态；B表示过去某段经常反复发生的动作） （3）一般将来时（A将来某段时间内的状态；B表示将来某段时间内经常反复的动作） （4）现在进行时（表示说话当前正在进行或者刚刚完成的动作） （5）过去进行时（表示在过去的某段时间内正在进行的动作或者状态）
16、 （6）过去将来时（以过去某点为基础，表示在其后将要发生的动作或者状态） （7）将来进行时（表示将来的某个或段时间内正在进行的动作或状态） （8）现在完成时（表示已经发生的动作对说话现在有影响或结果） （9）过去完成时（表示已经发生的动作对过去的某个点有影响或结果） （10）现在完成进行时（表示从过去的某个点起到现在一直在进行并对现在有影响和结果的动作）六、综合练习。1. While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three _(give)to me as gifts, which might add to the meaning I attach t
17、o them. 2. “This really excites scientists,” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it_ (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon _(construct).”3. Yet Apes is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood_(be) hot on live animals lately. 4. With th
18、e young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独), more families _(choose)to live together. 5. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I (make) over the years.6. Diets have changed in Chinaand so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country (grow) more
19、corn than rice. 7. By the time the group got up to leave, it _(pour)outside. 8. The musician along with his band members(give)ten performances in the last three months. 9. Susan had quit her well-paid job and(work) as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year. 10. Chinas high-spee
20、d railways(grow) from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years. 11. Honeybee populations in the United States_(decrease) dramatically over the decades. 12. He said what he had hoped _(be) that the smiling would ease him to the finishing line.13. The ceremony _(take) place at Harvard Universi
21、ty every year. 14. Does the amount of cash in a lost wallet influence how likely a person is to return it? A team of researchers _ (conduct) a hue experiment concerning 355 cities in 40 countries. 15. A nine-year-old child _(become)the youngest ever person to complete a university degree. This Decem
22、ber, Laurent Simons will gain his bachelors from Eindhoven University. 16. As the plane _(fall)they jumped into the ocean. 17. Many people may be surprised by the number of chemicals that they _ (expose)to through everyday household products. 18. I _(want) to help you to do homework but I couldnt sp
23、are any time. I was writing a composition last night. 19. Bottled water _(be) a booming industry in New Zealand, but it is terrible for the environment. 20. It is reported that a hot-air-balloon worker _(fall) off one balloon dead on November 30, 2020. 21. As soon as Christiansen saw the photos，he r
24、ealized why he _(fail)to spot the caldera; almost the whole park-2.2 million acreswas caldera.22. Steve was a keen lover of the piano, and the only musician in his family. Music was his true passion, though he _never_ (perform)outside the family.23. We found that the least well-liked teens had becom
25、e more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so_(have) those who were high in status.24. Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations _(employ)only since the mid-1980s.25. For the past two years, Gordons students _(study)ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think theyre c
26、lose to a solution（解决方案）.答案：1.were given, 2.means, is constructed, 3.has been, 4.are choosing, 5.have made, 6.has grown, 7.was pouring, 8.has given, 9.was working, 10.have grown, 11.have decreased/have been decreasing, 12.was, 13.takes, 14.conducted, 15.will become, 16.was falling, 17.are exposed, 18. had wanted, 19. is, 20.fell, 21. had failed, 22. had performed, 23.had, 24. have been employed, 25.have been studying
