1、完形填空之说明文优培16 完形填空之说明文真题在线1.应用2016（2016上海卷完形填空）In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 1 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone h
2、as the potential to find satisfaction in work.In any case, despite so much evidence to the 2 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 3 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 4 without consultation. This,
3、 of course, makes for authoritarian(专制的) managers.Different cultures have different ways of 5 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-makingall members of the department or work group are asked to 6 to this
4、process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 7 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that
5、 traditional 8 managers cannot.A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 9 managers first. This empowerment(授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 10the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in
6、 this way, a company may be 11 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation(委托) much further than has 12 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 13 t
7、hat the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.Another trend is off-site or 14 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evalua
8、te the 15 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.1. A. desireB. seekC. loseD. dislike 2. A. contraryB. expectationC. degreeD. extreme 3. A. vice versaB. for exampleC. howeverD. otherwise4. A. outsideB. insideC. belowD. above
9、5. A. replacingB. assessingC. managingD. encouraging 6. A. referB. contributeC. objectD. apply7. A. agreementB. practiceC. electionD. impression8. A. bossyB. experiencedC. westernD. male 9. A. askingB. trainingC. warningD. firing 10. A. doublingB. maintainingC. reducingD. estimating 11. A. honoredB.
10、 leftC. crowdedD. compared12. A. economicallyB. traditionallyC. inadequatelyD. occasionally 13. A. denyB. admitC. assumeD. ensure14. A. virtualB. ineffectiveC. day-to-dayD. on-the-scene15. A. opinionB. riskC. performanceD. attractiveness【文章大意】本文是说明文，作者在第一段中提出道格拉斯麦克雷戈所提出的人性假设理论中的X理论和Y理论，并介绍了现代社会中一种新型
11、管理理论：授权管理及其作用。1.【答案】D【解析】考查动词。根据后半句“.will do anything to avoid it”可知很多人为了避免工作而愿意做任何事情，说明那些人大多数人生性都是懒惰的，都不愿意工作，他们尽可能地逃避工作。故D项正确。2.【答案】A【解析】考查名词。to the contrary：相反的；to the degree：在某种程度上；to the extreme：走向极端。在文章第一段中提到了X理论，大多数人都缺乏进取心和责任心，不愿对人和事负责，没有什么雄心壮志，不喜欢负责任，宁可被领导。而Y理论认为大多数人愿意对工作、对他人负责，人们愿意实行自我管理和自我控
12、制来完成应当完成的目标。这是两种完全相反的理论，尽管对于这两种完全相反的理论有很多的证据，很多管理人仍然同意X理论。故A正确。3.【答案】B【解析】考查词组。本句中for example表示举例说明。这些管理人仍然同意X理论，例如他们认为如果要员工效率高，就需要给与他们不断的监督。这属于X理论的举例说明。故B正确。4.【答案】D【解析】考查名词。根据空后一句可知这属于专制的管理方法，他们的决定是来自上而下的，没有任何商量的余地。故D项（上面的）正确。5.【答案】C【解析】考查动词。句意：不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。这而且和下文中亚洲、西方的管理方法形成呼应。故C正确。6.【答案】B【解析
13、】考查动词短语。短语refer to：提到，谈到；contribute to：做贡献；导致；object to：反对；apply to：适用于。亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程做出自己的贡献。故B正确。7.【答案】A【解析】考查名词。agreement：同意，一致；practice：练习，做法；election：选举；impression：印象。亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在达成一致基础之上的，西方人也想学习这样的管理方法。故A正确。8.【答案】D【解析】考查形容词。根据空格前半句可知有些专家认为女性比男性管理更高效。因为女性更有亲和力，比男性管理人更容
14、易与别人达成一致的目标。故D正确。9.【答案】A【解析】考查动词。根据前句“encourage employees to use their own initiative”可知是鼓励员工发挥主动积极性，也就是说在做出决定的时候不要请示上级经理，自己做出决定即可。故A项正确。10.【答案】C【解析】考查上下文串联。根据前句“the trend towards downsizing”（缩小规模的趋势），也就是要减少管理层的数量，可以直接做出决定而不需要请示上级。故动词reduce（减少）符合上下文串联。11.【答案】B【解析】考查形容词。动词be honored with：被授予；be left
15、with：留下，剩下；be crowded with：挤满；be compared with：与相比。通过这种方法，公司只剩下高层管理者和前线的与公众直接联系的一线管理人。省略了很多中央环节，提高了管理的效率。故B正确。12.【答案】B【解析】考查副词。economically：经济地；traditionally：传统地；inadequately：不充分地；occasionally：偶尔地。根据后句“Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management”可知授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。故B正确。13.【答案】D
16、【解析】考查动词。deny：否认；admit：承认；assume：假定，设想；ensure：保证，确保。授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，有利于确保整个商业计划的跟进。根据句意可知D正确。14.【答案】A【解析】考查形容词。virtual：虚拟的；ineffective：低效的；day-to-day：日常的；on-the-scene：现场的。根据后句“where teams of people linked bye-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses”可知在这种新型的管理方法中，人们都是通过邮件和互联网联系，说明
17、这是一种新型通过虚拟网络进行的管理方法。故A正确。15.【答案】C【解析】考查名词。opinion：观点；risk：冒险；performance：表现；attractiveness：魅力。根据后半句中“in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on then”可知我们评价员工的表现是根据他们的产出而不是工作的时间，故C项正确。2.应用模拟题（2019河南南阳高三质量评估试题完形填空）Bridging the gapHow does a principal inves
18、tigator make communication among deaf and hearing colleagues easier? Moreover, how are the large number of field-specific technical terms 41 and communicated in sign language? These 42 differences are not remarkably challenging to work around.Blumberg taught himself American Sign Language and has in
19、terpreters 43 in the lab during the day. For lab meetings, journal clubs and research seminars, he has two interpreters present to tag-team signing. Costs for the interpreters are 44 by the NIHs Office of Research Services. The only learning curve that he experienced, Blumberg says, was realizing he
20、 needed 45 interpreters. Before, when he had one deaf student, he could 46 the interpreting. As more deaf fellows joined, Blumberg 47 full-time interpreters for help.Having interpreters around all day is not necessary though. “ 48 , interpreters are only needed during the day if were having lab meet
21、ing, classes, important functions or events, or 49 poster presentations, student presentations, guest presentations from 50 scientists,” Lundberg says, “The rest of the day, I do not need an interpreter, 51 Im in lab and its independent work.”During his Ph.D. at the University of Minnesota, Lundberg
22、 used online chat platforms to 52 with his adviser and colleagues. Or he wrote 53 a whiteboard, scratch paper, or paper towels. His adviser later 54 that he keep the scraps of paper, which “was really good advice”, Lundberg says, “because they were really good notes.”“The best way to arrange the mos
23、t suitable accommodations for deaf individuals is to ask them 55 they need,” says Derek Braun, a former postdoctoral fellow with Blumberg and currently a professor of biology at Gallaudet University. One of his ongoing projects is a collaboration with Blumberg and Lundberg to investigate the role of
24、 Ras guanyl nucleotide(鸟苷核苷酸)-releasing proteins in cancer. “ 56 deaf people sign,” Braun says. “Some are oral. Really, we come in every flavor imaginable. The best judge of what that person needs is usually the person.”Signing scientific terms is not unusually challenging either. While no standardi
25、zed set of signs for technical words exists, colleagues working in the same lab develop their own signs for the terms they frequently use. If each lab develops signs 57 what happens when members of different labs meet?Larry Pearce, a technician in Blumbergs lab 58 is deaf, explains to me. “Its reall
26、y not that difficult because when an individual does not understand a sign we use, theyll ask for clarifications(说明) and Ill finger-spell. Ill spell 59 out. They will tell me what their sign is, and Ill tell them what our sign is. If I like their sign better, I might adopt it and use it every day, o
27、r vice-versa(反之亦然), and eventually it becomes more 60 .41. A. adaptedB. adoptedC.adjustedD. announced42. A. cultureB. pronunciationC. communication D. habit43. A. stationed B. cannedC. cuppedD. capped44. A. counted B. contained C. included D. covered45. A. better B. fewer C. moreD. less46. A. carry
28、out B. carry onC. make out D. make up47. A. turned B. sought C. referred D. led48. A. In particular B. In general C. In conclusion D. In word. 49. A. colleagues B. interpreters C. presentations D. accommodations50. A. another B. any C. othersD. other51. A. because B. though C. whether D. unless52. A
29、. write B. read C. listen D. speak53. A. below B. onC. in D. beyond54. A. knew B. suggested C. discovered D. noticed55. A. which B. thatC. what D. if56. A. Not all B. AllC. Few D. Not enough57. A. independentlyB. dependently C. secretly D. occasionally58. A. whereB. whichC. whoD. when59. A. themB. m
30、eC. myselfD. it60. A. essentialB. particularC. relatedD. universal【答案】41-45BCADC46-50 ABBCD51-55 ADBBC56-60 AACDD【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了以Blumberg为负责人的科学家供聋哑人交流的手势语进行研究，以架起聋哑人与正常人之间的沟通桥梁。41.考查动词。句意：此外，大量具体领域的专业术语如何用手语表达并进行交流呢？A. adapt：使适应；B. adopt：采用；C. adjust：调整；D. announce：宣布。B项符合语境，文章最后一句adopt同一词再现。故选B。
31、42.考查名词。句意：这些沟通差异解决起来并不十分困难。A. culture：文化；B. pronunciation：发音；C. communication：沟通；D. habit：习惯。根据第一句话How does a principal investigator make communication among deaf and hearing colleagues easier?可知，C项符合语境，故选C。43.考查动词。句意：Blumberg自学了美国手语，且白天在实验室里还有翻译。A. stationed：派驻，把某人安置到某地；B. canned：装入密封；C. cupped：使成
32、杯形；D. capped：覆盖。由语境可知，A项符合文意，故选A。44.考查动词。句意：口译员的费用由NIH研究服务办公室支付。A. counted：算作、包括；B. contained：包含；C. included：包括、计入；D. covered：支付款项。根据句子可知，costs意为费用，cover the cost意为“支付费用”，故D项符合文意，故选D。45.考查形容词。A. better：更好的；B. fewer：更少的；C. more：更多的；D. less：更少的。后文提到As more deaf fellows joined，可知随着聋哑学生增多时，他需要更多的翻译，more
33、修饰可数名词复数，故选C。46.考查动词短语。句意：以前，当他只有一个聋哑学生的时候，他还可以自己进行翻译。A. carry out：完成；执行；B. carry on：继续进行；C. make out：辨别，理解；D. make up：构成，弥补，化妆。由语境可知，A项符合文意，故选A。47.考查动词。句意：随着更多的聋哑学生加入进来，Blumberg就不得不寻求全职译员的帮助。A. turned：转向，转身；B. sought：寻找；C. referred：引用，提到；D. led：领导，导致。seek寻求，符合语境。A/C需加to；D选项意为带领，不合逻辑。故选B。48.考查介词短语。句
34、意：一般来说，只有在举办实验室会议、上课、出席重要活动或项目时，才需要反应。A. In particular：尤其、特别；B. In general：通常来讲；C. In conclusion：总而言之，D. In word：口头上。根据语境可知，B项符合语境，故选B。49.考查名词。A. colleagues：同事、同行；B. interpreters：译员；C. presentations：展示、阐述；D. accommodations：食宿。破折号后是对前文的解释说明，此处指海报展览，由此可知，C项符合文意，故选C。50.考查代词。A. another：另一个；B. any：任何的；C.
35、 others：不同的；D. other：其他的。other常用来修饰可数名词复数，根据文章可知，此空不指代具体的科学家。由此可知，D项符合文意，故选D。51.考查连词。A. because：因为；B. though：虽然，尽管；C. whether：是否；D. unless：除非。分析文章可知，空处后一句是对不需要翻译的解释说明，因此需使用从属连词，引导原因状语从句。由此可知，A项符合文意。故选A。52.考查动词。句意：在明尼苏达大学攻读博士学位期间，Lundberg利用在线聊天平台与顾问和同事进行了交流A. write：写；B. read：读；C. listen：听；D. speak：说。
36、根据文章可知，online chat platforms是在线聊天的平台，speak with意为“和谈话”。由此可知，D项符合文意，故选D。53.考查介词。句意：或者他会写在白板、便笺或纸巾上。根据文章可知，write on为固定搭配，意为在上写，B项符合文意，故选B。54.考查动词。A. knew：知道；B. suggested：建议；C. discovered：发现；D. noticed：注意。分析文章可知，从句中的谓语在第三人称单数后使用了（should）+动词原形的形式，由此可判断该处应使用虚拟语气。由此可知，B项符合文意，故选B。55.考查连接词。句意：为聋哑学生安排最舒适住宿的最
37、佳方式是询问他们需要什么。A. which：哪一个；B. that：那个；C. what：什么；D. if：如果。分析句子可知，该句为宾语从句，what引导宾语从句，并在从句中作宾语。故选C。56.考查部分否定。句意：并不是所有的聋哑人都需要用手势。A. Not all：并不是所有；B. All：所有的；C. Few：极少的；D. Not enough：远远不够。分析句子可知，后文中提到some are oral，说明不是所有的聋哑人都是一一个情况，应使用部分否定。由此可知，A项符合文意，故选A。57.考查副词。句意：如果每个实验室都独立地发明手势语，那当不同实验室的成员相遇时会怎么样？A.
38、independently：独立地；B. dependently：依赖地；C. secretly：秘密地；D. occasionally：偶尔地。文中倒数第二段提到现阶段的技术用词没有统一的标准，同一个实验室的人员会根据他们经常使用的词来发明他们的手势。后文提到different labs说明实验室是分别发明自己的手势，由此可知，A项符合文意，故选A。58.考查连接词。A. where：哪里；B. which：哪一个；C. who：谁；D. when：当的时候。分析句子可知，该句定语从句先行词technician是人，且从句中缺少主语成分，因此需使用关系代词who引导，故选C。59.考查代词。
39、A. them：他们；B. me：我；C. myself：我自己；D. it：它。分析句子可知，指示代词it指代前文中出现的a sign，故选D。60.考查形容词。A. essential：必不可少的；B. particular：特别的；C. related：相关联的；D. universal：普遍的。分析文章可知，该空前提到：如果我更喜欢这个手势的话，就会每天用，最后就会使其变得更加普遍，故选D。提分训练Passage 1In todays busy world, its easy to get off the course of our life. Having a Life Map to
40、 1 helps us keep moving quickly and 2 towards our goals. It helps us quickly correct things when we are 3 a mess, and helps us find the right 4 to deal with unexpected problems.But if we dont have the map, all the planning in the world wont 5 . Well end up driving 6 around, being distracted by many
41、different paths. Even if you know 7 you want to go, you havent tried and have no true method of getting there.If you were going to drive to somewhere 8 , firstly you would map it out. More likely, you often look at the 9 for directions to make sure that you were on the right track. You would be able
42、 to tell quickly if you needed to 10 adjustments, correct a mistake, or consider a(n) 11 of plans. Dont let your temporary, current desires take precedence(优先) over what you really want, because an important part of success is 12 what is and what isnt a distraction.For example, as you are 13 for you
43、r party, you see a seller with some fresh flowers and you decide to stop and 14 some for your friends. In this 15 , a stop along the way adds to your goal. 16 , if you decide to stop and see a movie and arrive quite 17 at the party, then you have detracted from your goal.It is exactly true for the L
44、ife Map. Each “opportunity” must be 18 according to how this will 19 your final goalwill this contribute to it 20 will this detract from it? Therefore, both the driving map and the Life Map serve the same high purpose: to keep you on the right track.1. A. focus onB. refer toC. think aboutD. adapt to
45、2. A. suddenly B. possibly C. properlyD. formally 3. A. in B. to C. at D. for4. A. solutionB. chance C. result D. excuse5. A. need B. lose C. existD. matter 6. A. excitedly B. unsteadily C. happily D. aimlessly 7. A. where B. when C. whether D. why8. A. unusualB. unfamiliar C. unimportant D. unattra
46、ctive9. A. road B. sky C. carD. map 10. A. make B. collect C. show D. choose11. A. explanation B. future C. changeD. arrangement 12. A. dropping B. avoiding C. catchingD. deciding 13. A. preparing B. heading C. calling D. fighting14. A. put out B. work on C. pick upD. see to 15. A. time B. system C.
47、 areaD. case 16. A. ThusB. However C. Anywhere D. Still17. A. early B. timely C. fastD. late 18. A. expected B. lost C. valued D. evaluated 19. A. affect B. combine C. reach D. set20. A. butB. or C. and D. so【答案】1-5BCAAD6-10 DABDA11-15 CDBCD16-20 BDDAB【解析】这是一篇说明文。这篇短文说的是拥有一张人生地图，可以帮助我们不偏离正轨，快速而正确地朝着
48、目标前进。1.考查动词词组。句意：有一张可以参考的人生地图，可以帮助我们快速而正确地朝着目标前进。A. focus on：集中于；B. refer to：提到，涉及到，参考；C. think about：考虑；D. adapt to：使自己适应于。人生地图是用来做参考的。故选B。2.考查副词。句意：有一张可以参考的人生地图，可以帮助我们快速而正确地朝着目标前进。A. suddenly：突然地；B. possibly：很可能地；C. properly：适当地；D. formally：正式地。用人生地图是为了正确地找到目标。故选C。3.考查介词。句意：当我们陷入混乱时，它能帮助我们迅速纠正，并帮我
49、们找到正确的解决方案来处理突发问题。固定词组in a mess：一片混乱。故选A。4.考查名词。A. solution：解决方案；B. chance：机会；C. result：结果；D. excuse：借口。人生地图是为了帮助找到正确的解决方案。故选A。5.考查动词。句意：但是如果我们没有地图，世界上所有的计划就都不重要了。A. need：需要；B. lose：失去；C. exist：存在；D. matter：关键，要紧。故选D。6.考查副词。句意：我们最终会漫无目的地前行，被许多不同的道路分散注意力。A. excitedly：兴奋地；B. unsteadily：不稳定地；C. happily
50、：高兴地；D. aimlessly：无目标地。根据第一段中It helps us quickly correct things when we are 43 a mess可知选D。7.考查宾语从句。句意：即使你知道你想去哪里，但你没有试过的话，没有地图也不知道如何才能到达那里。此处是where引导的宾语从句。你知道去哪里也要有地图。故选A。8.考查形容词。句意：如果你要开车去一个不熟悉的地方，首先你要把它在地图上标出来。A. unusual：不寻常的；B. unfamiliar：不熟悉的；C. unimportant：不重要的；D. unattractive：不吸引人的。根据下文for dir
51、ections to make sure that you were on the right track可知去不熟悉的地方，要在地图上标出来，确保走对了路。故选B。9.考查名词。句意：更有可能的是，你经常查看地图，以确定自己走对了。A. road：公路；B. sky：天空；C. car：小汽车；D. map：地图。根据上文firstly you would map it out可知选D。10.考查动词。句意：这样的话，你可以很快确定是否需要予以调整、纠偏或者改变原计划。A. make：制造；B. collect：收集；C. show：展示；D. choose：选择。固定搭配make adju
52、stments：做出调整。故选A。11.考查名词。句意：这样的话，你可以很快确定是否需要予以调整、纠偏或者改变原计划。A. explanation：解释；B. future：未来；C. change：改变；D. arrangement：安排。根据下文Dont let your temporary, current desires take precedence over what you really want可知一旦有错就要纠正或改变计划。故选C。12.考查动词。句意：不要让一时的欲望凌驾于你真正想要的东西之上，因为成功的重要一步是确定干扰因素。A. dropping：落下；B. avoid
53、ing：避开；C. catching：抓住；D. deciding：决定。此处指要做出正确的决定。故选D。13.考查动词。句意：例如，当去参加聚会时，你看到一个卖鲜花的人，于是决定停下来给你的朋友买一些。A. preparing：准备；B. heading：朝着；C. calling：呼喊；D. fighting：打架，战斗。固定搭配head for：前往，朝方向。故选B。14.考查动词词组。句意：例如，当去参加聚会时，你看到一个卖鲜花的人，于是决定停下来给你的朋友买一些。A. put out：熄灭，出版；B. work on：继续工作；C. pick up：捡起，获得，买便宜货；D. see
54、 to：注意，负责。此处pick up的意思是买。故选C。15.考查名词。句意：在这种情况下，中途停车成了你的目标之一。A. time：时间；B. system：制度，系统；C. area：地区；D. case：情况，实例。固定词组in this case：在这种情况下。故选D。16.考查副词。句意：然而，如果你决定停下来看电影，结果在派对上迟到，那么你就偏离了你的目标。A. Thus：因此；B. However：然而；C. Anywhere：在任何地方；D. Still：仍然。前后是一种转折关系，故选B。17.考查副词。句意：然而，如果你决定停下来看电影，结果在派对上迟到，那么你就偏离了你的
55、目标。A. early：提早；B. timely：及时地；C. fast：迅速地；D. late：迟，晚。此处指派对迟到，选D。18.考查动词。句意：对于出现的每个“机会”，都必须评估它对你最终目标的影响。它是有助于实现目标，还是会使你偏离原有目标呢？A. expected：期盼，预测；B. lost：丢失，失去；C. valued：重视；D. evaluated：评估。此处指评估目标。故选D。19.考查动词。句意：对于出现的每个“机会”，都必须评估它对你最终目标的影响。它是有助于实现目标，还是会使你偏离原有目标呢？A. affect：影响；B. combine：使结合；C. reach：到达
56、，伸出；D. set：放，设置。根据常识，每个机会都会影响最后的目标。故选A。20.考查并列连词。句意：对于出现的每个“机会”，都必须评估它对你最终目标的影响。它是有助于实现目标，还是会使你偏离原有目标呢？A. but：但是；B. or：或者，否则；C. and：和；D. so：所以。此处表示选择关系“或者”。故选B。Passage 2A research shows two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of a cultural or political issue, not heated deba
57、tes about a film or a book, but plain and simple 21 .Language is our greatest treasure and what do we 22 do with it? We gossip(闲聊) about othersbehavior and private lives; how to deal with difficult 23 situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just
58、natural 24 of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about 25 in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? Its not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar, who says gossip is one of these really 26 issues.Dunbar 27 the traditional view that language was deve
59、loped by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively. 28 , he suggests that language evolved among women.“We dont spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just 29 we can talk,”argues Dunbar,“ 30 ,”he goes on to say, “language ev
60、olved specifically to allow us to gossip.”Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the 31 of the higher primates(灵长类动物) like monkeys.By means of grooming leaning the fur by brushing it monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support 32 some kind of conflict within
61、 the group or 33 from outside it.As we human beings evolve from in a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar 34 that at one time in our history we did much the same. 35 together made sense because the bigger the group the greater the 36 it provided, on the other hand, the bigger the group, t
62、he greater the 37 of living close to others.Groominghelped to ease the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be 38 to maintain its effectiveness.Clearly, a more 39 kind of grooming was needed, and thus la
63、nguage evolved as a kind of vocal grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanginginformation over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one 40 contact.21. A. claimB. descriptionC. gossipD. language22. A. occasionally B. habitually
64、 C. independently D. originally23. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural24. A. admirers B. masters C. consumers D. wasters25. A. everything B. something C. anything D. nothing26. A. vital B. sensitive C. idealD. difficult27. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlinesD. broadens28. A. Still B. Bes
65、ides C. Therefore D. Instead29. A. because B. untilC. unless D. as30. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result31. A. motivationB. appearanceC. emotionD. behavior32. A. in terms ofB. in favor ofC. in the wake ofD. in the event of33. A. attackB. contactC. inspectionD. assistanc
66、e34. A. recallsB. deniesC. concludesD. acknowledges35. A. CommunicatingB. GroupingC. MigratingD. Swinging36. A. prospectB. responsibilityC. leadershipD. protection37. A. stressesB. benefitsC. barriersD. conveniences38. A. reducedB. extendedC. consumedD. wasted39. A. commonB. efficientC. scientificD.
67、 thoughtful40. A. indirectB. dailyC. physicalD. confidential【答案】21-25 CBADD26-30 ABDAC31-35 DDACB36-40 DABBC【解析】本文是一篇说明文。研究表明人们的语言中大部分不是重大的话题讨论和研究，而是很多闲言碎语，这些闲言碎语是不是浪费时间呢？Robin Dunbar教授认为闲言碎语是非常重要的，在人类发展过程中属于非常重要的交流形式。21.考查名词。句意：一项研究表明，三分之二的人类对话不是关于文化或政治问题的讨论，也不是关于一部电影或一本书的激烈辩论，而是简单明了的闲聊。A. claim：宣称
68、；B. description：描述；C. gossip：闲话；D. language：语言。根据We gossipabout othersbehavior and private lives及下文多次出现gossip这个词可知，人类的对话大多数是闲聊。故选C。22.考查副词。A. occasionally：偶然地；B. habitually：习惯地；C. independently：独立地；D. originally：最初地。根据前句Language is our greatest treasure可知此处是说：语言是我们最宝贵的财富，我们习惯怎么使用它呢？故选B。23.考查形容词。句意：如
69、何处理涉及孩子、爱人和同事的社会情境。A. social：社交的；B. political：政治的；C. historical：历史的；D. cultural：文化的。故选A。24.考查名词。句意：我们天生喜欢浪费时间和多说废话吗？A. admirers：仰慕者；B. masters：主人；C. consumers：消费者；D. wasters：浪费者。根据句意，故选D。25.考查代词。句意：或者难道我们谈论很多无关紧要的事情只是为了避免面对生活中真正重要的问题吗？A. everything：一切；B. something：某事；C. anything：任何事；D. nothing：没有什么。
70、根据to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life可知选D。26.考查形容词。Robin Dunbar教授认为事实并非如此，他认为闲言碎语是其中一个非常重要的话题。vital：至关重要的；B. sensitive：敏感的；C. ideal：理想的；D. difficult：困难的。根据前句Its not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar可知，Robin Dunbar教授不认为我们是浪费时间，而认为闲言碎语是很重要的。故选A。27.考查动词。A. confirms：证实；B
71、. rejects：反对；C. outlines：概述，略述，画轮廓，打草图；D. broadens：拓宽。根据上下文可知Robin Dunbar教授是反对传统的关于语言是在人类社会发展初期由男性在打猎时发展起来的这个观点。故选B。28.考查副词。句意：相反，他认为语言是在女性中进化而来的。A. Sill：仍然；B. Besides：此外；C. Therefore：因此；D. Instead：相反。根据后句he suggests that language evolved among women可知，Dunbar教授提出的观点与他反对的观点相反。故选D。29.考查连词。句意：我们不会仅仅因为会
72、说话就花三分之二的时间闲聊。A. because：因为；B. until：直到；C. unless：除非；D. as：正如。根据句意，故选A。30.考查介词短语。句意：相反，语言的进化是为了让我们能够闲聊。A. for instance：例如；B. in addition：此外；C. on the contrary：相反；D. as a result：结果。故选C。31.考查名词。A. motivation：动机；B. appearance：外表，出现；C. emotion：情感；D. behavior：行为。根据下文的描述By means of grooming可知教授是通过研究灵长类动物的
73、行为得出这个结论的。故选D。32.考查介词短语。句意：倘若当群体内部发生冲突或受到外部攻击时，它们可以依靠这些个体获得支持。A. in terms of：就而言；B. in favor of：赞成；C. in the wake of：随着而来；D. in the event of：倘若。根据后句可知，这里是一种假设。故选D。33.考查名词。句意：倘若当群体内部发生冲突或受到外部攻击时，它们可以依靠这些个体获得支持。A. attack：进攻；B. contact：联系；C. inspection：视察；D. assistance：帮助。故选A。34.考查动词。句意：Dunbar总结说，历史上，我
74、们曾经做过同样的事情。A. recalls：回想：B. denies：否认；C. concludes：下结论；D. acknowledges：承认。这句话是教授下的结论。故选C。35.考查动词。A. Communicating：交流；B. Grouping：聚合；C. Migrating：迁移；D. Swinging：摇摆。根据句意可知，群体越大，保护能力越强，所以团结在一起是有意义的。故选B。36.考查名词。句意：因为群体越大，保护能力越强。A. prospect：前景，期望；B. responsibility：责任；C. leadership：领导；D. protection：保护。故选D
75、。37.考查名词。句意：另一方面，群体越大，与他人生活在一起的压力就越大。A. stresses：压力；B. benefits：术益；C. barriers：栅栏；D. conveniences：方便。根据on the other hand可知，这里叙述的是群体大的缺点，即与他人生活在一起的压力越大。故选A。38.考查动词。A. reduced：减少；B. extended：延伸，延长：C. consumed：消费，消耗；D. wasted：浪费。根据But as the groups got bigger and bigger可知，随着群体越来越大，花在梳理毛发上的时间就需要延长。故选B。39.考查形容词。A. common：常见的，普遍的；B. efficient：有效的；C. scientific：科学的；D. thoughtful：考虑周到的。根据上文的effectiveness可知这里是指需要一个更加有效的梳理毛发的方法，故选B。40.考查形容词。句意：语言最终演变而成，它允许人类通过更广泛的个体网络交换信息来发展与更大群体的关系，而不是通过一对一的身体接触。A. indirect：间接的；B. daily：日常的；C. physical：物理的，身体的；D. confidential：秘密的。故选C。